仁爱版初中英语语法大全
仁爱版初中英语语法大全
11. 动词的时态
11.1 一般现在时的用法
1） 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。时间状语： every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday。例如： I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。
2） 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。例如： The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。 Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。
3） 表示格言或警句。例如： Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。 注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。 例：Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。
4） 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如： I don't want so much. 我不要那么多。 Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错，讲的可不行。 比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。 I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课。 第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。 返回动词的时态目录
11.2 一般过去时的用法
1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如：时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如： Where did you go just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了？
2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。例如： When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 我是个孩子的时候，常在马路上踢足球。 Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome. 那时，布朗一家无论什么时候去，都受到热烈欢迎。
3）句型：It is time for sb. to do sth "到……时间了" "该……了"。例如：It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。 It is time that sb. did sth. "时间已迟了" "早该……了" ，例如It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。 would （had） rather sb. did sth. 表示'宁愿某人做某事'。例如：I'd rather you came tomorrow.还是明天来吧。
4） wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等，而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。例如：I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。 比较：Christine was an invalid all her life.（含义：她已不在人间。） Christine has been an invalid all her life.（含义：她现在还活着） Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. （含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。） Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. （含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去） 注
意： 用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。
1）动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如： Did you want anything else? 您还要些什么吗？ I wondered if you could help me. 能不能帮我一下。
2）情态动词 could, would。例如： Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行车，能借用一些吗？ 返回动词的时态目录
11.3 used to / be used to used to + do："过去常常"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。例如： Mother used not to be so forgetful. 老妈过去没那么健忘。 Scarf used to take a walk. 斯卡夫过去常常散步。 be used to + doing： 对……已感到习惯，或"习惯于"，to是介词，后需加名词或动名词。例如： He is used to a vegetarian diet. Scarf is used to taking a walk. 斯卡夫现在已习惯于散步了。 典型例题 ---- Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it. ---- It's 69568442. A. didn't B. couldn't C. don't D. can't 答案A. 本句虽没有明确的时间状语，但从语意上看出，在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去，因此应用过去时。 返回动词的时态目录
11.4 一般将来时
1） shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。例如： Which paragraph shall I read first？ 我先读哪一段呢？ Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点回家好吗？
2） be going to +不定式，表示将来。
a. 主语的意图，即将做某事。例如：What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢？
b. 计划，安排要发生的事。例如：The play is going to be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。
c. 有迹象要发生的事。例如：Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那乌云，快要下雨了。
3） be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如： We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。
4） be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。例如： He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京。 注意：be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。 返回动词的时态目录
11.5 be going to / will 用于条件句时，be going to表将来,will表意愿。例如： If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible. Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror. 返回动词的时态目录
11.6 be to和be going to be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事，be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。例如： I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我去踢球。（客观安排） I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我想去踢球。（主观安排） 返回动词的时态目录
11.7 一般现在时表将来
1）下
列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来，主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如： The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。 When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽车什么时候开？十分钟后。
2）以here, there等开始的倒装句，表示动作正在进行。例如： Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 车来了。 There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 铃响了。
3）在时间或条件句中。例如： When Bill comes （不是will come）, ask him to wait for me. 比尔来后，让他等我。 I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里，就写信给你。 4）在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等的宾语从句中。例如： I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他们下星期玩得开心。 Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 离开房间前，务必把窗户关了。 返回动词的时态目录
11.8 用现在进行时表示将来 下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等现在进行时可以表示将来。例如： I'm leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。 Are you staying here till next week? 你会在这儿呆到下周吗？ 返回动词的时态目录
11.9 现在完成时 现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成：have （has） +过去分词。 返回动词的时态目录
11.10 比较一般过去时与现在完成时
1）一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。
2）一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。 一般过去时的时间状语：yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now等，皆为具体的时间状语。 现在完成时的时间状语：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等，皆不确定的时间状语。 共同的时间状语：this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。
3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。 一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如： I saw this film yesterday. （强调看的动作发生过了） I have seen this film. （强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了） Why did you get up so early? （强调起床的动作已发生过了） Who hasn't handed in his paper? （强调有卷子未交，疑为不公平竞争） He has been in the League for three years. （在团内的状态可延续） He has be
en a League member for three years. （是团员的状态可持续） 句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。 （错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. （对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night. 返回动词的时态目录
11.11 用于现在完成时的句型
1）It is the first / second time.... that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。例如： It is the first time that I have visited the city. 这是我第一次访问这城市。 This is the first time （that） I've heard him sing. 这是我第一次听他唱歌。 注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2）This is +形容词最高级+that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时。例如： This is the best film that I've （ever） seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。
典型例题 （1） ---Do you know our town at all? ---No, this is the first time I ___ here. A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming 答案B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时，故选B。 （2） ---Have you ____ been to our town before? ---No, it's the first time I ___ here. A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come 答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为never，此两词常用于完成时。 注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。 （错）I have received his letter for a month. （对）I haven't received his letter for almost a month. 返回动词的时态目录
11.12 比较since和for Since 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。例如： I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在这儿二十多年了。 I have lived here since I was born. 我从出生起就住在这儿了。 注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。 I worked here for more than twenty years. （我现在已不在这里工作。） I have worked here for many years.（现在我仍在这里工作。） 注意：用句型转换的方法，很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since结构的完成时中的误用。
1）（对） Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.
2）（错） Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now. 显然，第二句不对，它应改为 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years. 返回动词的时态目录 11.13 since的四种用法 1） since +过去一个时间点（如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six）。例如： I have been here since 1989. 1989起，我一直在这儿。
2） since +一段时间+ ago。例如： I have been here since five months ago. 我在这儿，已经有五
个月了。
3） since +从句。例如： Great changes have taken place since you left. 你走后，变化可大了。 Great changes have taken place since we were here. 我们走后，变化可大了。 4） It is +一段时间+ since从句。例如： It is two years since I became a postgraduate student. 我考上研究生有两年了。 返回动词的时态目录
11.14 延续动词与瞬间动词
1） 用于完成时的区别 延续动词表示经验、经历； 瞬间动词表示行为的结果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。例如： He has completed the work. 他已完成了那项工作。 （表结果） I've known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了。（表经历）
2） 用于till / until从句的差异 延续动词用于肯定句，表示"做……直到……" 瞬间动词用于否定句，表示"到……，才……"。例如： He didn't come back until ten o'clock. 他到10 点才回来。 He slept until ten o'clock. 他一直睡到10点。
典型例题
1. You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times. A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet 答案B. 首先本题后句强调对现在的影响，我知道她的模样，你不用描述。再次，several times告知为反复发生的动作，因此用现在完成时。
2. ---I'm sorry to keep you waiting. ---Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes. A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be 答案A. 等待的动作由过去开始，持续到现在，应用现在完成时。 返回动词的时态目录 11.15 过去完成时
1） 概念：表示过去的过去 ----|----------|--------|----> 其构成是had +过去分词构成。 那时以前 那时 现在
2） 用法
a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。例如： She said （that）she had never been to Paris. 她告诉我她曾去过巴黎。
b. 状语从句 在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。例如： When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到达时，小偷们早就跑了。
c. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…"。例如： We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 那时我们希望你能来，但是你没有来。
3） 过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。例如： He said that he had learned some English before. 他说过他以前学过一些英语。 By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. 到了十二岁那年，爱迪生开始自己谋生。 Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party. 汤姆失望了，因为他到达晚会时，大部分客人已经走了。 典型例题 The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.
A. had written, left
B，were writing, has left
C.
had written, had left
D. were writing, had left 答案D. "把书忘在办公室"发生在"去取书"这一过去的动作之前，因此"忘了书"这一动作发生在过去的过去，用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点，表示在"同学们正忙于……"这一背景下，when所引导的动作发生。因此前一句应用过去进行时。 注意： had hardly… when 还没等…… 就……。例如： I had hardly opened the door when I he hit me. 我刚打开门，他就打了我。 had no sooner…than 刚…… 就……。例如： He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 他刚买了这辆车，转眼又卖了。 返回动词的时态目录
11.16 用一般过去时代替过去完成时
1） 两个动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或用then，and，but 等连词时，多用一般过去时。例如： When she saw the mouse，she screamed. 她看到老鼠，就叫了起来。 My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 姑妈给了我一顶帽子，我把它丢了。
2 ） 两个动作相继发生，可用一般过去时；如第一个动作需要若干时间完成，用过去完成时。例如： When I heard the news, I was very excited. 3） 叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。例如： Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492. 返回动词的时态目录
11.17 将来完成时
1） 构成will have done
2） 概念
a. 状态完成：表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。例如： They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那时他们结婚将有二十年了。
b. 动作完成：表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作或获得的经验。例如： You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 明天此时，你已经到达上海了。 返回动词的时态目录
11.18 现在进行时 现在进行时的基本用法：
a. 表示现在（指说话人说话时）正在发生的事情。例如： We are waiting for you. 我们正在等你。
b. 习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。例如： Mr. Green is writing another novel. 他在写另一部小说。（说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。）
c. 表示渐变，这样的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如： The leaves are turning red. 叶子在变红。 It's getting warmer and warmer. 天越来越热了。
d. 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。例如： You are always changing your mind. 你老是改变主意。 典型例题 My dictionary ___, I have looked for it everywhere but still___ it. A. has lost, don't find B. is missing, don't find C. has lost, haven't found D. is missing, haven't found. 答案D. 前句是一个仍在持续的状态，应用进行时，由于没有找
到，其影响仍然存在，应用完成时，瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。 返回动词的时态目录
11.19 不用进行时的动词 1）表示事实状态的动词，如have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue等。例如：I have two brothers. 我有两兄弟。 This house belongs to my sister. 这房子是我姐的。 2）表示心理状态的动词，如know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate等。例如：I need your help. 我需要你的帮助。 He loves her very much. 他爱她很深。 3）瞬间动词，如accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse等。例如： I accept your advice. 我接受你的劝告。 4）系动词，如seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn等。例如： You seem a little tired. 你看上去有点累。 返回动词的时态目录
11.20 过去进行时
1）概念：表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。
2）过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作延续的时候，另一个短动作发生。
3） 常用的时间状语有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。例如： My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. 我兄弟骑车时摔了下来，受了伤。 It was raining when they left the station. 他们离开车站时，正下着雨。 When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining. 我到达山顶时，阳光灿烂。
典型例题
1） Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger. A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes 答案C. 割伤手指是已发生的事情，应用过去时。同时，when表时间的同时性，"玛丽在做衣服时"提供事情发生的背景，因此用过去进行时。
2） As she ___ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep. A. read；was falling B. was reading； fell C. was reading； was falling D. read；fell 答案B.句中的as = when, while，意为"当……之时"。描述一件事发生的背景时，用过去进行；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。句意为 "在她看报纸时，奶奶睡着了。"句中的 fell（fall的过去时），是系动词，后跟形容词，如：fall sick。
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一.一般现在时:1.主语+动词原形 2.主语是三单式(it,she,he以及可以用这些词代替的名词)+动词的三单式(1,一般的动词直接加s,2,以s ,x,ch,sh结尾的动词加es)
二.现在进行时:be+动词的ing形式
三.一般过去时:主语+动词的过去式
四.过去进行时:was/were+动词的ing形式
五.现在完成时:has/have+动词的过去分词
六.过去完成时:had+动词的过去分词 这是最基本的时态结构,要想把握时态关键要找到时间状语(every,yesterday,now......)
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初中英语语法汇总（一）一.词类(Parts of Speech)名词 英文名称The Noun(缩写为n.) 表示人或事物的名称 例词boy,clock,book等冠词 英文名称The Article(缩写为art.) 用在名词前帮助说明名词所指的人和或事物。 例词a(an),the代词 英文名称The Pronoun(缩写为pron) 用来代替名词、形容词或是数词 例词we,that,his,what形容词 英文名称The Adjective(缩写为adj.) 用以修饰名词,表示人或事物的特征例词 old,red,fine,good.数词 英文名称The Numeral(缩写为num.) 表示数量或是顺序。例词 one,thirteenfirst动词 英文名称The Verb(缩写为v.) 表示动作或状态。例词sit,go,be(am,is,are)副词 英文名称The Adverb(缩写为adv.) 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词。例词nottoo,here,very介词 英文单词The Preposition(缩写为prep.) 表示名词、代词等和句中其他词的关系。 例词in,on,of,to,under.连词 英文单词The Conjunction(缩写为conj.) 用来连接词与词、短语与短语或句与句。 例词and,or,but.感叹词 英文单词The Interjection(缩写为interj.) 表示说话时的喜悦、惊讶等情感。 例词oh,hello,hi,er.二.名词(Nouns)1.总的说来,名词分专有名词和普通名词两类。专有名词: 表示具体的人,事物,地点或机构的专有名称。 Lucy China 中国 Asia 亚洲 Beijing 北京 。专有名词的第一个字母要大写。普通名词: 表示某些人,某类事物,某种物质或抽象概念的名称。例如: teacher 老师 tea 茶 reform 改革 普通名词又可进一步分为四类 1) 个体名称: 表示单个的人和事物。 house 马 car 汽车 room 房间 apple 苹果 fun 风扇 picture 照片 2) 集体名称: 表示一群人或一些事物的名称。 people 人们 family 家庭 army 军队 government 政府 group 集团 3) 物质名词:表示物质或不具备确定形状和大小的个体的物质。 fire 火 steel 钢 air 空气 water 水 milk 牛奶 4)抽象名词:表示动作,状态,品质或其他抽象概念。 labour 劳动 health 健康 life 生活 friendship友情 patience耐力 2.名词按其所表现的事物的性质分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词(Countable Nouns)有复数形式,如:an apple two apples a car some cars不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)一般没有复数形式.抽象名词, 物质名词和专有名词一般是不可数名词。 sand 沙 sugar 糖 有少数名词即可作可数名词,也可作不可数名词,但含义不同。 glass 玻璃 glass 玻璃杯 paper 纸 paper 报纸,文件 名词的功能 名词在句中作主语, 宾语,介词宾语,宾语补助语,表语以及名词短语作状语。 The bag is in the desk. bag 作主语。 书包在桌子里边。 I washed my clothes yesterday. clothes 作宾语。 昨天我洗了我的衣服。 This is a good book. book 作表语。 这是一本好书。 We elected him our monitor. monitor作宾语补助
语。 我们选他为我们的班长。 Mary lives with her parents. parents作介词宾语. 玛丽和她的父母亲住在一起。 He is a Party member. Party 作定语. 他是一名党员。 They study hard day and night. day and night作状语。 他们白天黑夜地学习。3.可数名词有单数(the Singular Nunmber)和复数(the Plural Number)两种形式。名词的复数形式(The Plural Form Nouns)的部分规则如下:1) 一般情况下,在词尾加 -s. 例如: bags，maps，pens，desks，workers 2) 以s,sh,ch,x等结尾的词加-es.例如:buses watches boxes3) 以ce,se,ze,(d)ge等结尾的词加-s.例如:licences blouses oranges4) 以辅音字母+y结尾的词变y为i再加-es.例如:babies families5) 名词以 -f 或 -fe 结尾的,把 -f 或-fe 变成 -ves. bookshelves， wives， knives 注:英语中有些名词的复数形式是不规则的,需要一一记忆常见的有， man - men woman - women foot - feet tooth - teeth mouse - nice ox - oxen sheep - sheep dear - dear fish - fish 英语中有些名词总是以复数形式出现。 scissors 剪刀 goods 货物 trousers 裤子 clothes 衣服 glasses 玻璃杯 4.名词的所有格(The Possessive Case of Nouns)在英语中,名词的格有三个,主格,宾格和所有格。它们的形式及其变化表示与其他词的关系。实际上, 主格和宾格通过它在句中的作用和位置来确定。 The bird is in the tree. 鸟在树上。 bird 作主语, 是主格。 I saw a film yesterday. 昨天我看了一场电影。 film 作宾语,是宾格。 名词的所有格: 名词中表示所有关系的形式叫做名词所有格。 Lu Xun's book is worth reading. 鲁迅的书值得一读。 This is my father's room. 这是我父亲的房间。 名词所有格的构成单数名词 加's 例词:Mike's father以s结尾的复数名词 加' 例词:the teachers' room不以s结尾的复数名词 加's 例词:men's women's三、代词(Pronouns)1.人称代词(Personal Pronouns)第一人称单数主格I(复数We) 单数宾格me(复数us)第二人称单数主格you(复数you) 单数宾格you(复数you)第三人称单数主格he,she,it(复数they) 单数宾格him,her,it(复数them)2.物主代词(Possessive Pronouns)形容词性物主代词第一人称单数my(复数our)形容词性物主代词第二人称单数your(复数your)形容词性物主代词第三人称单数his,her,its(复数their)名词性物主代词第一人称单数mine(复述ours)名词性物主代词第二人称单数yours(复数yours)名词性物主代词第三人称单数his,hers,its(复数theirs)四、数词(Numeral)表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词，数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词；表示顺序的数词叫序数词。基数词(Cardinal Numbers)1 one 2 two 3three 4four 5five 6six11eleven 12twelve 13thirteen 20twenty21twenty-one 40fouty 100one hundred五、动词(Verb)一般现在时(The Simpl
e Present Tense)一般现在时表示现在的状态如:He is twelve.She is at home.表示经常的或是习惯性的动作.如:I go to school at 7:30 every day.表示主语具备的的性格和能力等如:She like apple.They know English.1.动词be(Verb to be)肯定式I am......否定I am not....肯定式You are...否定式You are not....肯定式He/She/It is....否定式He/She/It is not....疑问句和简略答语Am I ....?Yes,you are./No,I you are not.Are you....?Yes,I am./No,I am not.2.There be结构"There is/are+某物/某人+某地/某时"这样一种句型,大致相当于汉语"某地/某时有某物/某人"的说法.句子的is/are和后面所跟的名词在数方面必须是一致.肯定式:There is(There's)a table in your room.There are(There're)some pencils on the desk.否定式:There is not(There isn't)any cats here.There are not(aren't)any cats here.疑问式和简略答语Is there a ruler in your bag?Yes,there is./No,there is not(isn't).Are there any people in that house?Yes,there are./No,there are not(aren't).How many kites are there in the sky?There are thirteen.六、介词(Prepositions)介词一般用于名词或代词前,表示该词与句子其他成分的关系.介词后面的名词或代词称为介词宾语.介词和介词宾语一起构成介词短语.本册课本出现的介词短语如下:at: at home at school at six thirtybehind: behind the door/tree behind one's chairbeside: beside the door beside the housefrom: from one to a hundredin: in Row/Team/Class/Grade4in one's school/grade/class/team/romin your desk/pencil-box/bedroomin the picture in the same class in different classesin English in the hat in the morning/afternoonlike: like this/thatnear: near the window near the door of: a picture of a classroom a map of Chinathe name of her cat the wall of their classroonon: on the desk/chair on the floor on the wall on the bikeon the dutyto:(a quarter)to ten (go)to school/bed/work under: under the desk/table under the tree/window under one's chair/bed(1) 表示时间：at: 表示某一时间点如： at noonon: 表示特定的日子如： on Christmasin: 表示一段不具体的时间如： in the morning， in the Second world war如表示在某一特定的早上、下午则用on如： on a cold morning, on a hot afternoon, on Sunday morningduring: 表示期间内的某个时期如: during the night, during the Second World Warfor: 其后接表示一段时间长度的词如： for three daysthrough: 表示在整个期间没有间歇例： It snowed through the night.till/until: 表示动作持续的终点例：I studied hard till twelve o'clock last night.by: 表示动作完成期限例： I'll be back by five o'clock.since: 表示某动作的起始点例：I have studied English since 1990．(2) 表示地点：at: 表示较小的地点如： arrived at the school gatein: 表示较大的地点如： arrived in Shanghaifor: 表示目的地例： I
'll leave for Shanghai.above: 表示上面，上方，其反意词是belowover: 表示垂直上方，其反意词是under例： The dog jumped over the table.through: 表示穿过如： through the forestacross: 表示平原上的跨越例： I want to walk across the road.七、句子的种类(Kinds of Sentences)英语的句子按照用途可分为以下四类:陈述句 用途是用来说明事实或说话人的看法 例句:I can see a map on the wall.I think it's his.疑问句 用途是用来提出问题. 例句:Are you Mr Green?Can you find it ? How old are you?祈使句 用途是用来表示请求和命令. 例句: Sstand https://www.360docs.net/doc/c07860110.html,e in,please.Let's play games.感叹句 用途是用来表达强烈的感情. 例句:What a fine day it is!How beautiful the flowers are!八、一般疑问句和 特殊疑问句一般疑问句子和特殊疑问句一般疑问句（General Question）一般是指用Yes或No回答的疑问句。例如：Is she at school today? Yes,she is/No,she isn't.Can you see a pencile on the desk? Yes,I can./No,I can't.Do you play football? Yes,they do./No,they don't.特殊疑问句是以特殊疑问词开头的疑问句. (二)一.形容词和副词的比较级和最高级(The Comparative and Superlative Degrees of Adjective and Adverbs)大多数形容词和副词有三个等级：1)原级，即原形。2)比较级，表示“较……”或“更……一些”的意思。3)最高级，表示“最……”的意思。 1.形容词和副词比较级和最高级的构成(1)规则变化单音节词和少数双音节词一般在词尾加-er或-est cold colder coldeststrong stronger strongestfast faster fastestslow slow slowest以字母e结尾的形容词，加-r或-st nice nicer nicest large larger largest重读闭音节词只有一个辅音字母时，应先双写辅音字母，再加-er或-estbig bigger biggestthin thinner thinnesthot hotter hottest以“辅音字母+y”结尾的双音节词，先改“y”为“i”，再加-er或-esteasy esaier easiesthappy happier happiestearly earlier earliest少数以-er，-ow 结尾的双音节词clever(聪明的)未尾加-er，-est clever cleverer cleverestnarrow narrower narrowest多音节词和部分双音节词在词前加more或mostdelicious more delicious most deliciousinteresting more interesting most intertingeasily more easily most easilycarefully more carefully most carefully(2)不规则变化good/well better best bad/badly worse worst much/many more most little less least far farther/further farthest/furthest 2.形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的用法比较级：表示两者（人或事物）的比较 Mr King is taller than Mr ReadThis mooncakes is nicer than that one。The tr
actor is going faster than the bike。最高级：表示三者或三者以上（人或事物）的比较，其中有一个在某一方面超过其他几个时，用最高级。最高级的前面一般要加定冠词the。后面可带of（in）短语来说明比较的范围。Whose drawing is he best of all?She is the youngest in the class.The taxi is going ghe fastest.Mr Qin is walking tje slowest of all.注：在形容词和副词的比较级前，有时可以用much，a little等来修饰，如：much better a little taller二。数词（Numerals）（2）序数词（Ordinal Numbers）序数词表示事物的顺序，往往与定冠词the连用。fist 1st twentieth 20thsecond 2nd twenty-first 21ththird 3nd thirieth 30thfourth 4nd thirty-ninth 39thfifth 5nd fortieth 40thsixth 6th fiftieth 50thseventh 7th sixtieth 60theighth 8th seventieth 70thnineth 9th ninetieth 80thtenth 10th hundredth 100th eleventh 11th one hundred and first 101sttwelfth 12th三、冠词（Articles）冠词是一种虚词，让在名词的前面，帮助说明名词的含义，冠词分不定冠词(The Indefinite Article)和定冠词（The Define Article）两种，a（an）是不定冠词。a用在辅音之前，如：a roada boy；an用在元音之前，如：an hour ；an old man等；the是定冠词。1.不定冠词的用法用于可数名词的单数形式前，指人或事物的某一种类。Susan is a scientist.Pass me an orange,please.指某人或某事，但不具体说明何人或何物。A boy is looking for you。We work five days a week。表示“一”这个数量，但数的概念没有one强烈。We are going to have an English lesson tomorrow。I have a mouth，a nose，two eyes and two ears。用于某些固定的词组中。a few ，a little ，a lot of ，a moment ago2.定冠词的用法。特指某些人或某些事物 Show me the photo of the boy。The book on the desk is mine。指双方都知
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1 (see 、hear 、notice 、find 、feel 、listen to 、 look at (感官动词)+do eg:I like watching monkeys jump 2 （比较级 and 比较级） 表示越来越怎么样 3 a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟（容易） 4 agree with sb 赞成某人 5 all kinds of 各种各样 a kind of 一样 6 all over the world = the whole world 整个 世界 7 along with同……一道，伴随…… eg : I will go along with you我将和你一起去 the students planted trees along with their teachers 学生同老师们一起种树 8 As soon as 一怎么样就怎么样 9 as you can see 你是知道的 10 ask for ……求助 向…要…（直接接想要的东西） eg : ask you for my book 11 ask sb for sth 向某人什么 12 ask sb to do sth 询问某人某事 ask sb not to do 叫某人不要做某事 13 at the age of 在……岁时 eg：I am sixteen I am at the age of sixteen 14 at
the beginning of …… ……的起初；……的开始 15 at the end of +地点/+时间 最后；尽头；末尾 eg : At the end of the day 16 at this time of year 在每年的这个时候 17 be /feel confident of sth /that clause +从句 感觉/对什么有信心，自信 eg : I am / feel confident of my spoken English I feel that I can pass the test 18 be + doing 表：1 现在进行时 2 将来时 19 be able to (+ v 原) = can (+ v 原） 能够…… eg : She is able to sing She can sing 20 be able to do sth 能够干什么 eg :she is able to sing 21 be afraid to do (of sth 恐惧，害怕…… eg : I'm afraed to go out at night I'm afraid of dog 22 be allowed to do 被允许做什么 eg: I'm allowed to watch TV 我被允许看电视 I should be allowed to watch TV 我应该被允许看电视 23 be angry with sb 生某人的气 eg : Don't be angry with me 24 be angry with(at) sb for doing sth 为什么而生某人的气 25 be as…原级…as 和什么一样 eg : She is as tall as me 她和我一样高 26 be ashamed to 27 be away from 远离 28 be away from 从……离开 29 be bad for 对什么有害 eg : Reading books in the sun is bad for your eyes 在太阳下看书对你的眼睛不好 30 be born 出生于 31 be busy doing sth 忙于做什么事 be busy with sth 忙于…… 32 be careful 当心；小心 33 be different from…… 和什么不一样 34 be famous for 以……著名 35 be friendly to sb 对某人友好 36 be from = come from 来自 eg ：He is from Bejing He comes from Bejing Is he from Bejing ? Does he come from Bejing ? 37 be full of 装满……的 be filled with 充满 eg: the glass is full of water the glass is filled with water 38 be glad+to+do/从句 39 be going to + v(原） 将来时 40 be good at(+doing) = do well in 在某方面善长, 善于…… 41 be good for 对什么有好处 eg : Reading aloud is good for your English 42 be happy to do 很高兴做某事 43 be helpful to sb 对某人有好处 eg : Reading aloud is helpful to you 大声朗读对你有好处 Exercising is helpful to your bady 锻炼对你的身体有好处 44 be in good health 身体健康 45 be in trouble 处于困难中 eg : She is in trouble They are in tronble 46 be interested in 对某方面感兴趣 47 be late for = come late to 迟到 eg: Be late for class 上课迟到 48 be like 像…… eg : I'm like my mother 49 be mad at 生某人的气 50 be made from 由……制成(制成以后看不见原材料) 51 be made of 由……制成(制成以后还看得见原材料) 52 be not sure 表不确定 53 be on a visit to 参观 54 be popular with sb 受某人欢迎 55 be quiet 安静 56 be short for 表**的缩写 eg: 陶 is short for 陶俊杰 57 be sick in bed 生病在床 58 be sorry to do sth be sorry for sb eg : I am sorry for you 59 be sorry to hear that 60 be sorry to trouble sb eg : I am sorry to trouble you 61 be strict in doing sth 严于做某事 eg : He's strict in obeying noles 62 be strict with sb 对某人要求严格
eg: Some students are not strict with them selves 这些学生对自己不严格 63 be strict with sb in sth 某方面对某人严格 64 be supposed to do 被要求干什么 65 be sure 表确定 66 be sure of doing sth 对做某事有信心 eg: He is sure of winning I am sure of learning English well 67 be sure of sth 对做某事有信心 eg: I'm sure of my head (my teacher 我相信我的大脑（老师） 68 be sure that sth 对做某事有信心 eg: I'm suer that he can pass the test 我相信他能通过考试 69 be sure to do sth一定会做某事eg: We are sure to pass the test 我们一定会通过这次考试 We are sure to learn English well 我们一定能学好英语 70 be terrified of + 名/动doing 害怕…… 71 be terrified to do sth 害怕做某事 72 be the same as … 和什么一样 73 be used to doing sth 习惯做某事 eg: My father is used to getting up early 我爸爸习惯早He is used to sleeping in class 他习惯上课睡觉 74 be worth doing 值得做什么 75 be(feel) afraid to do sth 害怕做某事be afraid of sth 害怕某物 be afraid that 丛句 76 because+句子 because of +短语 eg : He was late because he had a headache He was late because of his headache 77 begin to do = start to do 开始做某事 start…with…=begin…with… 以什么开始什么 eg : Let's begin the game with the song I begin to go home 78 between…and… 两者之间 79 borrow sth from sb 向……借…… lend sth to sb ( lend sb sth 借给……什么东西 eg : I borrowed a pen from him he lent a pen to me ( he lent me a pen 80 both = the same(as) = not different(from) 表相同 81 bother 打扰 bother sb to do sth eg : I'm sorry to bother you ,but can you tell me to way to the station 我十分道歉打扰你，但是你能告诉我怎么去车站 the problem has been bothering me for weeks 这个问题困扰了我几个周了 He's bothering me to lend him money 82 by the end of 到……为止 83 call sb sth eg : We call him old wang 84 care 关心 eg : Don't you care about this country's future ?你为什么不关心国家的未来 85 catch up with sb 赶上某人 86 chat with sb 和某人闲谈 take sb to + 地点 带某人去某地 87 come in 进88 come over to 过来 89 come up with 提出 eg: Can you come up with a good idea 你能想出一个好办法吗？ 90 communicate with sb 和某人交流 91 consider + doing 考虑做什么 eg : Why not consider going to lu zhou 为什么不考虑去泸州？ 92 dance to 随着……跳舞 eg : She likes dancing to the music 她喜欢随着音乐跳舞 93 decide to do sth 决定做某事 94 do a survey of 做某方面的调查 95 do better in 在……方面做得更好 96 do wrong 做错 97 Don't forget to do sth 不要忘了做某事 98 Don't mind +doing /从句 /名词 不要介意…… 99 each +名（单）每一个…eg : Each student has many books 每一个学生都有一些书 100 end up +doing 101 enjoy +doing喜欢 102 escape from 从……逃跑eg: The prisoners hav
e escaped from the prison犯人从监狱里逃跑出来 103 expect to do sth 期待做某事 104 fall down 摔下来 fall off 从哪摔下来 105 fall in love with sb /sth 爱上什么 106 far from 离某地远 eg : The school is far from my home 107 find +it +adj +to do 发现做某事怎么样 108 find sb/sth +adj 发现什么怎么样 eg : I find the book interesting 109 finish 完成+doing（名词） 110 fit to sb = be fit for sb 适合某人 111 forget to do 没有做而忘了 forget doing 做了而又忘了 eg: Don't forget to go home I forget closing door 112 from…to… 从某某到某某 eg: From me for her 113 get /have sth down 做完，被（别人）做…eg: I have my hair cut 我理了发(头发被剪了） Tom got his bad tooth pulled out 汤母把他的坏牙拔掉了（被牙医拔掉了） 114 get a part-time job= find a part-time job 115 get along well with sb = get on well with sb 与某人相处得好 116 get along with sb = get on with sb 与某人相处 117 get ready for = be ready for为什么而准备eg : I get ready for math I am ready for math 118 get sb in to trouble 给某人麻119 get sb to do sth 120 get…from… 从某处得到某物 121 give a talk 做报告 eg: He is give a tall 122 give sth to sb give sb sth 给某人某物 123 go fish 钓鱼 go swimming 游泳 124 go on to do 去做下一件事 go on doing 继续做这件事 125 go out away from go out of 126 go to school 上学（用于专业的）go to the school 去学校（不一定是上学） 127 good way to 好方法 128 hate to do 讨厌没做过的事 hate doing 讨厌做过的事 129 have a party for sb 举办谁的晚会 130 have a talk 听报告 谈一谈 131 have been doing 现在完成进行时 eg : You have been talking You have been sleeping since 132 have been to …( 地方）……去过某过地方 have gone to …（地方） 去了某地还没回来 133 have fun +doing 玩得高兴 134 have sth to do 有什么事要做 eg: I have a lot of homework to do 我有很多家庭作业要做 I have nothing to do 我没什么事情做 135 have to do sth 必须做某事 136 have trouble (problem) (in) doing sth 做什么事情有麻烦 137 have…time +doing 138 have…(时间)…off 放……假 eg: I have month off 我请一个月得假 139 hear sb +do/doing 听见某人做某事/正在做某事 140 help a lot 很大用处 141 help sb with sth \one's sth 帮助某人某事（某方面） help sb (to) do sth 帮助某人做某事 142 hope to do sth 希望做某事 143 How about(+doing) = What about(+doing) 144 how do you like = what do you think of 你对什么的看法 145 if : 是否＝wether eg: I don't know if (wether) I should go to the party 我不知道我是否应该去参加晚会 He don't know if (wether) we will arrive on time tomorrow morning 他不知道我们明天早上是否能准时到达 146 if :如果，假如（全部接一般时态）＋条件语态从句 eg: I'll go to LuZhou if it does't rain 假如明天不下雨，我
就去泸州 If they change the plan they will let me know 假如他们要改变计划，他们会让我知道的 I'll go to England ,if I have enough money next year 如果我明年由足够的钱，我就要去英国 147 in one's opinion = sb think 某人认为 148 in some ways 在某些方面 149 in the end = finally(adv) 最后 150 in the north of… 什么在什么的北方 （north 北 sowth 南 west 西 east 东 ）