高考英语阅读理解(社会文化)试题经典及解析

高考英语阅读理解(社会文化)试题经典及解析

一、高中英语阅读理解社会文化类

1．阅读理解

Theaters of the Past

The Greek Theater

Theaters developed in many parts of Greece. Ancient Greek theaters were built in natural open air sites on conveniently shaped hills. This allowed a great mass of people to enjoy a show at a time. Due to this, actors placed emphasis on exaggerated (夸张的) action and speech. And, colorful symbolic masks and costumes were used.

The Medieval Theater

The Medieval theater started in churches. That's why medieval plays were about Bible stories. At first, it became a custom for priests (牧师) to act out brief scenes during Christmas and Easter. These acts attracted large crowds. Finally the church refused to allow priests to participate in any such events again, so ordinary people began these performances outside. Performances were set in the town square, with several stage settings around it.

The Elizabethan Theater

The England's theater developed rapidly in the years following the defeat of the Spanish Navy. The dominant feature of Elizabethan theater was the stage. It has three parts: The fore stage for outside scenes; the inner stage for scenes inside a building; an upper stage or balcony for various purposes. The reason for this design is that there were no scene changes, or breaks during the play. Very little scenery was used, so the actors had to create a scene through their voices and dialogues. This led to a more poetic script, and poets became the main source of script writing.

The Restoration Theater

Some of the plays told sad stories, but the majority of the plays were really funny. Many specialized machines were used to create the scene. The stage was a very clever idea , in that on the sides of the stage large back shutters (百叶窗) were painted with the scene.

（1）Why were ancient Greek theaters built on hills?

A.To hold a large audience.

B.To build a big and strong stage.

C.To have a better sound effect.

D.To emphasize exaggerated performances.

（2）In which theater could actors' voices and speech help create scenes?

A.The Greek Theater.

B.The Medieval Theater.

C.The Elizabethan Theater.

D.The Restoration Theater.

（3）What is special about the Restoration Theater?

A.Colorful masks were used.

B.The stage was smartly designed.

C.Most of its plays were sorrowful.

D.Ordinary people were the performers.

【答案】（1）A

（2）C

（3）B

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了四个古代的剧院。

（1）考查细节理解。根据The Greek Theater部分中的“Ancient Greek theaters were built in natural open air sites on conveniently shaped hills. This allowed a great mass of people to enjoy a show at a time.”古希腊的剧院建在自然开阔的地方，建在形状方便的山上。这使得一大群人可以一次欣赏一场演出，可知，希腊剧院建在山上是为了让更多的观众可以一起欣赏演出。故选A。

（2）考查细节理解。根据The Elizabethan Theater部分中的“Very little scenery was used, so the actors had to create a scene through their voices and dialogues.”布景用得很少，所以演员们不得不通过他们的声音和对话来创造一个场景，可知，在The Elizabethan Theater, 演员的声音和言语能帮助创造场景。故选C。

（3）考查推理判断。根据The Restoration Theater部分中的“The stage was a very clever idea , in that on the sides of the stage large back shutters (百叶窗) w ere painted with the scene.”舞台是一个非常聪明的想法，因为舞台两侧的大背板上都画着场景)可知，在The Restoration Theater舞台设计非常巧妙。故选B。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇文化类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。

2．阅读理解

While Black Friday and Cyber Monday help start the holiday shopping season, Giving Tuesday, which will be observed on November 28, attempts to inspire the season of giving. Now in its sixth year, the charitable(慈善的)day uses the power of social media to encourage organizations and individuals to donate funds or resources to worthy causes. Its mission is to bring positive change to communities through giving.

Though devoting just one day to a worthy cause may not seem much, Giving Tuesday makes a surprisingly significant impact. In 2015,ORGANIZE,an online organ donor program asked people to “Give with your Heart”,by becoming registered donors. Thousands of Americans listen to the cry for help, resulting in one of the largest digital donor drives in US history.

That same year, the Cleveland Library and the Pratt Library in Baltimore competed to see who could encourage more donations. While the Pratt Library won with a $41,000 acquisition, the Cleveland Library was able to raise a fairly large amount for its programs as well. In 2016, the University of Michigan encouraged students and friends to donate to hourly challenges. They raised an amazing $5.5 million! The university hopes to recreate the magic this year, with a virtual celebration to mark the institution's 200th anniversary.

Giving Tuesday is not just a US phenomenon, but a global movement. In 2016, 98 countries participated in the event, raising $177 million, a 44% increase over 2015, when 71 nations collected $116.7 million. These numbers can only increase as the day gains further recognition.

Though donating funds is a great way to help, there are numerous other ways to support your local community. You can give back by volunteering at a nearby nonprofit or food bank. Social media experts can do their share by spreading the information and inspiring their colleagues to get involved. Another great way to celebrate Giving Tuesday is by helping those closest to you, whether that's assisting a family member with chores or helping a neighbor with yard work.（1）Why is Giving Tuesday started?

A. To appeal to people to perform an act of kindness.

B. To promote sales of the holiday shopping season.

C. To inspire the poor to have a positive view of life.

D. To encourage people to donate organs for patients.

（2）It can be inferred from the text that .

A. people donated money actively for the two libraries in Baltimore

B. the University of Michigan thought it challenging to get donations

C. Giving Tuesday hasn't been universally accepted in the world so far

D. the donations to the institution were given for its 200th anniversary

（3）The author tries to tell the readers in Paragraph 5.

A. why we need to volunteer in our local community

B. who we will celebrate Giving Tuesday together with

C. where we should donate funds to benefit other people

D. how we can give to help those who are in great need

【答案】（1）A

（2）C

（3）D

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍Giving Tuesday,并激励人们慷慨行善。

（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“While Black Friday and Cyber Monday help sta rt the holiday shopping season, Giving Tuesday, which will be observed on November 28,attempts to inspire the season of giving.”可知,人们庆祝Giving Tuesday的目的是激励人们慷慨行善。故选A。

（2）考查推理判断。根据第四段中的“These numbers can only increase as the day gains further recognition.”可以推断出,到目前为止在世界上庆祝Giving Tuesday还不够普遍。故选C。

（3）考查主旨大意。根据第五段中的“)Though donating funds is a great way to help, there are numerous other ways to support your local community.”可知,本段文章的内容主要讲述为社会奉献有许多种方式。故选D。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇文化类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。

3．阅读理解

It is commonly believed that the earliest Chinese paper-cutsappeared during the sixth century.

Some scholars believe it was even earlier.Legend has it that during the Western Han Dynasty(206BC-AD24), Emperor Wudi wasvery sad after one of his favorite concubines, Madame Li, died. A Taoistpriest, Li Shaoweng, cut a piece of hemp paper in the shape of Madame Li. Whenevening fell, the emperor's servants lit candles in his bedroom; the reflectionof that paper-cut on the wall made the emperor think about his belovedconcubine.

The Yuxian paper-cut is different from most paper-cutsproduced in other regions of China. Paper-cuts from other regions are mostlycut with scissors or knives from single-colored paper, such as red or blackpaper.

There are four major procedures to making the Yuxianpaper-cut: First, sketch the pattern on the draft paper; second, fasten thedraft to the paper to be cut; third, use a knife to carve out the pattern; andfourth, dye (染色)the paper-cut with various colors.

Precise cutting skills are needed to make a piece of theYuxian paper-cut, which highlights the craft maker's artistic taste and dyeingskills. That explains the following saying: "The successful making of aYuxian paper-cut is 30 percent dependent on the maker's cutting skills, and 70percent on the maker's dyeing skills."

The traditional Yuxian paper-cut highlights two themes:flowers and characters in Chinese operas. The paper-cut is particularly knownfor its vivid description of characters in various traditional Chinese operas.In October 2009, the art of Yuxian's paper-cut was added to the list ofIntangible Cultural Heritage (非物质文化遗产) established by UNESCO (United NationsEducational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization).

（1）The first paragraph is actually about___________.

A. Emperor Wudi's favorite concubine

B. the origins of Chinese paper-cuts

C. the inventor of Chinese paper-cut

D. one of the themes of Yuxian paper-cut

（2）Which is the most important skill of making paper-cut?

A. Drawing skill.

B. Cutting skill.

C. Dyeing skill.

D. Carving skill

（3）According to the passage, the Yuxian paper-cut is especially famous for its__________.

A. lively images of characters in classic operas

B. traditional Chinese operas

C. Chinese cultural influence on operas

D. advanced cutting techniques

（4）What is the best title for the passage?

A. The Earliest Chinese Legend

B. The Yuxian Paper-cut Skills

C. Emperor Wudi's Sad Story

D. Chinese Yuxian Paper-cut

【答案】（1）B

（2）C

（3）A

（4）D

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了中国蔚县剪纸。

（1）考查段落大意。根据第一段可知，介绍了中国剪纸的起源。故选B。

（2）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“The successful making of a Yuxian paper-cut is 30 percent dependent on the maker's cu tting skills, and 70 percent on the maker's dyeing skills.”蔚县剪纸的成功制作30 %取决于制作人的切割技巧，70 %取决于制作人的染色技巧。可知染色技巧对于剪纸最重要。故选C。

（3）考查细节理解。根据第四段中的“The paper-cut is particularly known for its vivid description of characters in various traditional Chinese operas”剪纸以其对各种传统戏曲中人物的生动描述而闻名。可知，选A。

（4）考查主旨大意。通读全文可知，短文主要介绍了蔚县剪纸有四个主要步骤。制作蔚县剪纸需要精确的切割技巧，这突出了手工艺者的艺术品味和染色技巧。传统蔚县剪纸突出了两个主题:中国戏曲中的花和人物。这些都是围绕着“中国蔚县剪纸”这个主题展开的。故选D。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，段落大意和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇文化类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，同时根据上下文进行推理，归纳，从而选出正确答案。

4．阅读理解

Here's a selection of festivals for tourists to the United States in summer.

San Francisco Silent Film Festival

Films at this odd cinematic event have a variety of musical accompaniments, including piano and violin. It includes some classic silent movies. If you want to see them all, you can buy a festival pass.

May 29 to June 1; www.silent https://www.360docs.net/doc/bf10195096.html,

Union Street Festival

This popular street fair stretches out over six blocks of the city, in the fashionable shopping area of Union Street. This year, there's beer, wine, biscuits tasting and more separate themes-fashion, cuisine, tech, local, craft, and health and fitness.

June 7 to 10; https://www.360docs.net/doc/bf10195096.html,

North Beach Festival

This is San Francisco's oldest street party, with live entertainment, delicious food and arts and crafts. Situated in the Little Italy district, known for its associations with the “Beat Generation”, festival goers are guaranteed plenty of good Italian food. There is also as the “blessing of the animals”, a San Francisco traditi on which takes place at the National Shrine of Saint Francis of Assisi (610 Vallejo Street) at 2 pm on both days of the festival.

June 14 to 16; https://www.360docs.net/doc/bf10195096.html,

Stern Grove Festival

This is the oldest free summer arts festival of its kind in the United States. It includes a wide variety of acts, from the local symphony orchestra to well known artists such as Smokey Robinson. Sundays from June 22 to Aug 24; https://www.360docs.net/doc/bf10195096.html,

（1）Which of the following festivals contains the most themes?

A. Union Street Festival.

B. San Francisco Silent Film Festival.

C. North Beach Festival.

D. Stem Grove Festival.

（2）How is North Beach Festival different from the other festivals?

A. Festival goers can enjoy food in it.

B. It lasts the shortest time.

C. It has the longest history of food.

D. Some foreign culture is presented in it.

（3）When can you enjoy the oldest arts festival in the United States?

A. Saturdays in July.

B. Saturdays in May.

C. Sundays in May.

D. Sundays in July.

【答案】（1）A

（2）B

（3）D

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇应用文，介绍了美国旅游时的夏季盛会，即三藩无声电影节、联合大街节、北滩节和斯特恩格罗夫节。

(1)考查细节理解。根据Union Street Festival部分中的“This year, there's beer, wine, biscuits tasting and more separate themes-fashion, cuisine, tech, local, craft, and health and fitness.”可知，今年有啤酒、葡萄酒、饼干品尝和时尚、美食、科技、地方、工艺、健康和健身等多个主题。可知选A。

(2)考查细节理解。根据North Beach Festival可知，时间是从June 14 to 16，只有3天。San Francisco Silent Film Festival（May 29 to June 1）4天； Union Street Festival（June 7 to 10）4天；Stern Grove Festival（Sundays from June 22 to Aug 24）时间更长。故选B。

(3)考查细节理解。根据Stern Grove Festival部分中的“Th is is the oldest free summer arts festival of its kind in the United States.”中，时间在Sundays from June 22 to Aug，故选D。【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解题型的考查，是一篇文化类阅读，要求考生准确捕捉细节信息，并结合题目要求，选出正确答案。

5．阅读理解

The Rugby (英式橄榄球) World Cup is currently being held in New Zealand. The tournament, due to finish on October 23, is living up to the famous English saying, “Rugby is a thug's (暴徒) game played gentlemen. ”

The games are physically aggressive; the tackles (冲撞) on the pitch are brutal; but the end of each match is a civilized affair. Players shake hands and applaud each other. Of course, the other side to this saying is: "Football is a gentleman's game played by thugs. " Indeed, unlike soccer players, rugby players don't often question the referee's (裁判员) decisions or pretend to be injured when they are not.

“Football could learn a lot from rugby," said Brian Moore, a former England rugby player "The wonderful spirit of rugby is: there is a gentlemanly code to it. You play hard on the pitch, but you always respect your opponent..

Rugby is mainly played in Europe. Australia, New Zealand and parts of Africa. "It is more enjoyable to play than soccer because you are always involved in the game," said Peter, a Welsh rugby coach. "Rugby is also a far superior test of strength, stamina (耐力) and determination. " Most professional rugby players are large, strong and weigh over 90 kilograms. People who play the sport need to be tough and be prepared to get hurt. Black eyes, broken bones, lost teeth

and being knocked unconscious—all these are common injuries. Former British Prime Minister Gordon Brown is blind in one eye thanks to a rugby accident at school.

In England, children begin playing the game at school at the age of 8. When they enter high school, many begin to play full contact rugby. Children are taught to play for around one hour a week during their PE lessons. Most schools have a rugby team. Children who play for the school team are usually the sportiest kids, and are seen as brave and athletic.

（1）What can be concluded from the first three paragraphs?

A. Football players are not real gentlemen.

B. There is a better spirit in playing rugby than football.

C. Football players are not as athletic as rugby players.

D. Brian Moore thinks that rules should be stricter in football.

（2）According to the passage, Peter thinks ______.

A. rugby players pretend to be injured when they are not

B. rugby is not very popular in America and Asia

C. rugby makes people enjoy sports better than soccer

D. rugby needs players' strong will rather than strength

（3）The example of Gordon Brown is mentioned in order to .

A. prove that playing rugby can earn people fame

B. explain why Gordon Brown is blind in one eye

C. support the point that rugby players often get hurt

D. warn teenagers against playing rugby at school

（4）What can we infer from the passage?

A. Teenagers will lose interest in football.

B. English children have a talent for rugby.

C. Playing rugby doesn't involve skills.

D. Rugby is not suitable for everyone.

【答案】（1）B

（2）C

（3）C

（4）D

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了英式橄榄球，并且将它与足球进行了对比。英式橄榄球是暴徒们的绅士运动，玩这项运动的人身体一定要强壮才行呢。

（1）归纳总结题。前三段都在介绍英式橄榄球并且将其与足球比较，人们认为橄榄球是暴徒们的绅士运动，而足球是绅士的暴徒运动。并且说足球应该学习橄榄球。故选B

（2）细节题。第四段第二句"It is more enjoyable to play than soccer because you are always involved in the game玩英式橄榄球比完足球更有趣，因为你总是被卷入游戏之中的。故选C （3）细节题。倒数第二段最后一句Former British Prime Minister Gordon Brown is blind in

one eye thanks to a rugby accident at school.前英国首相戈登布朗在学校的一场橄榄球赛中瞎了一只眼睛。所以是来支持橄榄球运动会使人受伤。故选C

（4）细节题。倒数第二段第二句 People who play the sport need to be tough and be prepared to get hurt. 玩这项运动的人们要强壮并且要做好受伤的准备。从这里可以得出橄榄球这项运动不适合所有人，故选D

6．阅读理解

Visitors must present all carried items for inspection upon entry. After inspection, all bags, backpacks, umbrella, parcels and other items as determined by security officers must be left at the checkrooms, free of charge, close to each entrance. All oversized bags, backpacks and luggage must be left at the checkrooms near the 4th Street entrance of either the East or West Building. These items will have to be x-rayed before being accepted. Items of value, such as laptop computers, cameras and fur coats, may not be left in the checkrooms but may be carried into the gallery. We regret that the museum doesn't have enough space for visitors items larger than 17*26 inches in the gallery.

Additional security procedures and checks may be taken according to the decision of the gallery. *For the safety of the artworks and other visitors, nothing may be carried on a visitor's back. Soft front-baby carriers are allowed, but children may not be carried on shoulders or in a child carrier worn on the back. Wheelchairs are available free of charge near each checkroom.

*Smoking is prohibited. Food and drink are not permitted outside the food service areas. Unopened bottled water may be carried only in a visitor's bag. Cell phones may not be used in the gallery.

*Animals, other than service animals, are not permitted.

*Skateboarding is prohibited.

*Picture-taking(including video) for personal use is permitted except in the special exhibits.

*Please don't touch the works of art.

（1）According to the text, which item can be carried into the gallery?

A. umbrella

B. package

C. Ipad

D. suitcase

（2）When in the gallery, what can visitors do?

A. They can carry opened bottled water in their bags.

B. They can drink inside the food service areas.

C. They can take pictures for personal use anywhere.

D. They must pay if they use wheelchairs for the children.

（3）What is the text mainly about?

A. The polices of the gallery

B. The artworks of the gallery

C. The location of the gallery

D. The history of the gallery

【答案】（1）C

（2）B

（3）A

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇应用文，介绍了参观博物馆的一些规定。比如，游客携带的物品需要在入口处接受检查；过大的物品不允许带入博物馆；此外，除了服务犬外其他动

物不允许进入等等。

(1)考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“After inspection, all bags, backpacks, umbrella, parcels and other items as determined by security officers must be left at the checkrooms, free of charge, close to each entrance.“可知，伞、背包和手提包等都不可以带进国家美术馆。故选C。(2)考查推理判断。根据带星号要点的第二点“Food and drink are not permitted outside the food service areas.“可知，不允许饮食服务区以外的食品和饮料，可推知可以饮用饮食服务区内供应的饮料，故选B。

(3)考查主旨大意。纵观全文可知，本文介绍了艺术展上，参观者需要注意的事项，故选A。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇介绍类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。

7．阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

Going back to school can be an anxious time for many students. But one institution in Texas is doing its part to make sure middle schoolers are returning refreshed and inspired to learn. Through a process called the "bathroom inspiration project," teachers and administrators at Warren Middle School, spent their summer beautifying the school's restrooms by painting motivational murals (壁画) on each of the stalls (小隔间).Forming messages like "Your mistakes don't define you" and "Scatter (撒播) kindness," the brightly colored words are exactly what a young student needs to see when having a rough day-or any school day for that matter. And now that classes are officially in session, people are already noticing a positive impact.

Since posting photos of upgrades to the school in July, Principal Joshua Garcia says that the alterations have aroused a great response.

"Students have been talking about the murals from the moment the pictures had been posted. Some even took the time to find a reason to come up to the campus to see the murals," he says. "I think what makes this small little action so valuable is that it has set the tone for our campus." And not only is that important to students, parents, and fellow staff, but it is also vital for the school's new principal, who is trying to gain the trust of the community during a time in which trust is so necessary for schools.

"Being new to the campus, I think the parents were able to see how much I value their children and have their best interest at heart," Garcia continues. "I have had many parents tell me how they can just feel a difference in the campus climate and how much they are enjoying seeing their children wanting to come here. These murals have put trust back in the campus and its teachers, and by doing so we are able to build a culture in which our students want to be here and learn."（1）What has happened at Warren Middle School?

A.Painting has become popular among most students.

B.Some students have suffered great anxiety at school.

C.Its toilets have been beautified with inspiring words.

D.Motivational murals have been made in each classroom.

（2）What does the underlined word "alterations" in Paragraph 3 probably mean?

A.Rules

B.Arguments

C.Changes

D.Opportunities

（3）What's students and parents' attitude toward those murals?

A.Negative

B.Ambiguous

C.Uninterested

D.Supportive

（4）What does Garcia intend to do according to the text?

A.Reduce increasing anxiety.

B.Build an artistic atmosphere.

C.Create a trusting environment.

D.Introduce a new culture to society.

【答案】（1）C

（2）C

（3）D

（4）C

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，德克萨斯州的一所中学绘制卫生间文化墙，用正能量的语言激励学生，从而获得学生和家长的一致好评。

（1）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“Through a process called the‘bathroom inspiration project,’ teachers and administrators at Warren Middle School, spent their summer beautifying the school's restrooms by painting motivational murals on each of the stalls Forming messages like ‘Your mistakes don't define you’and‘Scatter kindness,’"可知，该中学用励志语言美化了卫生间的每一个小隔间。故选C。

（2）考查词义猜测。根据第一段中的“doing its part to make sure middle schoolers are returning refreshed and inspired to learn,”以及本段划线单词前面的Since posting photos of upgrades to the school和后面的have aroused a great response 可推知，该校别具一格的特色改变引起了大家的关注。故alterations在此意为“改变”。故选C。

（3）考查推理判断。根据第四段中的“Students have been talking about the murals from the moment the pictures had been posted. Some even took the time to find a reason to come up to the campus to see the murals ”以及最后一段中的“I have had many parents tell me how they can just feel a difference in the campus climate and how much they are enjoying seeing their children wanting to come here ”可推知，学生和家长对学校的这一举措持支持态度。故选D。

（4）考查细节理解。根据第五段中的“it is also vita l for the school's new principal, who is trying to gain the trust of the community during a time in which trust is so necessary or schools”以及最后一段中Garcia所说的“These murals have put trust back in the campus ”可推知，校长

Garcia希望创建一个家长对学校充满信任的大环境。故选C。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和推理判断三个题型的考查，是一篇文化类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，同时根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，从而选出正确答案。

8．阅读理解

On the banks of Tanzania's Lake Eyasi lives the world's last hunter-gatherer tribe (部落) — the Hadza. They don't grow food, raise animals or build houses. Instead they live a life unchanged for more than ten thousand years.

Their world is one of complete freedom — something modern society can barely imagine and is unlikely to ever experience, let alone have the skills to stay alive. Text messages and phone calls don't exist. Nor do cars and electricity. No jobs, timetables, and social structures. No laws, taxes and unbelievably, no money —the closest thing to currency (交易) is the trade for a pair of shorts with a neighboring tribe.

We spent our time with the Hadza hunting baboons (狒狒), a daily activity for the men. Their land is packed with sharp bushes, poisonous snakes and man-eating lions. But a successful hunting trip is the difference between eating or going hungry.

The Hadza diet consists mainly of honey, fruit and meat. Men often hunt in pairs to shoot animals with bows and arrows. The Hadza show us how to track animals, from baboons to snakes to lions. They are hugely skilled with their handmade bows and arrows —we have a go and barely get the arrow to go three feet in front of us.

The language of the Hadza is believed to be the oldest still-spoken language known to man. The Hadza don't have conflict, and have no memory of starvation. Their population never reaches numbers that cannot be supported through hunting or gathering. They never get from their land more than they need.

Unlike modern-day office workers, the Hadza enjoy an extraordinary amount of free time. Their “work” —hunting for food —takes up around five hours of their day. They've been in such a state of peaceful existence for thousands of years.

（1）We can learn from the text that the Hadza_______.

A. lead a very simple life

B. live on traditional agriculture

C. have their own system of currency

D. show a lot of interest in new technology

（2）Which of the following can describe the Hadza's environment?

A. Stressful.

B. Comfortable.

C. Exciting.

D. Dangerous.

（3）The relationship between the Hadza and nature_______.

A. is going wrong

B. is full of conflict

C. is in perfect harmony

D. is changing all the time

（4）Why does the author come to visit the Hadza?

A. To study their native language.

B. To get to know their way of life.

C. To learn survival skills from them.

D. To persuade them to protect animals.

【答案】（1）A

（2）D

（3）C

（4）B

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了哈扎人的生活方式：他们生活简单，主要以狩猎为生。他们和大自然和谐相处，长期以来过着平和的生活。

（1）考查推理判断。根据第一段和第二段中的“Instead they live a life unchanged for more than ten thousand years. Text messages and phone calls don't exist. Nor do cars and electricity. No jobs, timetables, and social structures. No laws, taxes and unbelievably, no money —the closest thing to currency (交易) is the trade for a pair of shorts with a neighboring tribe.”可知，他们过着一万年不变的生活……短信和电话根本不存在。汽车和电力也没有。没有工作、时间表和社会结构。没有法律、税收。难以置信的是，没有钱。由此可以推知，the Hadza过着非常简单的生活。故选A。

（2）考查推理判断。根据第三段中的“Their land is packed with sharp bushes, poisonous snakes and man-eating lions”可知，他们的土地上满是锋利的灌木丛，毒蛇和食人狮。由此可知，他们的环境非常危险。故选D。

（3）考查推理判断。根据倒数第二段中的“The Hadza don't have conflict, and have no memory of starvation. Their population never reaches numbers that cannot be supported through hunting or gathering. They never get from their land more than they need.”可知，哈扎人没有冲突，也没有饥饿的记忆。它的人口从未达到通过狩猎或采集无法维持的数量。他们从自己的土地上得到的东西从来不超过他们所需要的。由此可知，他们和自然和谐相处。故选C。

（4）考查推理判断。纵观全文可知，本文介绍了哈扎人的生活方式：他们生活简单，主要以狩猎为生。他们和大自然和谐相处，长期以来过着平和的生活。由文章的主要内容可以推知，作者来参观the Hadza就是为了了解他们的生活方式。故选B。

【点评】本题考点涉及推理判断题型的考查，是一篇文化类阅读，要求考生根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。

9．阅读理解

Thomas Cheatham had planned to study Latin during his time at Hebron High School in Texas. But when he learned that the school district was going to offer a Mandarin(普通话) class, he quickly changed his mind.

"I thought Mandarin would be more beneficial than Latin," said Cheatham, who is now in his second year of studying the language.

He speaks Mandarin to order food at Chinese restaurants and can read social media posts from his Chinese-speaking friends. While it's a difficult language to master, the high school junior, who plans to study computer engineering, thinks it will be important for his career. "Chinese is a good language to know, especially with China becoming a growing power," he said.

Many experts agree that proficiency(熟练) in a language spoken by a billion people worldwide will give American students an edge in the global economy.

"People are looking at China as our next economic competitor, and interest in Mandarin is growing fast," said Marty Abbott, director of the American Council(议会) on the Teaching of

Foreign Languages. "We're seeing it in all parts of the country."

Abbott predicts that as many as 100,000 students are now studying Mandarin in public and private schools throughout the US. She said the US government has designated (指定) Mandarin as an "important needs" language and provides professional development programs for teachers. "Our government wants to increase our language ability for national security and economic competitiveness," Abbott added.

At the same time, the Chinese government is spreading knowledge of the Chinese language and culture through Confucius Institutes set up in many US states. For example, the Confucius Institute at the University of Texas in Dallas has been the home of a Confucius Institute for 10 years. It sponsors Confucius Classrooms at 21 local public and private schools, where tens of thousands of students are learning Mandarin.

（1）Why did Thomas Cheatham decide to study Mandarin instead of Latin?

A. Mandarin was easier to learn than Latin.

B. Mandarin could be helpful to his future career.

C. Mandarin might help him learn more about China.

D. Mandarin could enable him to study computer engineering.

（2）The underlined word "edge" in Paragraph 4 probably means "________".

A. a slight advantage

B. the outside limit

C. a sharp tone of voice

D. an exciting quality

（3）Which of the following statements might Marty Abbott agree with?

A. Mandarin should be taught in classrooms throughout the US.

B. Those skilled at Chinese will be the most competitive in the future.

C. The US government's policy has helped popularize Mandarin in the US.

D. Americans learn Mandarin because they worry about their national security.

（4）What does the author mainly talk about in this passage?

A. The rising popularity of Mandarin among American students.

B. The great benefits of learning Mandarin for American students.

C. The influence of China's growing power on American education.

D. The effect of Confucius Institutes in promoting Mandarin in the US.

【答案】（1）B

（2）A

（3）C

（4）A

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，以一个美国学生的经历为例来讲述随着中国经济的发展，普通话在美国校园很流行，这是中国在世界舞台上地位上升的一个反映。许多美国学生认为学习中文能够在今后职业发展的道路上有所帮助，美国政府对中文的重视也促使更多的学生学习中文。

（1）考查细节理解。根据第四段中的“While it's a difficult language to master, the high school junior, who plans to study computer engineering, thinks it will be important for his career.”可知，Thomas希望中文能够在他今后职业发展的道路上对他有所帮助。故选B。

（2）考查词义猜测。根据本句句意可知，汉语是一门全世界10亿人说的语言，专家认为

掌握了它的人会在全球经济中有优势，故选A。

（3）考查细节理解。根据倒数第二段中的“She said the US government h as designated (指定) Mandarin as an important needs language and provides professional development programs for teachers. ”可知，美国政府的政策促进了普通话在美国的普及，故选C。

（4）考查主旨大意。纵观全文，主要介绍了美国学生学习中文热情升温的现象，分析了出现该现象的背景和原因，故选A。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇社会文化类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。

10．阅读理解

The best-known example of external( 外部的)influence causing language change is the "Americanization" of world culture, which has caused English words to appear in city streets all over the world. The effect is most noticeable in pop music. Foreign groups often record in English, and the words are picked up and repeated in the same language everywhere, even by children who otherwise have little or no command of the language. I once met a Brazilian child of about ten who could count 'one, two, three', but only by adding the words 'o'clock, four o'clock rock 'at the end.

Some people are often strongly critical of the influence of English on their language --- especially when an English word replaces a traditional word. In 1977, France passed a law banning the use of English words in official situations if an equivalent( 意义相同的)French expression existed --- but the law seemed to be honored more in the breaking than in the observing. Some other countries have considered introducing a similar law despite the evidence that such laws have very little effect, and that the arrival of loan words( 外来词) can greatly enrich a language (as indeed in the case of English itself, which has a long history of welcoming foreign words).

However, not everyone is critical. In particular, commercial firms and advertisers are well aware of the potential selling power that the use of English vocabulary can bring. In Japan, English is even used in television commercials, despite the fact that the majority of viewers would not understand exactly what was being said: the excellence implied by the mere use of English is apparently enough to command the strategy to the advertisers.

Most of the influence of English is upon the vocabulary of foreign languages, but surveys are slowly bringing to light several cases where word order or word structure has been affected. Sentences of the type “The book sells well”, using an active construction for a passive meaning, have begun to appear in Danish (Bogen soelger godt). Several languages keep the English plural ending when they make use of a loan word, and do not translate it into the native form, e.g. drinks. There are many other such cases.

（1）Why could the Brazilian child speak 'one, two, three' in English?

A. Because he had seen these words everywhere in the street.

B. Because he had learnt how to tell the time in English.

C. Because he had made himself master of English.

D. Because he had heard these words in songs a lot.

（2）What can we infer about the law passed in France in1977?

A. It was strict.

B. It was unfair.

C. It was often ignored.

D. It was strongly opposed.（3）Some Japanese commercials use English in the hope of .

A. following the American trend

B. becoming world-famous

C. enriching Japanese

D. increasing sales

（4）The last paragraph is mainly developed by .

A. providing examples

B. making comparisons

C. explaining grammar rules

D. analyzing language change

（5）What is the authors attitude towards language change?

A. Critical.

B. Objective.

C. Concerned.

D. Supportive.

【答案】（1）D

（2）C

（3）D

（4）A

（5）B

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了造成语言变化的外部影响，最著名的例子是世界文化的“美国化”，它导致英语单词出现在世界各地的城市街道上。这种影响在流行音乐中最为明显。

（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“Foreign groups often record in English ??? but only by adding the words 'o'clock, four o'clock rock at the end.”可知文中提到的这个巴西小孩可能本身不太会说英语，但是由于含有这些英语数字的歌曲不断重复播放，所以他学会了说这些数字。故选D。

（2）考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“In 1977, France passed a law banning the use of English words in official situations if an equivalent( 意义相同的)French expression existed --- but the law seemed to be honored more in the breaking than in the observing.”可知1977年，法国通过了一项法律，禁止在官方场合使用与法语表达相同的英语词汇——但这项法律似乎更多地是在打破而不是遵守。故我们可以推测这项法律经常被忽视，故选C。

（3）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“the potential selling power that the use of English vocabulary can bring以及the excellence implied by the mere use of English”可知，广告中使用英语能让人感觉该产品很出色，激发人们的购买欲。故选D。

（4）考查推理判断。最后一段中通过“主动结构表达被动意义”和“保留表示复数的词尾”两个例子来说明英语对其他语言的语序或结构也有影响。故选A。

（5）考查推理判断。文章的叙述主要以第三人称视角，引用了不同人的观点和意见，作者本身没有发表看法，因此可以推断作者对于语言转变的态度是“客观的”，故选B。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇文化类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。