自考英语本科国际商务英语汉译英考试重点笔记

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国际贸易一般指不同国家的当事人进行的交易，它涉及到许多因素，因而比国内贸易要复杂得多。

International business refers to tr ansaction between parties form d ifferent countries. It involves mor e factors and thus is more compl icated the domestic business. .随着经济一体化进程的发展，很少人和公司能完全独立于国际商务之外而存在。因此，在此方面具有一定的知识是十分必要的，这既有益于企业的发展又有益于个人的进步。

With the development of econo mic globalization, few people or companies can completely stay a way from international business. Therefore, some knowledge in thi s respect is necessary both for t he benefit of enterprises and per sonal advancement.其他参与国际贸易的形式有管理合同、承包生产和“交钥匙”工程。Other forms f or participating in international b usiness are management contract, contract manufacturing and turn key project.国际贸易最初以商品贸易的形式出现，即在一国生产或制造商品而出口或进口到另一国进行消费或转售。International busin ess first took the form of comm odity trade, i.e. exporting and im porting goods produced or manuf actured in one country for consu mption or resale in another .除了国际贸易和投资，国际许可和特许经营有时也是进入国外市场的一种方式。Besides trade and inve stment, international licensing an d franchising are sometimes take n as a means of entering a forei gn market.国民生产总值和国内生产总值是表明一国收入的两个重要概念。区别在于前者强调的是生产要素的所属权而后者着重于进行生产的国家。GNP and GDP are two important concepts used to indi cate a country’s total income. Th e difference between them is tha t the former focuses on ownershi p of the factors of production w hile the latter concentrates on th e country where production takes place.要评估某一市场的潜力，人们往往要分析其收入水平，因为它为那里居民的购买力高低提供了线索。 In assessing the potential of a co untry as a market, people often look at per capita income since i t provides clues about the purch asing power of its residents. 世界各国被世界银行分为三大领域：高收入国家，中等收入国家和低收入国家。Countries of the world a re divided by the World Bank int o three categories of high-income, middle-income and low-income economies.中国现在年人均收入为1100美元以上，但几年前它还是个低收入国家。China with a per ca pita income of over $1100 is a middle-income country though it was a low-income country just a few years ago.就中国来说，周围还有其他应特别关注的市场，如亚洲四小虎、东盟国家、俄罗斯等国，这些国家都具有前景看好的市场潜力，能为中国提供很好的商机。As far as China is concerned, other markets we should pay particular attention to are those around u s: the Four Tigers, the ASEAN co untries, Russia, etc. These countri es with very promising market p otential and can offer good busin ess opportunities to China. 过去的几十年，地区经济一体化越来越重要。The past decades witn essed increasingly growing import ance of regional economic integra tion.最著名的自由贸易区是北美自由贸易区，它是由美国、加拿大和墨西哥于1991年建立的。The mos t notable free trade area is the North American Free Trade Agree ment (NAFTA), the largest free m arket formed by the United State s, Canada and Mexico in 1991. 经济联盟成员国不仅要在税收、政府开支、

企业策略等方面保持一致，而且还应使用同一货币。The mem bers of an Economic Union are r equired not only to harmonize th eir taxation, government expendit ure, industry polices, etc., but als o use the same currency. 欧洲委员会是欧盟的管理机构之一，此机构将提议呈交给部长理事会做决定，并监督各成员国根据所制定的条约履行自己的义务。The Euro pean Commission is one of the g overning organs of the European Union. It is the body that puts p roposals to the Council of Minist er for decision and sees that the members carry out their duties under the treaty. APEC 建立于在澳大利亚首都堪培拉召开的一次部长级会议上。当时有12位成员国出席，分别为澳大利亚、美国、加拿大、日本、新西兰和东盟六国。APEC was set up at the Ministeri al Meeting held in the Australian capital Canberra attended by 12 members of Australia, the Unite d States, Canada, Japan, Republic of Korea, New Zealand and six ASEAN countries.经济全球化为世界经济发展提供了新的动力和机会，同时也使各经济体更加相互依赖、相互影响。Economic globalization is giving new impetus and provid ing opportunities to world econo mic development and meanwhile making the various economies more and more interdependent.跨国公司是在一个以上国家拥有、控制和经营资产的商业组织。A m ultinational enterprise is a busine ss organization that owns (wheth er wholly or partly), controls and manages assets in more than o ne country. 许多人欢呼经济全球化带来的好处，但同时也有强烈的反对声音。While many people ar e acclaiming the benefits brought about by economic globalization, there are also loud vices of opp osition.除了总部以外，跨国企业组织也可能有不同的地区总部和业务总部。An MNE may also have va rious regional or operational hea dquarters, in addition to internati onal headquarters. 跨国公司的内部交换占整个国际贸易的一个很大的比例。The transfer of the Intra-MNE transactions constitutes a v ery significant proportion of total international trade. 尽管公司的日常管理工作下放到跨过企业的子公司，但重要决策，如有关公司目标和新投资等都由母公司来决定。Although the day-do-day running of corporate operation maybe de centralized to the affiliate MNCs, the major decisions, such as tho se on corporate goals and new i nvestments are made by the par ent company. 无论人们是否喜欢，经济全球化已成为世界经济发展中的一个客观趋势。Like it or not, e conomic globalization has become an objective trend in world eco nomic development.在复杂的经济世界中，没有一个国家可以完全自给自足。In the complex economic world, no country can be compl etely self-sufficient.随着制造业和技术的发展，出现了另一个刺激贸易的因素，即国际专业化。With t he development of manufacturing and technology, there arose ano ther incentive for trade, i.e. inter national specialization.按照比较利益学说，两个贸易伙伴均可从贸易中得到好处。According to the the ory of Comparative advantage, b oth trade partners can benefit fr om trade.比较利益并不是一个静止的概念，一个国家可以通过自己的行动发展某种特定的比较利益。Comparative advantage is not a s tatic concept. A country may dev elop a particular comparative adv antage purely through its own ac tions 比较利益理论已成为现代国际贸易思想的基石。The idea of c omparative advantage has becom e the cornerstone of modern thi nking on international trade. 一件商品的成本会因生产规模的扩大而减少。The cost of a product will decrease with the expansion of production scale.在实际中，即使完全的专业化在经济上有利，也可能永远不会发生。In reality, co mplete specialization may never occur even though it is economic ally advantageous.配额或者说数量限制是最常见的关税壁垒。Quotas or quantitative restrictions are th e most common form of non-tari ff barriers.有形贸易指货物的进出口贸易，而无形贸易涉及的是国家间的劳务交换。The visible trade i s the import and export of good s, and the invisible trade is the exchange of services between co untries.包装需按运输的要求进行，在大多数情况下，卖方明确知道把货物安全地运道目的地所需要的包装。Packing should be made acco rding to the requirement of trans portation. In most cases, the sell er knows clearly the particular ty pe of packing required for transp orting the goods safely to destin ation.在许多情况下，应通知买方在卖方将货物启运之时或之前安排验货。除非合同另有规定，否则买方必须支付为其自身利益而安排的验货费用。In many cases, the buyer shall be notified to go through the inspection of goods at or bef ore the time of shipment. Unless otherwise specified, the buyers supposed to undertake the charg es of inspection thus incurred for his own sake.进口商可以通过可转让的运输单据将货物在运输途中卖给新的买方，这类可转让单据用起来非常方便。The importer can sell the goods to a new buyer w hile they are being carried by m eans of negotiable shipping docu ments that are very convenient f or use.在所有条款中，买卖双方各自的义务排列在10项标题下。Und er all terms, the respective obliga tions of the parties have been gr ouped under 10 headings. 合同依法实施，未能履行合同义务的一方可能受到起诉，并被强制做出赔偿。A contract is enforceable by law, and the party that fails t o fulfill his contractual obligations may be sued and forced to mak e compensation.口头业务协商指的是面对面的直接谈判或通过国际长途电话进行的商谈。Oral busine ss negotiations refer to face-to-fa ce discussions or those conducted through international trunk calls.买方发出的询盘是为了获得拟定购商品的有关信息，他对发出询盘的人无约束力。Enquires made by t he buyer are to get information about the goods to be ordered, and are not binding on the inqui rer.有效期对于确盘是必不可少的。在规定的时间之前，或在被对方接受或拒绝之前确盘一直是有效的。T he validity period is indispensable to a firm offer, that remains val id until a stipulated time or until it is accepted or rejected.

还盘是对发盘的拒绝，一旦作出还盘，原报盘即失效而失去约束力。A counter-offer is a refusal of th e offer that will be invalid and u nbinding once a counter-offer is made.对销贸易一般是与有关国家的政策目标相互联系的，如应对外汇短缺和扩大出口之类的问题。 Counter Trade is often associated with policy objectives of relevan t economies like dealing with for eign exchange shortages and pro motion of exports.回购贸易和互购贸易之间另一个重要的区别在于回购贸易一般比互购贸易要延续更长一段时间。Another important d ifference between counter purcha se and buyback is that a buybac k deal usually stretches over a lo nger period of time than a count er purchase deal.在正常的市场交易中，由于使用货币及市场手段，货物的买与卖是分别进行的。

In normal market transactions bu ying and selling of goods and ser vices is unbundled, because of th e use of money and the market.尽管有很多好处，反向贸易可能是风险很大的事。Despite all its adv antages, counter trade can be ve ry risky business.在其他贸易方式中还有加工贸易、寄售、租赁贸易、代理等。Among other modes of t rade are processing trade, consig nment, leasing trade, agency etc.在国际贸易中进出口双方都面临风险，

因为总存在对方不履约的可能。 In international trade, both the e xporter and the importer face ris ks, as there is always the possibi lity that the other party may not fulfill the contract.为处理国际贸易中的不同形势，各种支付方法便发展了起来。Various methods of payment have been developed to cope with different situations in international trade.许多国际交易是通过汇票支付的，汇票是对银行或顾客的支付命令。A lot of inter national transactions are paid for by means of the draft, which (, also referred to as the bill of e xchange,) is an order to a bank or a customer to pay.即期付款交单要求进口商立即付款以取得单据。 Documents against payment at si ght requires immediate payment by the importer to get hold of t he documents.就出口商而言，

即期付款交单比远期付款交单有利，付款交单比承兑交单有利。So far as the exporter’s interest is concern ed, D/P at sight is more favorabl e then d/P after sight, and D/P is more favorable then D/A. 在国际贸易中几乎不可能使付款和

实际交货同时进行。In internation al trade it is almost impossible t o match payment with physical d elivery of the goods.信用证付款方式对买卖双方都提供保障。 The method of payment by the l etter of credit offers security to both the seller and the buyer. 现代信用证在19世纪后半叶开始采用，第一次世界大战后得到了实

质性的发展。Modern credits were introduced in the second half of

the 19th century and had subst antial development after the First World War.要么因为信用证金额过大，要么因为对开证行不完全信任，出口商有时可能需要保兑的信用证。Either because the credit mount is too large, or because h e does not fully trust the openin g bank, the exporter may require a confirmed letter of credit. 信用证的形式、长短、语言和规定各不相同。Letters of credit are v aried in form, length, language, a nd stipulations.信用证按其作用、形式和机制分作不同的种类。Lette

rs of credit are classified into diff erent types according to their fu

nction, form and mechanism.

光票信用证主要用于非贸易结算，

而在商品贸易中一般使用跟单信用证。Clean letters of credit are ma inlyused in non-trade settlement, while the documentary credits ar e generally used in commodity tr ade 在即期信用证情况下，提示汇票和正确无误的单据后便立即付款。 In the case of sight credits, pay ment can be made promptly upo n presentation of draft and impe ccable documents.如果信用证可以由原受益人转让给另一个或几个人，那么这种信用证即为可转让信用证。原受益人称作第一受益人，接受转让的人称作第二受益人。A little o f credit is called transferable if it can be transferred by its origina l beneficiary to one or more part ies. The original beneficiary is cal led the first beneficiary and the party (or parties) the credit is tra nsferred to is called the second beneficiary.对于一笔具体交易来说，信用证不一定是最理想的付款方式。缔约双方应根据具体情况做出最好的选择。The letter of credit may not be the most ideal method of payment for a particular transac tion, and the contraction parties should make their best choice ac cording to the specific conditions. 在国际贸易中使用正确的单据很重要，否则进口商提货时会遇到困难。 It is very important to use the c orrect documents in international trade; otherwise the importer w ill have difficulties in taking deliv ery of the goods.商业发票，一般称“发票”，这种单据对货物的质量和数量以及单价和总价进行概括性的描述。The commercial invoice, generally called the invoice make s a general description of the qu ality and quantity, unit price and total value of the goods. 货物在运输过程中可能发生风险损

失，需要办理货物保险。It is nece ssary to insure the goods against the possible risks they are expo sed to in the course of transport ation.已装船提单表明货物已实际转上开往目的港的承运船只。

2 An on board bill of lading indicat es that the shipment has been a ctually loaded on the carrying ve ssel bound for the port of destin ation.清洁提单指货物在表面良好的情况下装船，这意味着提单上未加任何有关包装或货物外表不良的批注。A clean bill of lading refer s to one that indicates the goods have been shipped in apparent good order and condition, which means that it is devoid of any q ualifying remarks about the packi ng and the outer appearance of the goods.毫无疑问，一个没有先进的运输系统的社会仍然是一个原始落后的社会。There is no doubt that a society without an advan ced transportation system remain s primitive.这些方式在运作特点和性能方面不同，从而使它们各有比较优势和劣势。五种运输方式分别是：水路、铁路、公路、管道及航空。The modes differ in terms of operating characteristics and capa bilities, giving them comparative advantages and disadvantages. Th e five major modes are water, ra il, truck, pipeline, and air .过去10年，公司自己提供运输能力的倾向越来越大。The past deca de has seen an increasing tenden cy among business firms to provi de their own transportation capa bility.作为一个社会，我们现在的生活比完全自给自足时更富裕，更休闲。As a society, we enjoy a rich er and more leisurely life than w e would be in a totally self-suffic ient community.最近几年运输功能引人注目的另一个因素就是越来越多的使用零库存系统。这种系统是以公司保持很少数量的生产投入的生产方式为基础的。Another facto r that has thrusted the transport ation function into the limelight i n recent years is the growing util ization of just-in-time inventory s ystems, on the basis of a produc tion approach in which the firm maintains very small quantities of production inputs. 保险是一种风险转移机制。通过保险个人或企业可以将生活中一些不确定因素转移给其他人。Insurance is a risk transfer mechanism, by which the individual or the busin ess enterprise can shift some of the uncertainty of life onto the s houlders of others. 即使是在这种情况下，大多数公司宁可付已知的费用即保费来转移风险，而不愿面对不确定的风险损失。Even in these circumstances the majority of firms prefer to pay a known cost or premium for the transfer of risk, rather than face the uncertainty of carrying the r isk of loss.对企业来说损失的价值要比个人高很多。因此保险费也比一栋房子或一辆车高出许多。In th e case of business enterprises, th e values exposed to loss are usu ally much higher and the premiu m charged is substantially higher

than that for a house or a car. 企业投保的主要刺激是他们可以腾出资金，进行其他项目的投资。Th e main stimulus to enterprise is the release of funds for investme nt in the production of other ite ms.货物保险是一种目的在于把风险从进口商和出口商的肩上转移到专门承担风险的保险人一方的活动。Cargo insurance is an activity aim ed at moving the burden of risk from the exports and importers t o the underwriters. 没有可保利益的保险合同是无效的。而任何根据这类合同提出的索赔都不会被受理。An insurance contrac t without insurable interest to su pport is invalid, and any claim m ade upon it will not be entertain ed.尽管错误的陈述是无意的，但保险人还是受到欺骗。从而保险合同

无效。Even though the mis-state ment was unintentional, the und erwriter would still be deceived and the policy voidable. 将受损失人的利益恢复到损害发生前的状况的合同就是保险合同。A

contract of insurance is one that

restores a person who suffered a loss into the same position as

he was in before the loss occurr ed. 赔偿金额一般包括发票金额加上运输费用及保险费再加上一个商定的百分比，如10%。The compensati on payable generally includes the invoiced cost plus freight, the in surance premium, and an agreed percentage, say 10%.如果投保的险别不是造成损失的直接原因，保险公司将不予赔偿。The insurance company will not entertain the cl aim if the risk covered is not th e proximate cause of the loss. 第一次世界大战以前，金本位制建立了固定汇率制，每个国家通过将本国货币与黄金挂钩来确定其货币的平价。Before the First World W ar, the gold standard created a fi xed exchange rate system as eac h country pledged the value of it s currency to gold to establish its par value.1944年44国在美国布雷顿森林举行会议签署了协议，计划在世界贸易和货币方面实现更好的合作。In 1944, 44 nations held a conference at Bretton Woods, U.S.A., to plan to better cooperat ion in world trade and currency matter.弹性汇率制从没有真正地“干净”或自由地浮动过。因为中央银行为了稳定汇率采取了各种措施对货币价格进行干涉。The flexible exchange rate system has never been clean float or free float, b ecause the central banks take var ious measures to intervene in th e price of its currency in order t o stabilize the exchange rate.. 在特定条件下，提高汇率可以吸引国外短期资金，提高一国的外汇汇率。Under specific conditions, hig h interest rate will attract short-t erm international fund, increasing the exchange rate of one’s own currency.外汇汇率有三种形式，即：买进汇率、售出汇率和两者的平均值—中间汇率。There are three t ypes of foreign exchange price n amely: the buying rate, the sellin g rate and the average of the pr evious two the medial rate. 这些机构的共同目标是通过把发达国家的资金输送到发展中国家帮助这些国家提高生活水平。The com mon objective of these institution s is to help raise standards of liv ing in developing countries by ch anneling financial resources to th em from developed countries. 国际复兴开发银行的资金有相当大一部分来自它的留存盈余以及偿还贷款的不断流入。A substantial co ntribution to the IBRD’s resources comes from its retained earning s and the flow of repayments on its loans.该银行的贷款是向处于经济和社会发展较高阶段的发展中国家提供的。The loans of IBRD a re directed toward developing co untries at more advanced stages of economic and social growth .国际货币基金组织旨在向那些在付款方面有困难的基金会员国提供中长期贷款。The purpose of IMF is to provide medium term loans to those members with paymen t difficulties.为了承担这项使命，多边投资担保机构向投资者提供担保以防范非商业性风险，向发展中成员国政府提供咨询，并为国际商业界与东道国政府就投资问题安排对话。To undertake this mission, MI GA offers investors guarantees ag ainst noncommercial risks, advises developing member governments on policies and sponsors dialogu es between the international busi ness community and host govern ments on investment issues. 对外直接投掷是国际投资的主要方式，一国居民为进行督控和经营通过对外投资获取另一国的资产。 Foreign direct investment is the major form of international inves tment, whereby residents of one country acquires assets in a fore ign country for the purpose of c ontrolling and managing them. 控制成本是一些企业进行对外投资的主要动机之一。而降低生产成本是考虑的一个重要方面。 Controlling costs is the first majo r motivation for engaging in FDI. And lowering production costs is an important consideration. 直接在国外经营提高一个公司产品的能见度，使当地客户对他们所购买的商品更加放心。Operation dir ectly abroad enhances the visibili ty of a firm’s products, making l ocal customers feel more assured about the things they buy. 即时库存管理系统的引进能最大限度地降低库存从而提高经营效率。 The introduction of JIT inventory management system can minimiz e the inventory of the stock so as to increase the efficiency of t he operation.选择权是指在特定的时间内按规定的价格购买或出售一种证券的权利Options are contrac ts giving the right to buy and sel l a security at an agreed pricewit hin a particular period of time. 未挂牌证券市场是为了满足已经确立了地位的，但是较小的，而且不太成熟的公司的需求而建立的。 The Unlisted Securities Market is to meet the needs of established, but smaller, less mature compan ies.通过为证券的发行和交易提供中心市场，股票交易所长期为政府、工业以及投资商的需求服务。 The Stock Exchange has long serv ed the needs of government, ind ustry and investors in providing t he central market place for the i ssue and trading of securities. 国际股票交易所提供了一种途径，使人们的存款能够为那些需要资金的人所利用。The International St ock Exchange exists to provide a channel through which these sa vings can reach those who need finance.关贸总协定体系（现为世界贸易组织）是通过一系列的贸易谈判或回合发展起来的，它最初有三个基本目标。

The GATT system (now WTO) wa

s development through a series of trade negotiations or rounds. I t originally had three basic goals. 加入世界贸易组织对中国有益，因为它将促进中国的改革和发展，提高商品和服务的质量，降低商品成本和服务费用，刺激投资和创造就业机会，改善法制。China’s WTO accession will benefit China beca use it will help advance its refor m and development, improve the

quality and reduce the cost of g

oods and services, spur investme nt and the creation of new jobs, and promote the rule of law. 世界贸易组织的只要目的是为了促进自由贸易、进一步减少贸易壁垒并建立更有效的贸易纠纷解决机智。

The main objectives of WTO are

to promote free trade, further re

duce trade barriers, and establish more effective trade dispute sett lement procedures.

WTO 争端解决机制是当今国际水准上的最为活跃的体系而且对国际法的持续发展具有重大意义。The WTO dispute settlement system i s the most active one today at t he international level and has tre mendous importance for the prog ressive development of internatio nal law.尽管中国取得了很大的成就，但仍然面临巨大的挑战。一部分挑战和竞争来自农业、银行和保险业，还有一部分来自于一些国家所采取的贸易保护主义措施。Desp ite all the achievements, China st ill faces big challenges. Some of the challenges and competition a re from the agricultural sector an d banking and insurance industrie s. And some are caused by the protectionist measures in some c ountries.尽管第一次会议没有制定出具体目标，联合国贸易和发展会议的总任务是制定、协商和实施改善发展进程的措施。Although no s pecific objectives were laid down at the first conference, the gene ral function of UNCTAD is to for mulate, negotiate and implement measures to improve the develo pment process.在没有有效协议的情况下，一旦出口收入下降，应立即采用强制的和自动的补救措施。 In the absence of effective agree ments, compulsory and automatic compensatory measures should be introduced as soon as there i s a decline in export earnings. 实际上西方国家在使低收入国家繁荣起来的同时，其对这些国家的出口将增加，因此也能获得经济效益。 The western nations would, inde ed, also have an economic intere st in bringing greater prosperity t o the low-income countries, since their exports to these territories would thus be stepped up. 国际经济新秩序主要是要求发达国家提供更多的现金和贸易方面的优惠。The new international econo mic order consists mainly in a de mand for more cash and trade c oncessions from the developed c

ountries.10.贸易和发展理事会是联合国贸易和发展会议的常设机构。 A trade and development Board i s the permanent organ of the U nited Nations Conference on Trad e and Development.