英语阅读与翻译
英语阅读与翻译（复习资料）
一、名词解释（要求掌握英文）：
1、大众传播（mass communication）：由新闻传播机构通过报纸、杂志、书籍
等印刷品或广播、电视、电影等电子技术手段，反映社会信息变化，用语言、文字、图像等符号，传达给大众的过程叫大众传播（mass communication）。
2、“大众传播”（mass communication）一词最早出现于二十世纪三十年代的美
国，后来迅速传播到欧洲和世界各地。八十年代以后，随着科学技术的发展，对大众传播的研究有了很大的进步。
3、新闻媒介（news media）：指那些主要用于传播新闻和信息的媒介。以文字
及图片的方式传播新闻的媒介主要有报纸和杂志，以电子方式传播新闻的媒介有电台和电视广播。但今天的文字新闻媒介已经基本上电子化了。
4、“普利策新闻奖”：是美国一年一度颁发给新闻、文学、戏剧和音乐方面的优
秀作品的最高奖励。
5、通讯社（news agency）（也叫新闻社）：是以收集和传播信息为主的机构，
它专门收集和供应新闻稿件、图片与资料。通讯社又称“消息总汇”，是报纸、电台广播、电视的主要新闻来源之一。
6、头版（the front page）：是一份报纸最重要的一个版面，因为它最能引起
读者的注意。头版一般都刊登有一则“头条消息”（lead story），并用较大字号做标题。
二、简答题（要求掌握英文）：
1、新闻学的定义（the definition of journalism）：
新闻学是研究新闻现象和新闻活动规律的科学。它的内容，从狭义上说，是专指新闻理论，即理论新闻学。广义的新闻学包括理论新闻学（新闻学概论、新闻学原理等）、应用新文学（对新闻时间和新闻业务的研究）和历史新闻学（中外新闻事业史、新闻学术发展史、著名新闻界人物等）三个部分。（注：我国于1918年开始研究新闻学。）
2、新闻的五大要素：
新闻通常包含五个要素，对于当前发生的时间的报道，一般来说，必须告诉读者有关事件的内容、人物、事件发生的原因、方式、地点、时间、过程和结果等，让读者对它有一个基本的了解。这些统称“新闻的五大要素”，英语也叫“新闻的五个W”，因为英语中的who，what ，why ，where ，when都是以W开头。
3、新闻的基本特性（三个方面）：
公众性、宣传性、广告性。
4、世界上最早的通讯社：
1835年在巴黎创办的哈瓦斯通讯社。
5、英美国家的主要通讯社：
英国：路透社（Reuters）
美国：美联社（the Associated Press）、合众社（United Press）、合众国际社（United Press International）。
6、报纸的主要功能：
传播信息（to inform）、宣传和影响群众（to influence）、娱乐（to entertain）、广告（to advertise）
7、英美国家的主要报刊：
英国：《泰晤士报》（The Times）、《卫报》（The Guardian）
美国：《华尔街日报》（The Wall Street Journal）、《纽约每日新闻》（the New York Daily News）、《洛杉矶时报》（the Los Angeles Times）、《纽约时报》（The New York times）、《芝加哥论坛报》（the Chicago Tribune）、《基督教科学箴言报》（The Christian Science Monitor）、《华盛顿邮报》（the Washington Post）和《今日美国》（USA Today）。
8、杂志（journal）：
指通常是每周或每月出版一词的期刊（periodical），开本比报纸小，并装订成册。从内容上看，杂志可分成许多不同类型，如流行杂志（popular magazine）、
新闻杂志（news magazine）、学术杂志（academic journal）、图片杂志（pictorial）等。
9、标题的三种类型：
主标题（headline）、辅助标题（strap line，over line）、次标题（sub-headline）。
三、文本翻译（英译汉）：
1、A TWO-year-old girl accidentally locked outside her home for almost
six hours in sub-zero temperatures was “like a block of ice” by the time she was found lying on her front doorstep, doctors said.
一个年仅两岁的女孩不小心被关到接近0℃的室外长达六个小时之久，当有人发现她躺在门前的台阶上时，医生说：“她几乎冻成了一块冰坨。”
2、“She was practically dead,” said John Burgess, one of the doctors
who revived her. “It is just amazing to get a child of this age who literally comes in like a block of ice.”
“她几乎奄奄一息”，曾参与救治她的J.B.医生说道，“收到这么小的孩子太令人吃惊了，她被人送到医院时简直就是一坨冰块。”
3、Dr Joy Dobson said Karlee was in intensive care with extensive
frostbite to her legs, one of which may have to be amputated, although
she was alert and improving.
J.D.医生说，小女孩儿Karlee仍处于重症监护状态，其腿部大面积冻伤，但她依然意识清醒，且病情已有所好转。
4、“She’s definitely very strong, very happy and very determined,”
her mother, Mrs. Karrie Kosolofski said. “Today we’re just really, really relieved.”
她的妈妈说：“她真的非常强大，非常开心并十分坚定。今天我们真的很欣慰。”
5、One body has yet to be identified, the other was named yesterday as
Shirley Robinson, 18, a former lodger. Police said she was heavily pregnant when she died.
一具尸体尚待辨认，另一具尸体昨天已被鉴定为S.R.，现年18岁，是一位前租户（房客）。警方说道，她在遇害的时候已经身怀六甲了。
6、Like the other infamous street, Rillington Place（home of John
Christie, where four bodies were found in the house and two buried in the garden in the 1950s）,Cromwell Street was yesterday heading from mundane obscurity to infamy and notoriety.
跟其它声名狼藉的街道一样，克伦威尔大街由昨日的默默无闻一夜之间变得臭名昭著。
7、United Nations, Fed. 17—Secretary General Kofi Annan announced
tonight that he is traveling to Iraq to try to resolve the crisis that has developed over president Saddam Hussein’s refusal to open his country to unconditional inspection for proscribed weapons of mass destruction.
联合国秘书长戈非安南今晚宣布他将启程前往伊拉克，试图解决由萨达姆总统拒绝打开国门接受无条件对其明令禁止的大规模杀伤性武器的核查而不断加剧的危机。
8、Mr. Annan said that he will leave Friday and hold discussions with
Iraqi officials this weekend. An advance team from his office was dispatched tonight.
安南表示，他将于星期五启程，并在这周末和伊拉克官员进行会谈。当晚已派遣了一支先遣队。
9、“I believe I now have a clear basis on which to brief the Security
Council tomorrow and prepare to proceed to Baghdad,” Mr. Annan said.
“我认为我对事件已有了一个清晰的脉络，并据此明天向安理会通报，以及准备前往巴格达。”安南说道。
10、He spoke at the end of a hectic day that included meeting all 15 members
of the Security Council, who gave their blessing to his mission to make a final offer to Iraq in an effort to avoid an American-led military strike.
安南是在忙碌了一天后说这番话的。当天，安理会15个成员国与安南举行了会晤，并祝愿其伊拉克之行富有成果。其使命就是为了避免以美国为首的军事打击，而对伊拉克做出的最后斡旋。
11、The United State made clear tonight that it would challenge any
agreement with Iraq that deviated from the principles of unrestricted access to all sites, including the so-called presidential sites, or that compromised the integrity of the United Nations inspection program.
美国今晚明确表示，它拒绝与伊拉克达成任何违背无限制进入所有军事基地，包括所谓的总统官邸的协议或影响联合国核查计划的完整性的任何协议。
12、“The United States is supportive of his trip.” Bill Richardson,
the American delegate, told reporters this evening. “We wish him well, but we reserve the right to disagree if the conclusion of the trip is not consistent with Security Council resolutions and our own national interest.”
“美国支持安南的巴格达之行。”美国大使B.R.今晚向记者说道。“我们预
祝他顺利，但如果其斡旋的结果与安理会决议背道而驰或者不符合我国利益的话，那么我们保留持反对意见的权利。”
13、“I did not ask for a mandate, ” Mr. Annan said. “Right from the
beginning, I was acting on the basis of Secretary General’s authority and my desire to use my good offices.
我不需要别人的授权，，从一开始，我就是按照联合国秘书长的分内权限和意愿行事的。
14、But an American official said the collective advice given orally to
Annan was consistent with the Administration’s position that Baghdad must comply with all its promises made in the Security Council resolution that ended the Gulf war.
一位美国官员说，捎给安南的，由多国联合提出的口头建议与美国政府的立场时一致的，即巴格达必须遵守旨在结束海湾战争的安理会决议中所做出的各种承诺。
15、Some diplomats have complained that putting Mr. Annan on too tight
a leash could hamper his ability to get Iraq to open up to United
Nations weapons inspectors.
一些外交官担心过分约束安南先生会妨碍其说服伊拉克打开国门接受联合国武器核查人员的能力。
16、“He’s not a messenger,” a Chinese diplomat said. “We should give
him some maneuverability. The purpose is to achieve a diplomatic solution without compromising the resolutions” set by the Security Council.
“他不是一个报信者，”一位中国外交官称。“我们应该给他一些回旋的空间。其目的是在不损害安理会决议的基础以外交的方式解决问题。”
17、Grim and desolate: That’s both Iraq’s landscape and its state of
mind. The once proud city of Baghdad wears to the rags of poverty.
伊拉克的景象凄凉破败，人们的心态冷漠消极，这是伊拉克的现实写照。
曾经引以为傲的城市巴格达如今已潦倒之极。
18、Everyone in the streets looks shabby and tired. You see few smiling
faces, and only the black-market profiteers and smugglers are well dressed. Sandy dust coats everything in a city slipping back into the desert.
街上的每个人看上去都那么的破败、疲惫。你很难看到笑容，只有黑市上的奸商和走私者衣着得体。沙尘覆盖了城市中的一切，并正使之陷入沙漠之中。
19、At 10 a. m. , boats blaring disco music ply the filthy Tigris River;
for a few hours, Iraq’s youth can try to forget their current misery and fearful future as they rock to the beat.
上午十点，船只高音播放着迪斯科音乐，往返于肮脏的底格里斯河上，在这短短的几个小时里，伊拉克青年们和着乐曲，划着船，扭动着身体，暂时忘却目前的苦难和充满恐惧的未来。
20、Their faces contort in fury and frustration as they grab our sleeves,
desperate for money and attention.
他们的面容因愤怒和沮丧而变得异样，孩子们拉扯着我们的衣袖，拼命地想得到我们的注意，并追着索要钱财。
21、A visitor in the streets feels no tangible fear or frenzy, no outward
anxiety that attack is imminent. Baghdad’s new poor are worrying as always about their daily bread.
大街上的访客感觉不到当地民众明显的恐惧和慌乱，尽管袭击事件随时可能发生，但他们表面上却看不出有任何担忧和焦虑。巴格达新增的穷人一如既往地为他们的温饱而犯愁。
22、The gunman, whom police identified as a 29-year old man with a history
of psychological problems, had set the guest house on fire just before his arrest. There was no immediate word on the hostages.
持枪歹徒被捕之前放火烧了旅馆。警方确认该嫌疑犯系一29岁男子，曾有
精神病史。至于被扣人质，目前尚无确切消息。
23、The arrest ended a 12-hour standoff at the cottage, where the gunman
had barricaded himself after his rampage on Sunday afternoon at the Port Arthur historic colonial prison. The complex is one of the most popular tourist attractions on Tasmania, the Australian island about 150 miles south of the mainland.
阿瑟港是一个具有历史意义的殖民地时期的监狱。周日下午，该嫌疑犯在此犯下暴行之后，藏匿在了一处农舍中。在经过了长达12小时的后，警方将其捕获。该监狱位于澳大利亚大陆以南约150英里的塔斯马尼亚岛上，（该岛）是备受游客青睐的旅游景点之一。
24、 The woman in the café from Melbourne, who did not identify herself,
said after the attack: “There were people just sitting there in their chairs where they’d been eating, dead. There was a weird sort of calm, as if on one could believe what they were seeing.”
惨案发生后，咖啡店里一位来自墨尔本的不愿透露姓名的妇女说：“人们坐在椅子上吃着东西，就这样被残杀了。当时的场面出奇的平静，仿佛没人相信自己目睹的一切。”
25、The site’s history provided a dark back drop for Sunday’s shootings,
Australia’s worst massacre in modern times. Until now, the
deadliest crime was committed by Frank Vitkovic, in 1987 he slaughtered eight people in Melbourne before leaping to his death from a tall building.
周日的枪击案是澳大利亚当代最严重的一桩惨案，而事发地的历史更是其显得血腥与恐怖。此前，澳大利亚历史上最为严重的罪行是由 Frank. V.
犯下的。在1987年，他在杀害了八人之后在墨尔本跳楼自尽。
26、QANA, Lebanon, April 30 ( AP )—Lebanon held a mass burial today for
the victims of an Israeli artillery attack on a United Nations base.
黎巴嫩今天为因以色列炮击联合国基地而丧生的人们举行了大规模葬礼。
27、With chants of grief filling the air, 90 wooden coffins were passed
by hand above an emotional crowd of mourners near the site of the attack in Qana.
悲怆的哀悼声在空中回荡，在Qana 事发地附近，90口棺木在群情悲愤的送葬人群的头顶上传递着。
28、Despite an agreement to halt the fighting, Israeli forces and
guerrillas had their first serious exchange of fire today since the cease-fire went into effect on Saturday. There was no report on casualties.
尽管签署了停火协议，但以色列军队与黎巴嫩真主党游击队相互袭击对
方，这是本周六停火协议生效后双方的首轮激烈交火，目前尚未有伤亡情况的报道。
29、In Qana, thousands of mourners jammed a vacant lot and climbed
buildings overlooking the mass grave next to the United Nations base where Lebanese civilians had thought they were safe from the fighting between Israel and the Hezbollah guerrillas.
在Qana，成千上万的送葬群众挤在一片空地上或攀爬到乱坟岗旁边的建筑物上，来俯视这片坟场。坟场毗邻联合国维和部队基地。黎巴嫩平民原以为此处可以躲避以色列与真主党游击队之间的战火。
30、Young men beat their chests with clenched fists in a traditional
Shiite expression of grief, and women wailed.
年轻男人们以什叶派教徒特有的传统方式表达悲愤之情：紧握拳头，捶打胸膛，而妇女们则是嚎啕痛哭。
31、Volunteers sprayed water from a hose in an effort to cool down the
crowd, packed together in the heat of the midday sun.
志愿者们拿着水管向在正午烈日下挤在一起的人们喷水，试图使他们冷静下来。
32、Under the American-brokered agreement that went into effect on
Saturday ,neither said is supposed to fire at civilian areas. But the agreement says nothing can stop either side “from exercising the right of self-defense”.
在美国的调停和斡旋下签署的协议已于周六生效，双方均不得向平民区开火。但协议同时规定在任何情况下都不得阻止双方行使自卫权。
33、Wave upon wave of allied aircraft, including RAF Harrier GR7s and
Jaguars, destroyed or damaged a huge range of military targets in Nato’s biggest action since it was formed 46 years ago. Ammunition dumps, air defence radars, communication sites, missile batteries and command centres were all hit in strikes that began at 2 a. m.
and continued at intervals throughout the day.
一波又一波的北约战机摧毁或重创了一大批军事目标。这是北约成立46年以来最大规模的军事行动。军事打击自凌晨两点开始，断断续续持续了一整天，军火库、防空雷达、通讯站点、导弹设施以及指挥中心，均在打击之列。
34、After the first three hours of intensive bombing, the UN Rapid
Reaction Force put its heavy British, France and Dutch guns into action, firing nearly 600 shells at Serb artillery and mortar positions. “The aim is to remove the threat of heavy weapons around Sarajevo.”
在最初的三个小时的密集轰炸之后，联合国快速反应部队集结了英、法、荷三国的重武器，向塞族重炮及迫击炮阵地发射了约600枚炮弹。“此举旨在消除萨拉热窝周边的重武器威胁。”
35、“If they persist in their unacceptable attacks upon civilians, the
UN will continue to support Nato’s use of air power.”
倘若他们依旧执意袭击平民百姓，这是令人无法接受的，那么联合国将继续支持北约进行空中打击。
36、Willy Claes, the Nato Secretary-General, said the action would be
continued and even intensified if the Serbs did not bow to UN demands.
“The attacks will not end until the Serbs change,” he said. Asked if that meant several more days of allied action, he replied: “I cannot exclude that.”
北约秘书长W.C.声称，倘若塞族拒不服从联合国决议，那么军事行动将会持续，甚至加大打击力度。当被问及这是否意味着北约联合行动将会延续数日时，他回应道：“我不排除这种可能。”
37、The West had miscalculated with a decision that could trigger a third
world war. The Serbs would not be bribed with money or frightened by bombs; they would “win in the end”.
西方的决定可能会引发第三次世界大战，他们这是打错了算盘。塞族人不
会被金钱所诱惑，也不会被炸弹所吓倒，胜利属于塞族人民。
38、Though Suhar to’s concessions would have been unimaginable just three
months ago, the fact that he said he will stay on to oversee reformation— a process that could take months —led many Indonesians to believe that he is still playing a crafty political game to hold on to power.
尽管苏哈托的让步在三个月前还是不可想象的，但他声称将继续掌权以监督改革（这一进程可能历时数月）。这一事实使得许多印尼人认为他是在耍弄政治手段而不愿放权。
39、“Suharto is just up to his old tricks. He’s not going to give up
that easily.” Amien Rais, a prominent Muslim opposition leader, also dismissed the president’s olive branch, saying that demonstrations would continue. But at the last minute, he called off a massive anti Suharto really scheduled today —the 90th anniversary of the founding of the liberation movement that led the struggle against the Dutch for independence.
“苏哈托是在玩弄他的老把戏，他是不会那么轻易地放弃的。”穆斯林反对派著名领导人也对总统的橄榄枝不予理会，并称，示威活动将会持续下去。
但在最后一刻，他于今天的纪念反荷兰独立斗争90周年的解放活动上，取消了大规模反苏哈托的集会计划。
40、“Force can never be the first answer,” Mr. Clinton said in a midday
address at the Pentagon. “But sometimes it’s the only a nswer.”
The 23-minute speech, intended to rally public support for possible action, was carried live by broadcast network.
“武力解决从来不是首选的答案，”克林顿在五角大楼的一次演讲中说道。
“但有时是唯一的答案。”这次23分钟的演讲由广播电视网现场直播，旨在为可能的军事行动争取民众支持。
41、Faced with opposition within the United Nations Security Council to
military action ,Mr. Clinton repeatedly said that he hoped diplomats would yet persuade Mr. Hussein to comply with inspections by chemical and biological weapons experts. But he said that if Mr. Hussein was intransigent, “he and he alone will be to blame”for the consequences.
采取军事行动的提议在安理会受挫后，克林顿多次重申他希望以外交的方式说服萨达姆配合生化武器专家的核查。但他同时又说，“如果侯赛因不肯让步、拒绝合作的话，承担后果的只能是他自己。”
英语阅读理解带翻译10篇精选
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1 While some studies have suggested that frequent use of cell phones causes increased risk of brain and mouth cancers, others have found no such links. But since cell phones are relatively new and brain cancers grow slowly, many experts are now recommending taking steps to reduce exposure. by bruce stutz 一些研究显示，经常使用手机会增加得脑部和口腔癌症的几率。有的研究却没发现两者之间有什么联系。但是，手机算是个新兴事物，而脑癌发展也缓慢，许多专家还是建议减少使用手机。 2 Does your cell phone increase your risk of brain cancer? Does it affect your skin or your sperm viability? Is it safe for pregnant women or children? Should you keep it in your bag, on your belt, in your pants or shirt pocket? Should you use a hands-free headset? Are present cell phone safety standards strict enough? 手机会增加得脑癌的几率吗？会不会影响皮肤或者精子活性？使用手机对孕妇或孩子安全吗？应该把手机放在哪，包里、衣服口袋，还是挂在腰带上？打电话的时候要用耳机吗？现在的手机安全标准够不够严？ 3 You don’t know? You’re not alone. 你不知道？这很正常。 4 With some 4 to 5 billion cell phones now in use worldwide and hundreds of studies seeking evidence of their health effects published in peer-reviewed journals over the last 10 years, there’s precious little scientific certainty over whether cell phones pose any danger to those using them. For nearly every study that reports an effect, another, just as carefully conducted, finds none. All of which leaves journalists, consumer advocates, regulatory agencies, politicians, industry spokespersons, and cell phone users able to choose and interpret the results they prefer, or ignore the ones they don’t. 如今，全世界共有40-50亿手机正在使用。过去十年里，成百上千的研究也在致力于寻找手机影响健康的证据，并在相关刊物上发表论文。但还没有确凿的证据能证明，使用手机损害健康。几乎没有研究发现手机对健康有不良影响。但这还是没影响到政治家、新闻记者、管理机构、产业发言人、消费者保护团体，还有消费者自己，选择他们喜好的结果去理解，忽略不喜欢的那些。 5 Do you, for instance, cite the studies that report adverse effects on sperm viability and motility, due to exposure to cell phone radiation or the studies that showed no —or mixed —results? 6 Do you cite the 2001 study that found increased incidence of uveal melanoma (a cancer of the eye) among frequent cell phone users, or the 2009 study by the same authors that, in reassessing their data, found no increase? 2001年的研究显示，常用手机的人患葡萄膜黑色素瘤（一种眼内癌症）几率会增大。2009年这些研究员又发表报告称，他们再分析当年的数据时，又不能确
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研究生科技英语阅读课文翻译8
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Passage1 Reading leadership literature, you’d sometimes think that everyone has the potential to be an effective leader. 读领导文学，你有时会认为每个人都有可能成为一个有效的领导者。 I don’t believe that to be true. In fact, I see way fewer truly effective leaders than I see people stuck in positions of leadership who arc sadly incompetent and seriously misguided about their own abilities. 我不相信这是真的。事实上，我认为真正有效的领导者的方式比我看到的人都陷在领导的职位上，遗憾的是他们自己的能力不称职，严重误导了他们。 Part of the reason this happens is a lack of honest self-assessment by those who aspire to（追求）leadership in the first place. 对产生这种现象的原因一部分是由那些渴望缺乏诚实的自我评估（追求）放在首位的领导 We've all met the type of individual who simply must take charge. Whether it's a decision-making session, a basketball game, or a family outing, they can't help grabbing the lead dog position and clinging on to it for dear life. They believe they're natural born leaders. 我们都遇到了个人的类型，他们必须负责。无论是决策会议，篮球比赛，还是家庭外出，他们都不能不抓住领导的狗的地位，并紧紧抓住它，因为亲爱的生命。他们相信他们是天生的领袖。 Truth is, they're nothing of the sort. True leaders don't assume that it's their divine（神圣的）right to take charge every time two or more people get together. Quite the opposite. A great leader will assess each situation on its merits, and will only take charge when their position, the situation, and/or the needs of the moment demand it. 事实是，他们没有什么样的。真正的领导者不认为这是他们的神圣（神圣的）负责每次两个或两个以上的人在一起吧。恰恰相反。一个伟大的领导者会对每一个情况进行评估，并在他们的位置、情况和/或需要的情况下，只会负责。 Many business executives confuse leadership with action. They believe that constant motion somehow generates leadership as a byproduct. Faced with any situation that can’t be solved by the sheer force of activity, they generate a dust cloud of impatience. Their one leadership tool is
《科技英语阅读教程》陈勇版课文翻译(可编辑修改word版)
核电与核辐射 1986 年4 月26 日，切尔诺贝利核电站的一个反应堆发生爆炸，将相当于400 颗广岛原子弹的放射性尘降物散布到整个北半球。在此之前，科学家对辐射对植物和野生动物的影响 几乎一无所知。这场灾难创造了一个活生生的实验室，尤其是在这个被称为禁区的1100 平方英里的区域。 1994 年，德州理工大学生物学教授罗纳德·切瑟和罗伯特·贝克是首批获准完全进入该区域的美国科学家之一。“我们抓了一群田鼠，它们看起来和野草一样健康。我们对此非 常着迷。”贝克回忆说。当Baker 和Chesser 对田鼠的DNA 进行测序时，他们没有发现 异常的突变率。他们还注意到狼、猞猁和其他曾经稀有的物种在这片区域游荡，仿佛这里 是原子野生动物保护区。2003 年由一组联合国机构建立的切尔诺贝利论坛发表了声明一份关于灾难20 周年的报告证实了这一观点，称“环境条件对该地区的生物群落产生了积极 影响”，将其转变为“一个独特的生物多样性保护区”。 五年前，贝克和切塞尔在这片区域搜寻田鼠。Mousseau 到切尔诺贝利去数鸟，发现了与之相矛盾的证据。穆萨乌是南卡罗莱纳大学的生物学教授，他的合作者安德斯·佩普·穆 勒现在是巴黎南方大学生态、系统学和进化实验室的研究主任。他们发现该地区家燕的数 量要少得多，而那些存活下来的家燕则遭受着寿命缩短、(雄性)生育能力下降、大脑变小、肿瘤、部分白化病(一种基因突变)以及白内障发病率更高的痛苦。在过去13 年发表的60 多篇论文中，Mousseau 和Moller 指出，暴露在低水平辐射下对该区域的整个生物圈产生 了负面影响，从微生物到哺乳动物，从昆虫到鸟类。 包括贝克在内的批评人士对穆萨和穆勒持批评态度。贝克在2006 年与切塞尔合著的《美国科学家》(American Scientist)文章中指出，该区域“实际上已成为一个保护区”，穆萨和穆勒的“令人难以置信的结论只得到了间接证据的支持”。 我们所知道的关于电离辐射对健康影响的几乎所有信息都来自于一项正在进行的对原子弹幸存者的研究，该研究被称为寿命研究，简称LSS。辐射暴露的安全标准基于LSS。然而，LSS 留下了关于低剂量辐射影响的大问题没有得到解答。大多数科学家都同意，没有所谓 的“安全”辐射剂量，无论剂量有多小。小剂量是我们最不了解的。LSS 并没有告诉我们多 少低于100 毫西弗(mSv)的剂量。例如，引起基因突变需要多少辐射，这些突变是可遗传 的吗?辐射诱发的疾病(如癌症)的机制和遗传生物标记物是什么? 三重危机2011年 3月福岛第一核电站创建另一个生活摩梭实验室和穆勒可以研究低 剂量的辐射,复制他们的切尔诺贝利核事故研究和允许他们“更高的信心,影响我们看到有关辐射,而不是其他因素,“摩梭说。福岛310平方英里的隔离区比切尔诺贝利小，但在其他方面 是一样的。这两个区域都包括被遗弃的农田、森林和城市地区，在这些地区，辐射水平在 短距离内变化数量级。而且几乎可以肯定，他们进入福岛的速度比科学家进入苏联控制的 切尔诺贝利的速度还要快。简而言之，福岛事件提供了一个解决争议的机会。 福岛核事故发生后的几个月里，穆萨乌和莫勒就开始在这座正在冒烟的核电站以西受污染的山林里清点鸟类数量，但他们无法进入这个区域，亲眼看看家燕的情况。最后，在2013 年6 月，穆萨乌是首批获准完全进入福岛禁区的科学家之一。 对辐射的敏感度在生物和同一物种的个体之间有很大的差异，这是重要的原因之一，不要从蝴蝶推断到家燕或从田鼠推断到人类。蝴蝶对辐射特别敏感，Mousseau 说。2012年8 月，在线期刊《科学报告》(Scientific Report)发表了一篇论文，研究福岛核泄漏对淡草蓝 蝶的影响。冲绳县琉球大学的生物学教授大木若二(Joji Otaki)透露，在这种不雅行为发生两个月后，在福岛附近采集的蝴蝶出现了翅膀、腿和眼睛畸形的情况。Mousseau 和Moller 对切尔诺贝利和福岛昆虫的调查显示，蝴蝶作为一个群体数量急剧下降。但御宅族
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英语阅读理解带翻译10篇：给予Like most people, I was brought up to look upon life as a process of getting. It was not until in my late thirties that I made this important discovery: giving-away makes life so much more exciting. You need not worry if you lack money. This is how I experimented with giving-away. If an idea for improving the window display of a neighborhood store flashes to me, I step in and make the suggestion to the storekeeper. One discovery I made about giving-away is that it is almost impossible to give away anything in this world without getting something back, though the return often comes in an unexpected form. One Sunday morning the local post office delivered an important special delivery letter to my home, though it was addressed to me at my office. I wrote the postmaster a note of appreciation. More than a year later I needed a post-office box for a new business I was starting. I was told at the window that there were no boxes left, and that my name would have to go on a long waiting list. As I was about to leave, the postmaster appeared in the doorway. He had overheard our conversation. “Wasn’t it you that wrote us that letter a year ago about delivering a special delivery to your home?”I said yes. “Well, you certainly are going to have a box in this post office if we have to make one for you. You don’t know what a letter like that means to us. We usually get nothing but complaints.” 像大多数人，我长大看待生命是一个过程获得。直到我在30月底，我作出这一重要发现：给予，距离使我们的生活如此更令人兴奋的。您不必担心如果缺乏资金。这是我尝试让-消失。如果一个主意，可以改善窗口显示一个闪烁附近商店给我，我的步骤，并提出上述建议的仓库保管员。一发现我付出，离开是，它几乎是不可能放弃任何在这个世界上，没有得到回报，尽管返回往往在一个意想不到的形式。一个星期天上午，当地邮局作了重要特别
科技英语阅读翻译
科技英语阅读翻译 Company Document number：WUUT-WUUY-WBBGB-BWYTT-1982GT
ⅢT r a n s l a t e t h e f o l l o w i n g s e n t e n c e s i n t o C h i n e s e(20%)（1）He is best known for coining the term fractal to describe phenomena (such as coastlines, snowflakes, mountains and trees) whose patterns repeat themselves at smaller and smaller scales. (2) To explain these puzzling findings, some scientists have revived an old idea of Einstein’s that had been discarded as false: that the vacuum of space has energy in it that acts repulsively and accelerates the expansion of the universe. (3) New language that seemed to assert Facebook’s “irrevocable” right to retain and use a member’s personal information, even after the member had closed his or her Facebook account, deserved a little more editing. (4) The tenor of our time appears to regard history as having ended, with pronouncements from many techno-pundits claiming that the Internet is revolutionary and changes everything. (5) As a by-product of an industry that exists all over the world-the stalks that remain after grain has been harvested-straw also helpfully soaks up carbon from the atmosphere and locks it in, so long as it is not allowed to decompose. Ⅲ Translate the following sentences into Chinese（20%） （1）The problem in the paradox, he reasoned, is that we are confusing a description of sets of numbers with a description of sets of sets of numbers.
研究生科技英语阅读课文翻译(1-10)
Unit 1 Genetically modified foods -- Feed the World? If you want to spark a heated debate at a dinner party, bring up the topic of genetically modified foods. For many people, the concept of genetically altered, high-tech crop production raises all kinds of environmental, health, safety and ethical questions. Particularly in countries with long agrarian traditions -- and vocal green lobbies -- the idea seems against nature. 如果你想在某次晚宴上挑起一场激烈的争论，那就提出转基因食品的话题吧。对许多人来说，高科技的转基因作物生产的概念会带来诸如环境、健康、安全和伦理等方面的各种问题。特别是在有悠久的农业生产传统和主张环保的游说集团的国家里，转基因食品的主意似乎有悖自然。 In fact, genetically modified foods are already very much a part of our lives. A third of the corn and more than half the soybeans and cotton grown in the US last year were the product of biotechnology, according to the Department of Agriculture. More than 65 million acres of genetically modified crops will be planted in the US this year. The genetic is out of the bottle. 事实上，转基因食品已经成为我们生活重要的一部分。根据农业部的统计，美国去年所种植玉米的1／3，大豆和棉花的一半以上都是生物技术的产物。今年，美国将种植6500多万英亩的转基因作物。基因妖怪已经从瓶子里跑出来了。 Yet there are clearly some very real issues that need to be resolved. Like any new product entering the food chain, genetically modified foods must be subjected to rigorous testing. In wealthy countries, the debate about biotech is tempered by the fact that we have a rich array of foods to choose from -- and a supply that far exceeds our needs. In developing countries desperate to feed fast-growing and underfed populations; the issue is simpler and much more urgent: Do the benefits of biotech outweigh the risks? 但是，显然还有一些非常现实的问题需要解决。就像任何一种要进入食物链的新食品一样，转基因食品必须经过严格的检验。在富裕的国家里，由于有大量丰富的食品可供选择，而且供应远远超过需求，所以关于生物技术的争论相对缓和一些。在迫切想要养活其迅速增长而又吃不饱的人口的发展中国家，问题比较简单，也更加紧迫：生物技术的好处是否大于风险呢? The statistics on population growth and hunger are disturbing. Last year the world's population reached 6 billion. And by 2050, the UN estimates, it will probably near 9 billion. Almost all that growth will occur in developing countries. At the same time, the world's available cultivable land per person is declining. Arable land has