高考英语压轴专题《任务型阅读》难题汇编百度文库

一、高中英语任务型阅读

1．任务型阅读

Old-fashioned carpooling (拼车) where a group of people take turns driving each other to work has always faced a resistance. In a study by ABC News, 84％of those who drive to work say that they still do it alone.________ For example, sometimes they simply cannot find anyone to share a ride with.

________ NuRide, a company providing online carpooling service, offers daily travelers not just a web-based list of would-be carpoolers but also a way to arrange a trip online. Here's how it works: rider seekers enter the positions where their trip will begin and end, the time they want to leave and if they're willing to drive or just ride in someone else's car. The website's search engine then looks for matches and makes lists of the names of traveling companions, along with the car model and the exact time and place to meet for each trip.________ Then they meet their car mates when it's time to go.

________ They are required to provide the name of their employer and a work e-mail address. Both need to be checked before being listed on the website.

So far, NuRide has arranged more man 50,000 rides on the website.________

A. NuRide users aren't riding with total strangers.

B. It has resulted in 1.4 million fewer miles driven.

C. They insisted that carpooling is just too inconvenient.

D. Now technology makes carpooling easier and more fun.

E. It is an environmentally friendly and economical way to travel.

F. Carpooling reduces travel cost, such as fuel cost and stress of driving.

G. People who want to share the ride can show their interest in joining in online.

【答案】C；D；G；A；B

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了现在的网络技术使得拼车更容易和更有趣。NuRide公司，提供网上拼车服务，在线安排，满足所需，并且是实名制，安全放心。（1）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据上文”In a study by ABC News, 84％of those who drive to wo rk say that they still do it alone.“ 84%的开车上班的人说他们仍然独自开车；以及下文”For example, sometimes they simply cannot find anyone to share a ride with.“比如有时他们根本找不到人拼车。再分析七个选项可以推断出拼车因为不方面，故C项符合。（2）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据第二段的内容可知，NuRide的公司，提供网上拼车服务，在线安排，方便拼车又有趣。分析七个选项可推断现代的技术让拼车很方便，故D符合题意。

（3）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。本空的上文主要列举出拼车的流程，由此可推断出想拼车的人可能会对此感兴趣。故通过分析可知G符合题意。

（4）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据下文“They are required to provide the name of their employer and a work e-mail address, Both need to be checked before being listed on the website.”可知要求提供雇主的名字和工作电子邮件地址并接受检查，可知都是经过登记检查的，而不能让陌生人搭乘，故A符合本空。故选A。

（5）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据上文”So far, NuRide has arranged more man 50,000 rides on the website.“到目前为止，NuRide users已经有更多的人搭乘超过50.000次。通过分析剩下的三个选项，可知B. It has resulted in 1.4 million fewer miles driven”减少了140万英里的行驶。“更为合适。故选B。

【点评】本题要求考生在理解细节信息的基础上，进一步考查考生对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。

2．请阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入1个最恰当的单词。

Why the youth sense anger in faces

We tend to believe that older people are more positive and younger people are more sensitive to social cues (暗示).

Recently scientists investigated this idea by testing 10,000 men and women. They wanted to see if age affected a person's ability to identify facial emotions, such as fear and anger.

The researchers from McLean Hospital in the US used a Web-based platform to collect happiness data. It showed the participants two headshots (头部特写)of random people. They were then asked to identify which subject was angrier, happier, or more fearful.

The research found that younger people were able to better identify angry and fearful facial cues than older people.

"From studies and anecdotal evidence, we know that the everyday experiences of an adolescent are different from an older person, but we wanted to understand how these experiences might be linked with differences in basic emotion understanding,wrote Laura Germine, the study's senior author.

But what is it that makes young people more sensitive?

"This is the exact age when young people are most sensitive to forms of negative social cues, such as bullying," Lauren Rutter, the study's lead author, told Science Daily. "The normal development of anger sensitivity can contribute to some of the challenges that arise during this phase of development.

On the contrary across the whole 10,000-person survey, researchers found no decline in the perception (感知)of happiness among older participants.

"What's remarkable is that we see declines in many visual perceptual abilities as we get older, but here we did not see such declines in the perception of happiness, Germine told Neuro Science News.

She added that these findings fit well with other researches, showing that older adults tend to have more positive emotions and a positive outlook.

Following the paper's release, Rutter told Neuro Science News that gathering their primary research online allowed the team to research into a "much larger and more diverse sample set" than previous studies.

Title: Why the youth sense anger in faces

Purpose of the research The idea ________ whether age affects people's ability to identify facial emotions.

Findings/Results/Conclusion；better；peak/summit/highest；decline；agrees/corresponds；diversity

【解析】【分析】这是一篇说明文，科学家们在网络上展开调查，收集1000个人识别面部表情的信息，结果显示的确年轻人比老人更容易识别出生气、害怕这样的表情，但是识别幸福的表情时相差不大。这与其它一些科学家的发现一致。老人更容易有积极情绪和乐观看法。

（1）考查信息转述能力。根据第二段中的"Recently scientists investigated this idea by testing 10,000 men and women. They wanted to see if age affected a person's ability to identify facial emotions, such as fear and anger."可知，最近科学家们通过测试1000名男人和女人研究了这个想法。他们想看看是否年龄会影响一个人辨别害怕、生气等这样的面部表情的能力。"investigate"是一个及物动词，可以直接作宾语。空格后的whether age affects people's ability to identify facial emotions与this idea是等位关系，所以填investigated。

（2）考查信息转述能力。根据第三段中的"The researchers from McLean Hospital in the US used a Web-based platform to collect happiness data."可知，美国McLean医院的科学家们用一个网络平台来收集关于幸福的数据。"collect（收集）"还可以表达为gather。且第二个空格在句中作谓语，本段话使用的是一般过去时，故填collected/gathered。

（3）考查信息转述能力。根据第三段中的"It showed the participants two headshots (头部特写)of random people."可知，平台会展示给参与者两个随机人员的头部特写。也就是说随机的两个头部特征被展示给参与者。故填random。

（4）考查信息转述能力。根据第三段中的"They were then asked to identify which subject was angrier, happier, or more fearful."可知，参与者被要求识别哪一个人更生气、更开心或者更害怕。也就是说参与者要识别哪个表情更情绪化。故填emotional/sentimental。

（5）考查信息转述能力。根据第四段中的"The research found that…"可知，下边讲述的将是调查结果或发现。空格后是介词，前边没有限定词，"结果/发现"是可数的，所以空格处填可数名词的复数形式。故填Findings/Results/Conclusion。

（6）考查信息转述能力根据第四段中的"younger people were able to better identify angry and fearful facial cues than older people."可知，年轻人能比老人更好的辨别生气和害怕的面部表情。故填better。

（7）考查信息转述能力。格局第七段中的"This is the exact age when young people are most sensitive to forms of negative social cues"可知，青少年这个年纪是年轻人对消极的社会暗示最敏感的年纪，也就是青春期时这些消极情绪的敏感度会达到高峰。与"most sensitive"呼应。故填peak/summit/highest。

（8）考查信息转述能力。根据第八段中的"researchers found no decline in the perception (感知)of happiness among older participants."可知，在老人参与者中研究人员没有发现对幸福感知能力的下降，也就是说幸福感知能力没有随着年龄下降。故填decline。

（9）考查信息转述能力。根据第十段中的"She added that these findings fit well with other researches"可知，这些发现与其它研究人员的发现一致。主语What the research proves为第三人称单数形式，故可填agrees/corresponds。

（10）考查信息转述能力。根据第十一段中的“gathering their primary rese arch online allowed the team to research into a ‘much larger and more diverse sample set’ than previous studies.”可知，与以前的研究相比，主要通过网络收集信息能让这个团队对"更大更多样性的样本组"进行试验。也就是说这次样本的大小和多样性都比之前的研究有优势。故填diversity。

【点评】本题考点涉及信息转述能力的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，要求考生准确掌握所给材料，结合相关的语法知识和词汇知识，做出正确答案。

3．任务型阅读

The environmental group Heal the Bay organized a beach clean-up. And I was one of the volunteers. We went to Venice Beach to clean up the trash.

At first glance, the beach didn't look dirty at all. But then I saw a Styrofoam(泡沫)cup half buried in the sand on the beach. I pulled hard and finally got it out. As we moved farther, we found pieces of Styrofoam spread all over the sand. The Heal the Bay representative had told us that these little pieces of Styrofoam and other small pieces of plastic are what actually harm sea life most. Sea animals eat the plastic. After eating it, they think they are full. As a result, they can die of starvation as they are cheated by their feeling and don't think they need to eat any food. We kept on picking up the trash. Then I saw someone with a full Heal the Bay trash bag and I went to see what was inside. When I opened the trash bag, I found everything from a pair of old jeans and a brown belt to headphones and some plastic bags. It made me very angry with the people who left their things behind without thinking what effects they might have on the ocean. It is really important to protect the ocean. The ocean covers 70 percent of the Earth's surface. A clean ocean not only helps animals in the ocean survive but also helps us survive.

By noon, the sun was shining and the temperature was rising. The volunteers that had spread out across Venice Beach were coming back to throw the trash they had collected into the truck. I could not believe how much trash there was. All together we collected more than 135 bags of trash. I do hope that next time people go to the beach, they will stop littering.

（1）Why did the environmental group go to Venice Beach? (No more than 6 words)

（2）What does the underlined word "starvation" in Paragraph 2 mean in English?(1 word) （3）How did the author feel seeing the trash in that volunteer's trash bag according to

Paragraph 3?(No more than 8 words)

（4）How much trash did the volunteer collect all together that day? (No more than 8 words) （5）What do you think of throwing plastic trash on the beach? And why? (No more than 25 words)

【答案】（1）To clean up the trash.

（2）Hunger

（3）He/She felt very angry.

（4）They collected more than 135bags of trash.

（5）It is a very bad habit, because trash thrown on the beach may end up in the sea, resulting in the death of many sea creatures.

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇记叙文。环保组织Heal the Bay组织了一次海滩清洁活动,作者是志愿者之一。他们去了威尼斯海滩清理垃圾。在清理垃圾的过程中作者感触良多。（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“We went to Venice Beach to clean up the trash. ”可知环我们去了威尼斯海滩清理垃圾。所以答案为To clean up the trash。

（2）考查词义猜测。根据第二段中的“Sea animals eat the plastic. After eating it, they think they are full. As a result, they can die of starvation as they are cheated by their feeling and don't think the y need to eat any food. ”可知海洋动物吃了塑料。吃完之后,他们认为他们已经吃饱了。结果,因为他们会被不必吃任何食物的感觉所欺骗并觉得自己不需要吃任何东西而死于"starvation"。根据上下文,可知这里的starvation意思是"饥饿",故答案为Hunger。

（3）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“It made me very angry with the people who left their things behind without thinking what eff ects they might have on the ocean. ”可知作者在看清楚袋子里的内容之后,对于那些没想过他们可能会对海洋有什么影响就丢垃圾的人感到很生气。所以答案为He/ She felt very angry.

（4）考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的“All together we collected more than 135 bags of trash. ”可知他们一共收集了超过135袋垃圾,故答案为They collected more than 135bags of trash.

（5）考查推理判断。本文要求考生根据文章内容自由发挥,参考答案为. It is a very bad habit,because trash thrown on the beach may end up in the sea,resulting in the death of many sea creatures.

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和推理判断三个题型的考查，是一篇故事类阅读，要求考生准确捕捉细节信息，同时根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，从而做出正确答案。

4．任务型阅读

Why do some people feel obliged to do the craziest things, while most of us are happy to sit on the sofa and watch their exploits on TV? Robin Styles ponders(考虑)this question.

Generally, we love to watch someone's bravery and drama--a single person against the wilds of nature, testing their endurance beyond belief. And our pleasure is greater because we live a comfortable and increasingly risk-free life, where the greatest test of endurance is getting to work through the rush hour. ________However, there are countless ways to test the limits of your

endurance, if you should wish to do so, by attempting something unpleasant, uncomfortable or just plain dangerous.

American Lynne Cox swims in sub-zero temperatures through the planet's most dangerous oceans wearing only a swimsuit--for fun! According to Lynne, there is always something driving her on. At age 9, when she was swimming in an outdoor pool one day, a violent storm blew up, but she refused to get out of the pool. Something make her carry on. Then she realized that, as the water got colder and rougher, she was actually getting faster and warmer, and she was really enjoying it. At age 14, she broke her first endurance record. Years later, experts discovered that Lynne has a totally even layer of body fat, like a seal. ________

The famous British explorer, Sir Ranulph Fiennes, has led many major expeditions (远征) in the extreme cold, including walking right round the Arctic Circle. He has also led expeditions in the extreme heat, and discovered the Lost City of Ubar in the Omani desert. ________Sir Fiennes has said, "If I am getting sick, I find a very powerful way of conquering it is to know that my father would have definitely done it."

________There is probably no such thing as a "normal" adventurer. Unsurprisingly, risk-takers tend to be single-minded and unusually determined people who hate the stability and routine that most people prefer. They tend to take risks for the "fun" of it. The excitement becomes addictive, and they want more and more of it. Ordinary life seems boring in comparison.

A. She is perfectly made for doing what she does, it seems.

B. Adventurers are clearly different from the rest of us.

C What she did was really beyond our imagination.

D. It seems that many adventurers spend their lives trying to live up to the image of a parent.

E. And most of us would prefer it to remain that way.

F. Many adventurers have amazed the world with their extraordinary skills.

【答案】 E；A；D；B

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，讲述了一些人喜欢以冒险为乐趣。

（1）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空前“And our pleasure is greater because we live a comfortable and increasingly risk-free life, where the greatest test of endurance is getting to work through the rush hour.”我们过着一种舒适的、越来越没有风险的生活，和后面的转折可知，我们大多数人都希望保持这种舒适的状态。故选E。

（2）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空前“Years later, experts discovered that Lynne has a totally even layer of body fat, like a seal.”可知，琳·考克斯就像海豹一样脂肪层完全均匀，似乎天生就适合做她所做的事情。故选A。

（3）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空后“Sir Fiennes has said, "If I am getting sick, I find a very powerful way of conquering it is to know that my father would have definitely done it." 费因斯爵士曾说过：“如果我生病了，我发现一种非常强大的战胜它的方法就是知道我父亲肯定会这么做。”，从而可以推断出，很多冒险家都是为了不辜负父母的期望。故选D。

（4）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空后“There is probably no such thing as a ‘normal’ adventurer.”可能没有所谓的“正常”冒险家，可知，冒险家显然不同于我们其他人。故选B。

【点评】本题要求在理解细节信息的基础上，着重考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。

5．根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。

After a long day at work, coming home is a breath of fresh air. Home is a comfortable place to sit back and relax. ________ Below are a number of things we can do to create a healthy home environment that will help to ease the workday stress and promote our physical and mental health.

Cleaning the house regularly is the first thing we should do. It may seem like a tiring thing to clean but there is a reason for doing so. We can remove dust by cleaning the house. Leaving layers of dust everywhere means that there is a build-up of dust. And where do these layers of dust go?________

Making sure the rooms are full of sunlight is also important. We may not realize it but sunlight is an important part of our growth. We all know that sunlight promotes better working conditions. ________ Think about using a Parans system where sunlight does not reach. This technology gathers the sunlight by using solar panels. It can send out sunlight wherever we are.

________ Going green will help to remove toxins(毒素)in the air. They also give off oxygen, which can lower stress and improve our moods.

Along the lines of being green, it can also be vital to think about what things we are bringing into the house. Try to avoid specific plastics that are harmful to health. ________ They may contain poisonous chemicals that can be breathed in, or simple absorbed through the skin.

A. However, is it as healthy as it can be?

B. Is our home as comfortable as it used to be?

C. Into our lungs.

D. The same thing applies to certain carpets and paint.

E. Besides, it can reduce both stress and high blood pressure.

F. It is also a good idea to add more plants in our house.

G. It is acknowledges that a greener lifestyle is linked to better health.

【答案】 A；C；E；F；D

【解析】【分析】本文属于说明文，家是一个让人感到舒适温馨的地方，介绍营造健康家庭环境的方法。

（1）根据后一句以下是几件值得做的事情来创建健康的家庭环境，以此缓解我们的压力，改善我们的身体和精神健康，A选项，我们现在的家还一如既往的健康吗？后一句是对这一句的回答，一问一答，切题，故选A。

（2）根据前一句And where do these layers of dust go?可知，这些灰尘去哪里了？本空是对上一句的回答，故C选项，这些灰尘进入了我们的肺部，切题，故选C。

（3）本段主要讲述阳光的重要性，以及前一句We all know that sunlight promotes better working conditions.，阳光可以改善我们工作条件，E选项，除此之外，还可以减轻压力和降低高血压，同样陈述阳光的好处，切题，故选E。

（4）本空是本段第一句，根据后一句Going green will help to remove toxins(毒素)in the air.

可知，本段讲述绿色植物的重要性，故F选项，家里种绿色植物是个好主意，切题，故选F。

（5）根据前一句Try to avoid specific plastics that are harmful to health.可知，努力避免使用对身体有害的塑料制品，D选项，同样也适用某些地毯和涂料，都阐述避免进入家里的物品，切合主题，故选D。

【点评】阅读理解七选五解题步骤

1）分析选项，串联主题：了解文章的主题、大意，会让解题的方向更明确。 2）研究空格前后，对比选项，选择答案。3）复读短文，核对答案：为了保证答案的正确性，一定要把答案代入原文，进行核对检查。

6．Read the passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.

Many people know that trash is a big problem on planet Earth. What many people don't know is that trash has become a problem in outer space too. ________

Statistically, there are more than 22,000 pieces of junk in space around the earth. And these are just the items that we can see from the surface of the earth by telescopes or radars. ________

Objects, like bits of old space rockets or satellites, move around the planet at very high speeds, so fast that even a very small piece can break important satellites or become dangerous to people, particularly astronauts. If the tiniest piece of junk crashed into a spacecraft, it could damage the vehicle. That's because the faster an object moves, the greater the impact if the object collides with something else.

To help minimize additional space junk, countries around the world have agreed to limit the time their space tools stay in orbit to 25 years. Each tool must be built to fall safely into the earth's atmosphere, or the mass of gases that surround the earth, after that. ________

Many scientists are also proposing different ways to clean up space junk. The Germans have been planning a space mission with robots that would collect pieces of space trash and bring them back to Earth so that they can be safely destroyed.

"In our opinion the problem is very challenging, and it's quite urgent as well," said Marco Castronuovo, an Italian Space Agency researcher who is working to solve the problem. ________ Many of these objects are tools that help people use their cell phones or computers. "The time to act is now; as we go farther in time we will need to remove more and more fragments," he says.

A. One reason that it's urgent is that countries are sending more and more objects into space.

B. There are also millions of smaller pieces of junk that we can't see.

C. Blowing up older satellites with a missile may create thousands of smaller pieces!

D. In the upper parts of the atmosphere, it will burn up.

E. When two objects in space collide, the two objects break into many smaller pieces.

F. Years of space exploration have left tons of "space junk" in orbit around the planet.

【答案】 F；B；D；A

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍太空垃圾越来越严重，急需解决。

（1）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空后“Statistically, there are more than 22,000 pieces of junk in space around the earth.”可知，数据上来看，地球周围的太空超过22000块垃圾，F. Years of space exploration have left tons of "space junk" in orbit around the planet.“多年的太空探索在地球轨道上留下了数以吨计的垃圾”，后一句例举了具体的数据，承接后文，切题，故选F。

（2）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空前“And these are just the items that we can see from the s urface of the earth by telescopes or radars.”可知，那些垃圾都是可以通过望远镜和雷达观察到的，B. There are also millions of smaller pieces of junk that we can't see.“还有很多小块垃圾我们看不清”，与前一句形成对比，切题，故选B。

（3）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空前“Each tool must be built to fall safely into the earth's atmosphere, or the mass of gases that surround the earth, after that.”可知，每个发射工具必须能够安全落入地球的大气层，D. In the upper parts of the atmosphere, it will burn up.“在地球的大气层上空，这些太空探测工具能够燃烧”，陈述前一句话的结果和目的，切题，故选D。

（4）考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空前“In our opinion the problem is very challenging, and it's quite urgent as well”以及空后“Many of these objects are tools that help people use their cell phones or computers.”可知，太空垃圾问题很难解决，也很紧急，A. One reason that it's urgent is that countries are sending more and more objects into space.“紧急的原因在于人们发射了更多的卫星到太空，这些卫星主要用于帮助人们上网”，讲述紧急的原因，切题，故选A。

【点评】本题要求在理解细节信息的基础上，着重考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。

7．阅读理解

When was the last time you sat on a park bench(凳子)? Did you stay for long? A new kind of park benches will limit the amount of time you can sit there. If you don't get up in time, it could be very painful: there are many sharp spikes (钉子) on the part that you sit on!

Visitors who want a rest on the bench need to put a coin in a machine next to it. Once the money was accepted, the spikes disappear into the bench. Then visitors can sit down comfortably, but only for half an hour. When the time's up, the spikes slowly start moving up again. It doesn't hurt at first, but after a minute, they start coming up even more quickly. They aren't long enough to cause serious hurt, but they do cause pain, as tests have shown. But why have they been installed (安装)?

"Our public park is very popular in summer," a spokesperson for the park explained. "But with all the thousands of people who visit the park, there aren't enough benches for everyone. We want to make sure that the benches are shared by more visitors, and to stop people taking a bench and staying there all day. Installing spikes seems to be the fairest way of stopping people doing this."

（1）How is the new kind of park bench different from other benches?

（2）What is Paragraph 2 mainly about?

（3）Why are the new benches installed?

（4）The passage says, "Installing spikes seems to be the fairest way of stopping people doing this." Do you agree with this? Please state your reasons.

【答案】（1）It can limit the amount of time people sit on it (with sharp spikes). / If you don't get up from it in limited time, it could make you painful./ There are many sharp spikes on it to limit the amount of time people sit on it.

（2）It's mainly about how the new kind of benches work.

（3）They're installed to solve the problem that some people take a bench too long and others can't share it.

（4）Yes. If people are asked to pay for benches, they will not take it too long when they don't really need it. Thus, every visitor will have the chance to share it. / No. Benches in parks should be free to visitors. The park can build more benches to solve its problem instead of limiting the time when visitors have a rest on benches.

【解析】【分析】这是一篇说明文，介绍了一种新型公园长椅，其不同之处在于它上面有很多尖刺，用来限制人们坐在上面的时间。安装这种椅子的目的是为了让更多的人都能分享到长椅。

（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“If you don’t get up in time, it could be very painful: there are many sharp spikes on the part that you sit on!”如果你没有及时起来，那将是非常痛苦的:你所坐的部位有许多锋利的刺!可知新型公园长椅与其他长椅的不同之处在于如果你不能在有限的时间内离开它，它可能会让你痛苦。故答案为：It can limit the amount of time people sit on it (with sharp spikes). / If you don’t get up from it in limited time, it could make you painful./There are many sharp spikes on it to limit the amount of time people sit on it.。

（2）考查段落大意。根据第二段中的“Visitors who want a rest on the bench need to put a coin in a machine next to it. Once the money was accepted, the spikes disappear into the bench. Then visitors can sit down comfortably, but only for half an hour. When the time’s up, the spikes slowly start moving up again.”想要在长椅上休息的游客需要在旁边的机器里放一枚硬币。一旦这笔钱被接受，钉子就会消失在板凳上。然后游客可以舒服地坐下来，但只能坐半个小时。当时间到了，尖峰又开始慢慢地向上移动。可知第二段主要介绍了这种新型长椅是如何工作的，故答案为It’s mainly about how the new kind of benches work.。

（3）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“We want to mak e sure that the benches are shared by more visitors, and to stop people taking a bench and staying there all day.”我们希望确保更多的游客可以共享这些长椅，并阻止人们坐在长椅上一整天。可知安装它们是为了解决有些人坐了太长时间的板凳，而有些人却无法分享的问题。故答案为：They’re installed to solve the problem that some people take a ben ch too long and others can’t share it.。

（4）本题为开放性题目，言之有理即可。故答案为：Yes. If people are asked to pay for benches, they will not take it too long when they don’t really need it. Thus, every visitor will have the chance to share it. /No. Benches in parks should be free to visitors. The park can build more benches to solve its problem instead of limiting the time when visitors have a rest on benches.。【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，段落大意以及开放题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，要求考生准确掌握细节信息，根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行推理，概括归纳，从而写出正确答案。

8．任务型阅读

Choosing the right college for you is not so easy. You should have a general idea of what you want and don't want. The idea can guide you to find what fits your needs best.________

Think about what major you want to study in college. If you know that, just look at colleges that have your major________So think carefully about your major and interests before choosing one.

Where the college is located matters. Anyone who tells you the location isn't important is lying________If you look forward to working in the publishing industry, New York may be your best bet. If your parents want you to stay close to home, please don't consider anywhere that requires a plane ticket to get to.

Think about how much you can afford. Are your parents paying for your education? If so, how much are they willing to spend? Do you have to contribute anything? Financial aid and scholarships exist, but don't count on anything.________These are all things to consider before you fall in love with a college.

Make sure you're going to spend time with the right people. The cool thing about college is that each different one attracts different kinds of people. For the first thing in your life, you get to choose where you get to spend your time and who you get to spend it with.________Make sure that the people you're with for four years are your kind of people.

A. College is about learning what you love.

B. You'd better choose a major that is popular.

C. Go to the college with some people you like.

D. Remember, above all, it is the people that make the place.

E. Are you willing to go into major debt over a school?

F. If you don't like cold weather, stay away from northern schools.

G. These guidelines will help figure out what college you want to go to.

【答案】G；A；F；E；D

【解析】【分析】本文主要就如何选对一所好大学提出了四条建议。

(1)根据上文“你应该对你想要的和不想要的有一个大致的了解。这个想法可以指导你找到最适合你的需求。”而下文讲述的是一些指导方针，故G项“这些指导方针有助于弄清楚你想上哪所大学。”承上启下，故答案为G。

(2)根据下文“所以在选择一个专业之前，要仔细考虑你的专业和兴趣。”可推知，A项“大学就是学习你所喜欢的。”符合语境，下一句是对A项的进一步说明，故答案为A。

(3)根据上句：告诉你地点不重要的人在说谎。再根据空格下句：如果你期盼在出版业工作，纽约可能是你最好的地方。空格处的内容应该与地点有关，只有F项“如果你不喜欢冷的天气，就远离北方的学校。”符合语境，故答案为F。

(4)根据本段都是讲钱的事，上句“经济援助和奖学金存在，但不要指望任何东西。”，下句“在你爱上一所大学之前，这些都是需要考虑的事情。”，与钱有关的只有E项Are you willing to go into major debt over a school?（你愿意为学校负债吗？）符合语境，故答案为E。

(5)本段讲述的是“确保你会花时间和合适的人在一起。”，空格上一句说“对于你生命中的第

一件事，你可以选择在哪里度过你的时间，以及你将与谁共度。”故D项“记住，最重要的是，是人制造了场所。”符合本段语境，都是讲与合适的人待一起。故答案为D。

【点评】做此类题时，可以快速浏览备选答案，先确定哪个选项适合在文章中的什么位置，标题，段首，段中，段尾。不同的位置的句子有不同特征，有时候有的答案表述上就是错误。

9．请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。

There's a contradiction in the way many of us behave online: we know we're being watched all the time, and disapprove of the monitor by Google and the government. But the bounds of what's considered too personal to be uploaded or shared online seems to shrink by the day.

I complain about the lack of privacy, for example, and yet I willingly and routinely trade it for convenience. I no longer run the risk of unforeseen delays on public transport; Google Maps will inform me of the fastest route to my destination; I no longer need to remember my friends' birthdays; Facebook will urge me, and invariably appeal to me to post an update to remind people I exist. All I have to do is make my location, habits and beliefs transparent to their parent companies whenever they choose to check in on me.

So what's going on? “Visibility is a trap,” explained the French philosopher Michel Foucault in Discipline and Punish: the Birth of the Prison(1975). Allowing oneself to be watched, and learning to watch others, is both attractive and dangerous. He took for example “Panopticon”, a prison where prisoners were observed from a tower manned by an invisible occupant. The prisoners would believe in the presence of the mysterious watchman, whether or not anyone was actually inside, and behave themselves.

According to Foucault, the dynamics of the Panopticon are similar to how generally people self-monitor in society. In the presence of ever-watching witness, people police themselves. They don't know what the observers are looking for, or what the punishments are for disobedience (不顺从). But they willingly accept and follow this invisible discipline.

Foucault claimed that such monitoring is worrisome, not just because of what companies and states might do with our data, but because the act of watching is itself a terrible exercise of power, which may influence behavior without our fully realizing it.

But something's not right here. Why does the self-display continue when we are sure that we are watched from everywhere and nowhere?

Social media provides a public space that often operates more like a private one, where many people hold the belief that there they won't suffer the consequences of what they say online, as if protected by technology.

Plato would be alarmed by the lack of shame online. His point about moral knowledge is this: we already know the right way to live a just and fulfilling life, but are constantly distracted(转移) from that noble aim. For him, then, shame helps us be true to ourselves and to pay attention to the moral knowledge within. A man without shame, Plato says, is a slave to desire — for material goods, power, fame, respect. Such desire, by its nature, cannot be satisfied.

Phenomenon While people hate being monitored, the ________ of privacy is gradually becoming a more serious problem.

My experience I complain about the lack of privacy but still exchange it for convenience.

convenience* I ________ on Google maps for the fastest route to

avoid delays on public transport.

* Facebook will remind me of my friends' birthdays, and

appeal to me to be updated.

cost I must make my ________ information available to

relevant companies.

Michel Foucault's explanations Idea: Visibility is a trap.

An analogy:

* In the Panopticon, prisoners behave themselves just because they believed they were watched by an ________ watchman.

* In real life, the way people self-monitor ________ the dynamics of the Panopticon. They willingly follow the invisible discipline.

Worries: Our data may be ________ and monitoring may influence us to change our behavior ________.

Reasons for contraction Though being watched, self-display continues because some netizens think that they don't need to take ________ for what they say online.

Conclusion*Shame is essential in leading a just and fulfilling life.

*Shame helps us stay true to ourselves and focus on our ________.

*Shame can ________ us being a slave to desires for fame and fortune.

【答案】 invasion /violation /leak /lack

；depend /rely /count

；private /personal

；invisible

；resembles

；abused/ misused

；unconsciously

；responsibility

；morality /moral(s)

；prevent/stop

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇议论文，我们所有网上的行为都被监视，虽然网络给我们带来了便利，但隐私的泄露却给我带来了很大的影响。很多人尽管知道自己的行为被监视，却仍然在网上我行我素，认为自己的行为不会带来严重的后果，文章认为这主要是因为缺少羞耻心。

（1）考查同义转换。根据第一段中的“There's a contradiction in the way many of us behave online: we know we're being watched all the time, and disapprove of the monitor by Google and the government.”可知当我们上网的时候，我们的行为都收到了监视。我们的隐私被泄露了，而且这已经成为一个有利于严重的问题。所以本句要填名词invasion /violation /leak /lack。

（2）考查同义转换。根据第二段中的“Google Maps will inform me of the fastest route to my destination”可知我依靠Google地图可以寻找到最快的路线。所以句中要填depend /rely /count。

（3）考查同义转换。根据第二段中的“All I have to do is make my location, habits and beliefs transparent to their parent companies whenever they choose to check in on me.”可知如果我想得到便利，必须要把我的私人信息上传到相关的网站上。所以句中要填private /personal。（4）考查原词再现。根据第三段中的“He took for example “Panopticon”, a prison where prisoners were observed from a tower manned by an invisible occupant.”可知这所监狱里的囚犯行为得体主要是因为他们一直认为有他们看不见的人在监视着他们，句中出现了原词“invisible”，所以句中要填invisible。

（5）考查同义转换。根据第四段中的“Ac cording to Foucault, the dynamics of the Panopticon are similar to how generally people self-monitor in society.”可知现实生活里的人和监狱里的人一样，他们都认为有看不见的人在监视着他们，所以他们的举止得体。句中使用动词resemble与原句中be similar to语义一致，句中主语是单数名词the way，所以要填resembles。

（6）考查句意理解。根据第五段“…not just be cause of what companies and states might do with our data…”可知我们的隐私可能会被有关公司滥用，而我们自己却一点也不清楚。所以句中要填abused/ misused。

（7）考查同义转换。根据第五段最后“which may influence behavior without our fully realizing it.”可知这是在我们没有完全意识到的情况下对我们的行为会有影响。句中使用副词unconsciously替换介词短语“without our fully realizing it”，所以要填unconsciously。（8）考查句意理解。根据倒数第二段中的“where many people hold the belief that there they won't suffer the consequences of what they say online, as if protected by technology.”可知虽然很多人知道网络行为被监视，但他们仍然认为自己不会承担不好的结果。所以句中要填responsibility。

（9）考查句意理解。根据倒数第三句“For him, then, shame helps us be true to ourselves and to pay attention to the moral knowledge within.”可知羞耻感会让人们保持真实性，并关注内心的道德。句中要填名词承担focus on的宾语，所以要填morality /moral(s)。

（10）考查句意理解。根据倒数第二句“A man without shame, Plato says, is a slave to desire —for material goods, power, fame, respect.”可知柏拉图认为没有羞耻感的人会成为欲望的奴隶。说明羞耻感可以阻止人们被欲望奴役。所以句中要填prevent/stop。

【点评】本题考点涉及同义转换，原词再现和句意理解等题型的考查，要求考生准确掌握所给材料内容，结合相关的词汇知识和词汇知识，写出正确的答案。

10．请认真阅读下列短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意：每个空格只填一个单词。

On the surface, one would be hard-pressed to find many similarities between German chancellor Angela Merkel, Bangladeshi prime minister Sheikh Hasina, and Liberian president Ellen Johnson Sirleaf --- except for the fact that they are all female leaders of nations. Merkel, for example, spent more than a decade as a chemist before going into politics, while Hasina, the daughter of Bangladesh's first president, served as her father's political assistant while at college, and Johnson Sirleaf worked at multiple financial institution s before running for vice president. Is there something deeper than they share?

The researcher Susan R. Madsen of Utah Valley University interviewed women in some countries about their paths to leadership. She was surprised by the similarities among the women when they spoke about how they became leaders. "Every single one of them talked about finding their voices and their confidence at dinner-table conversations with their families. Their parents talked about politics, about what was happening in the community, and when the women had something to say, their parents didn't stop them," Madsen said.

As part of a series of interviews on women and leadership, I spoke to three women from different countries who have each become leaders in their respective fields: Agnes lgoye of Uganda, who works with her government to counter human trafficking; Ikram Ben Said, the founder of Tunisian women's rights organization Aswat Nissa; and Sairee Chahal of India, who started a digital platform that helps women get back into the workforce.

All three of my interviewees pointed to the family environment they had been raised in --- particularly a father figure who taught and empowered the women in the family to learn, ask questions, and form their own opinions. Also, mothers broke convention by displaying leadership within the family.

Igoye, for example, credited her father with having the foresight to send his daughters to school despite opposition from others in their village. Her mother went back to school as an adult to improve her career as a teacher, which lgoye described as being a big influence on her. Similarly Ben Said talked about how her father encouraged political debate among the family when she was growing up, even when her opinions contradicted his. Meanwhile, Chahal said that even in her younger days, her parents went against the general convention of expecting their daughters to aim only for a good husband.

Another conclusion from Madsen's work is that women's leadership development doesn't look like men's. "Men tend to follow a more straight path to becoming a leader. Women's paths are much emergent. They tend to not necessarily look ahead and think, ‘I want to be on top.' Women would point to a number of experiences--- motherhood, or working with a non-profit, or sitting on a board, as shaping their path to becoming leaders," she said.

Actually, women leaders tend to be held to higher standards than their male counterparts, lgoye has felt this in Uganda. "Women who take up leadership positions in my country have to be tough, it's not easy at all," she said. "You are always aware that you are representing all women. You have to work extra hard to deliver, to perform, because if you do something wrong, they will say, 'Ah, you see, women!' "

Therefore, merely having women leaders can change the opportunities available for generations of women in a country. What leadership looks like in their country, how much of a voice the women leaders are having, influences what leadership is and what it means to its women.

What do women leaders have in common?

education/schooling；against；marrying；harder；means/matters

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文。研究人员采访了一些国家的女性，询问她们通往领导岗位的道路。这些女性在谈到她们如何成为领导者时都有一些相似之处。他们都将成功归功于自己所生长的家庭环境。同时结合了Igoye、Ben和Chahal三位女性的自身经历得出结论：女性的领袖对于国家和其他女性而言意义重大。

（1）考查信息归纳。根据第一段中的“On the surface, one would be hard-pressed to find many similarities between German chancellor Angela Merkel, Bangladeshi prime minister Sheikh Hasina, and Liberian president Ellen J ohnson Sirleaf”可知这些女性领导人来自不同的文化和政治背景，但她们有什么相似点吗？故填similarity/similarities。

（2）考查信息归纳。根据第二段中的“…finding their voices and confidence at dinner—table conversations with their families.”她们可以在晚饭时间在饭桌上自由的演说。故填freely/ casually。

（3）考查信息提升。根据第二段中的“Their parents t alked about politics, about what was happening in the community, and when the women had something to say, their parents didn't stop them,”可知她们的父母谈论政治，谈论社区里发生的事情，当女性有话要说时，她们的父母没有阻止她们。可知女性有了接触政治的机会。be exposed to sth.固定短语，"接触某事"，故填exposed。

（4）考查信息归纳。根据第六段中的“I want to be on top.' Women would point to a number of experiences--- motherhood, or working with a non-profit, or sitting on a board, as shaping their path to becoming leaders”,可知与男性不同的是，他们之前的经历帮助他们走上职业生涯的顶峰。故填top。

（5）考查信息提升。根据第四段中的“All three of my inter viewees pointed to the family environment they had been raised in --- particularly a father figure who taught and empowered the women in the family to learn, ask questions, and form their own opinions.”可知他们都将成功归功于自己所生长的家庭环境。Owe/ attribute…to…固定短语，“将......归功于.....”，故填owed/attributed。

（6）考查信息归纳。根据第五段中的“Igoye, for example, credited her father with having the foresight to send his daughters to school despite opposition from others in their village. ”可知Igoye的父亲很有远见，不顾村里其他人的反对，把女儿送去上学接受教育，故填education/schooling。

（7）考查信息提升。根据第五段中的“Similarly Ben Said talked about how her father encouraged political debate among the family when she was growing up, even when her opinions contradicted his.”可知她的父亲在她成长过程中鼓励家庭内部进行政治辩论，即使她的观点与父亲的相反。go against…固定短语，“与…...相反”,故填 against。

（8）考查信息归纳。根据第五段中的“Chahal said that even in her younger days, her parents went against the general convention of expecting their daughters to aim only for a good husband.”可知Chahal的父母违背了一般的传统，即不希望女儿将追求一个好丈夫作为目标。也就是结婚嫁得好。故填 marrying。

（9）考查信息归纳。根据第七段中的“ wome n leaders tend to be held to higher standards than their male counterparts”可知女性领袖要比男性同行维持更高的标准，也就是更努力工作。故填 harder。

（10）考查信息提升。结合最后一段,女性领袖可以改变性别不平等的现状，给更多女性机会，这些呼声也改变了领袖对于女性的含义，即女性的领袖对于国家和其他女性而言意义重大。故填 means/ matters。

【点评】本题涉及信息归纳和信息提升题型的考查，要求考生准确掌握所给材料，结合相关的语法知识和词汇知识，做出正确答案。

11．任务型阅读

Radar（雷达）is an electronic device that detects planes, ships, coastlines, landmarks, and even storm clouds. The name radar comes from the first letters of the words radio direction and ranging. As the human eye uses ligh t waves to see, radar “sees” with radio waves. Without radar, planes could not land safely in bad weather and ships could not move safely in thick fog________ In the 1800s it was discovered that radio waves could be reflected from objects. But scientists did not make great advances in radar research until the 1930s, when the world was threatened by war________It has been used widely in almost every conflict since then.

Echoes make it possible for radar to work. When a beam of radio waves is sent out, it strikes on an object and returns an echo. This echo is picked up by radar and recorded on a screen similar to

television screen. On the screen an observer sees a flash, or a blip, that shows the direction and distance of the object________

Airport control towers use radar to guide planes in for safe landings. Almost all large ships depend on radar to prevent collisions with icebergs or other ships________Weather forecasters “see” the size, direction, and speed of storms on radar screens. Astronomer s can even use radar to measure accurately the distance to the moon. Thus, the device has generated major advancements.

________ Huge radar antennas have been installed all over the United States. They guard us against possible enemy attacks. We have ballistic—missiles (战略导弹)warning systems that can alert us to attacks when missiles are more than 1,000 miles away. Other radar systems warn us against enemy aircraft and even spying space satellites.

A. Police track speeders in radar-equipped cars.

B. These measurements are now highly accurate.

C. The device can be used in a wide range of fields.

D. During World War II many countries used radar effectively.

E. It is therefore especially valuable to shippers and travelers.

F. Today radar is used by commercial airliners and weather forecasters.

G. Strengthening national defense is one of radar's most important functions.

【答案】E；D；B；A；G

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文。本文主要讲了雷达的发展历史以及雷达在各个领域的用途。

(1)根据前一句Without radar, planes could not land safely in bad weather and ships could not move safely in thick fog.可知，雷达在飞机和航海中起着巨大的作用，因此，雷达对运货商和旅行者特别有价值，选E。

(2)在上文内容But scientists did not make great advances in radar research until the 1930s, when the world was threatened by war.中捕捉到关键词war，所以空格处的内容会涉及到war，故D项“在第二次世界大战期间，许多国家有效地使用雷达”符合本段内容，选D。(3)根据前一句On the screen an observer sees a flash, or a blip, that shows the direction and distance of the object.可知，在屏幕上，观察者看到显示物体的方向和距离的闪光或光点，而现在这些测量值已经高度精确了。故选B。

(4)根据全段Almost all large ships depend on radar to prevent collisions with icebergs or other ships. ___4___Weather forecasters “see” the size, direction, and speed of storms on radar screens. Astronomers can even use radar to measure accurately the distance to the moon.可知，这一段主要讲了雷达在各个领域的用途，故选A。

(5)根据后文Huge radar antennas have been installed all over the United States. They guard us against possible enemy attacks. We have ballistic—missiles (战略导弹)warning systems that can alert us to attacks when missiles are more than 1,000 miles away. Other radar systems warn us against enemy aircraft and even spying space satellites.可知，这一段主要讲了雷达在国防领域的重要作用，故选G。

【点评】文章介绍了雷达的起源和它的应用领域。通篇来看，文章首段说明雷达名称的由

来并总述它的应用领域；再分别叙述雷达的历史起源，作用原理以及在不同领域的应用。文章出题考查了一道段首题、两道段中题、两道段尾题。考查学生获取段落主旨、辨别段落内部关联性、对段落分析总结的能力。

12．任务型阅读

Your life is composed of all the little things we experience everyday, and knowing how to find joy in some of those little things is one of the easiest ways to let happiness slowly fill your cup. In order for that to happen, you need to do two very simple things, put yourself in such situations that you can experience happiness there, and then find a way to savour the experience and let it sink into you.

To put yourself in the position of experiencing happiness every day, Lahan Catalino, Ph.D, at the University of California, San Francisco, recommends a n approach called “prioritizing positivity”—organizing your day-to-day life on purpose so that it contains situations which naturally give rise to positive emotions. It involves both carving out time in your daily routine to do things that you really love and heavily weighing the positive emotional consequences of major life decisions, like taking a new job, and you will regularly find yourself.

Then how can we find away to savour the happy experience and let it sink into you? Here is what psychologist Rick Hanson, the author of Buddha's Brain explains.

Let a good fact become a good experience.

Often we go through life and some good thing happens—a little thing like we checked off an item on our To Dc list, we survived another day at work, the flowers are blooming, and so forth. Hey, this is an opportunity to feel good. Don't leave the money lying on the table: recognize that this is an opportunity to let yourself truly feel good.

Really enjoy this positive experience.

Practice what any school teacher knows: if you want to help people learn something, make it as intense as possible—in this case, as felt in the body as possible—for as long as possible.

When sinking into this experience, sense your intention that this experience is sinking into you. Sometimes people do this through visualization, like by sensing a golden light coming into themselves or a soothing balm inside themselves. You might imagine a jewel going into the treasure chest in your heart—or just know that this experience is sinking into you, becoming a resource you can take with you no matter where you go.

It might seem a little cliche to say“stop and smell the roses”, but it's moments like those that can be stored in your happiness bank and withdrawn later. Living a happy life can be as simple as accepting the happiness that's already around you. If you want more, it's OK to go out and achieve it, but don't forget where happiness really comes from.

Spare/ Squeeze；chance/ opportunity；aware/ conscious；Conclusion；memorable/ lasting/ unforgettable/ impressive

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，讲述了如何从小事中获取快乐：第一是把自己放入能让自己经历快乐的情景当中；第二是给经历加料，让它和自己合二为一，得到融合。(1)考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“and knowing how to find joy in some of those little things is one of the easiest ways to let happiness slowly fill your cup“可知，讲述的是用一些小事带来"快乐"。故填Happiness。

(2)考查归纳概括。根据第一段中的“put yourself in situations where you experience happiness 和find a way to savour the experience and let it sink into you．“可知，这是带来快乐的两种"方式或途径"。故填How/ Ways。

(3)考查定语从句。根据句子成分分析可知，you experience happiness是定语从句用来修饰situations，指物作地点状语，故用where来引导。故填where。

(4)考查原词再现。根据原文的“prioritizing positivity“可知，是"优先考虑"积极方面，注意这里要填名词形式作give的宾语。故填priority。

(5)考查词性转换。根据第二段中的“organizing your day-to-day life on purpose“可知，是"故意地"让自己每天的生活充满积极的情绪，修饰动词organize要用副词形式，故把on purpose 转换成purposely/deliberately/intentionally。故填purposely/ intentionally /deliberately。(6)考查细节推理。根据第二段中的“It involves both carving out time in your daily routine to do things that you really love and heavily weighing the positive emotional consequences of major life decisions“可知，是指"挤出"时间去做自己想做的事…… 故填Spare/ Squeeze。

(7)考查原词再现。根据第五段中的“this is an opportunity to feel good“可知，要填表示"机会"的词。故填chance/ opportunity。

(8)考查细节理解。根据第八段中的“When sinking into this experience，sense your intention that this experience is sinking into you．“可知，是指"意识到或感知"自己的意图…，故把动词sense换成短语be aware/conscious of即可。故填aware/ conscious。

(9)考查归纳概括。根据后面的内容陈述可知，这是做出的"总结"或得出的"结论"。故填Conclusion。

(10)考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“It might seem a little cliche（陈词滥调） to say "stop and smell the roses，"but it's moments like those that can be stored in your happiness bank and