美国文学课件
P art 1: The Literature of Colonial America
1.Historical Introduction:
(1) John Smith: the first American writer
2. Early New England Literature:
(2) William Bradford:
(3) John Winthrop:
3. Puritan Thoughts:
(4) John Cotton:
(5) Roger Williams:
(6) Anne Bradstreet:
(7) Edward Taylor:
Puritanism
(1). Features of Puritanism
①Unconditional election: God had decreed who was damned and who was saved from before the beginning of the world.
②Irresistible grace: regeneration as entirely a work of God, which cannot be resisted and to which the sinner contributes nothing.
③Total depravity: humanty’s utter corruption since the Fall.
④Limited atonement: Christ died for the elect only.
⑤Perseverance of the saints: the elect, despite their backsliding and faintness of heart, cannot fall away from grace
(2). Influence of Puritanism:
①A group of good qualities –hard work, thrift, piety, sobriety (serious and thoughtful) influenced American literature.
②It led to the everlasting myth. All literature is based on a myth – garden of Eden.
③Symbolism: the American puritan’s metaphor ical mode of perception was chiefly instrumental in calling into being a literary symbolism which is distinctly American.
④With regard to their writing, the style is fresh, simple and direct; the rhetoric is plain and honest, not without a touch of nobility often traceable to the direct influence of the Bible.
Main Features of Colonial American Literature:
1)American literature grew out of humble origins. Diaries, histories, journals, letters, commonplace
books, travel books, sermons, in short, personal literature in its various forms, occupy a major position in the literature of the early colonial period.
2)In content these early writings served either God or colonial expansion or both. In form, if there
was any form at all, English literary traditions were faithfully imitated and transplanted.
3)The Puritanism formed in this period was one of the most enduring shaping influences in
American thought and American literature
4)
Part 2: The Literature of Reason and Revolution Benjamin Franklin: The Autobiography
1.Thomas Paine: The American Crisis
2.Thomas Jefferson: The Declaration of Independence
3.Philip Freneau: The Wild Honey Suckle
The Indian Burying Ground
To a Caty-Did
Background Knowledge
The Period of Enlightenment:
The 18th century American history witnessed two great revolutions: one was American Revolution, the other was Enlightenment, an intellectual movement whose rationalistic spirit inspired American men of letters and brought them into a new horizon beyond the limitation of prevailing Puritanism.
The two revolutions produced a number of outstanding political and literary figures, such as Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Paine, and Thomas Jefferson and Philip Freneau. Their literary talent enabled them to be political leaders.
1)1. Benjamin Franklin
Life: 1706-1790
①Humanist, Scientist, master of
diplomacy, a prose writer;
②believer in the possibility of
human progress and the comforts of
material success;
③pragmatic and optimistic, the last positive representation of the values of the American dream
The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin
a.It is perhaps the first real post-revolutionary American writing as well as the first real
autobiography in English.
b.It gives us the simple yet immensely fascinating record of a man rising to wealth and fame from a
state of poverty and obscurity into which he was born, the faithful account of the colorful career of America’s first self-made man.
c.First of all, it is a puritan document. The most famous section describes his scientific scheme of
self-examination and self-improvement.
d.It is also an eloquent elucidation of the fact that Franklin was spokesman for the new order of
eighteenth century enlightenment, and that he represented in America all its ideas, that man is basically good and free, by nature endowed by God with certain inalienable rights of liberty and the pursuit of happiness.
e.It is the pattern of Puritan simplicity, directness, and concision. The plainness of its style, the
homeliness of imagery, the simplicity of diction, syntax and expression are some of the salient features we cannot mistake.
＊The style of the Autobiography was simple, direct and concise.
＊The work also gave autobiography an official position in the literary field.
＊Franklin’s emphasis on material wealth and material success rather than spiritual satisfaction also met with criticism and challenges from critics.
Thirteen Virtues in Poor Richard’s Almanac
? 1.T emperance （节制）
Eat not Dullness. Drink not to Elevation.食不过饱，饮不过量。
? 2. Silence （谨言）
Speak not but what may benefit others or yourself. A voiding trifling conversation. 于人无善者不言，避免琐碎之谈。
? 3. Order （秩序）
Let all your things have their places. Let each part of your business have its time. 物占其所，置物有定位，做事有定时，物有未来，事有始终。
? 4. Resolution （决断）
Resolve to perform what you ought. Perform without fail what you resolve. 该做之事下决心去做，决定之事一定去做。
? 5. Frugality （节俭）
Make no expense but to do good to others or yourself: i.e. waste nothing. 花费要于人于己有益，不得浪费。
? 6. Industry （勤勉）
Lose no time. Be always employed in something useful. Cut off all unnecessary actions. 爱惜光阴，应做有用之事，不为无意之举。
?7. Sincerity （真诚）
Use no hurtful deceit. Think innocently and justly; and, if you speak, speak accordingly.（不做伤人之举，思想公正。）
?8. Justice （正直）
Wrong none, by doing injuries or omitting the benefits that are your duty.
（成人之美，不成人之恶。）
?9. Moderation （中庸）
Avoid extremes. Forbear resenting injuries so much as you think they deserve.
（避免极端，要尽量克制报复心理。）
?10. Cleanliness （清洁）
T olerate no uncleanness in body, clothes or habitation.
（起居服饰，务求整洁。）
?11. T ranquility （宁静）
Be not disturbed at trifles, or accidents common or unavoidable.
（不为琐事，常见的或者不可避免的事感到烦恼。）
?12. Chastity （贞洁）
Rarely use venery but for health or offspring; never to dullness, weakness, or the injury of your own or another’s peace or reputation.
（节欲，保健康或为后代，决不使身体虚弱，生活乏味，不损己或他人。
?13. Humility （谦逊）
Imitate Jesus and Socrates.
（效仿耶稣与苏格拉底。）
?Analysis of The Poor Richard’s Almanac
?
? B. Franklin created a character named Poor Richard whose real existence was debated humorously and seriously in this book. For almost a quarter of a century, he kept publishing Poor Richard’s Almanac, expending its literary part to the intense delight of its readers.
?Apart from poems and essays, he managed to put in a good many adages (格言) , and commonsense witticisms (妙语) which became household words and many mottos of the most typical kind. He did not always write the maxims (格言) himself. He borrowed from others and made good use of his own wit and wisdom to simplify and enrich their a xiom (格言). There are many similar statements filled almanac, and taught as much as amused. The practical wisdom of Franklin shone forth rays of grandeur from its pages.
S ignificance of B. Franklin
1)He was a rare genius in human history. Nature seemed particularly lavish and happy when he was
shaped. Everything seems to meet in this one man, mind and will, talent and art, strength and ease, wit and grace, and he became almost everything: a printer, postmaster, citizen, almanac maker, essayist, scientist, inventor, orator, statesman, philosopher, political economist, ambassador, musician and parlor man.
2)He was the first great self-made man in America, a poor democrat born in an aristocratic age that
his fine example helped to liberalize.
3)Politically he brought the colonial era to a close. For quite some time he was regarded as the father
of all Y ankees, even more than Washington was. He was the only American to sign the four documents that created the United States: the declaration of Independence, the treaty of alliance with France, the treaty of peace with England, and the constitution.
4)Scientifically, as the symbol of America in the Age of Enlightenment, he invented a lot of useful
implements. His research on electricity, his famous experiment with his kite line and many others made him the preeminent scientist of his day.
5)Literally, he really opened the story of American literature. D. H. Lawrance agreed that Franklin
was everything but a poet. In the Scottish philosopher David Hume’s eyes he was America’s ―first great man of letters‖.
2. Thomas Paine (1737-1809)
The Case of the Officers of the Excise
Rights of Man
The Age of Reason
Agrarian Justice (1797)
3. Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826)
--- an important revolutionary statesman, the main drafter of The Declaration of Independence and the third president of the USA.
--- a fervent believer and advocator of democracy, liberty and selfhood.
The natural rights of man must be secured by law inalienably for all.
4. F. Philip Freneau (1752-1832)
--- The poet of revolution
--- Father of American poetry
--- a transitional literary figure from the Enlightenment to the Romantic period.
①The Wild Honey Suckle
②The Indian Burying Ground
③To a Caty-Did
Part 3: The Literature of Romanticism
1.Washington Irving: The Legend of Sleepy Hollow
2.James Fenimore Cooper: The Last of the Mohicans
3.William Cullen Bryant: To a Waterfrowl
4.Edgar Allan Poe: The Raven, To Helen, Annabel Lee, The Fall of the House of Usher
5.Ralph Waldo Emerson: Nature, Self-Reliance
6.Henry David Thoreau: Walden
7.Nathaniel Hawthorne: The Scarlet Letter
8.Herman Melville: Moby Dick
9.Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: A Psalm of Life, The Song of Hiawatha, The Slave’s Dream, My Lost Youth Historical Background
(1) National Influences:
?In politics:
democracy and political equality lay the foundation of Romanticism;
?In economics:
the spread of industrialism; the sudden influx of immigration and the pioneers pushing the frontier further west;
?In culture:
the publication of Webster Dictionary marked the beginning of the American English; the appearance of many magazines and newspapers;
(2) International Influences:
①Romantic Movement in England and Europe proved to be a decisive influence;
②Many English and European master of poetry and prose made stimulating impact on American
Romanticism.
Romanticism:
a movement of the 18th and 19th century. It is the predominance of imagination over reason and formal rules and over the sense of fact or the actual, a psychological desire to escape from unpleasant realities.
Specific Features of American Romanticism
(1) American romanticism was in essence the expression of “a real new experience and contained “an
alien quality” for the simple reason that “the spirit of the place” was radically new and alien.
(2) There is American Puritanism as a cultural heritage to consider. American romantic authors tended more
to moralize. Many American romantic writings intended to edify more than they entertained.
(3) The “newness” of Americans as a nation is in connection with American Romanticism.
(4) As a logical result of the foreign and native factors at work, American romanticism was both imitative and
independent.
Representatives of the time:
?Pre-romanticism:
Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper,
William Cullen Bryant
?Post-romanticism:
Novelists: Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville
Poets: Henry Wadesworth Longfellow, Edgar
Allan Poe, Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson
Essayists: Ralph Waldo Emerson,
Henry David Thoreau
Pre-romanticism: 1770-1830s
1)During this period some American writers did begin to attract notice abroad.
Although English literary models were still admired and followed, the American writers turned to the American scene and civilization, and found their materials in the culture and history, the lore and landscape of their native land. Irving, Cooper, and Bryant made for themselves the first great names in American literature. All were praised not only in their own country but abroad as well. All have left work that is enjoyable reading today.
2)Washington Irving
His life:
?Born into a wealthy New Y ork merchant family
?Began writing from a very early age
?Studied law and led for a time the life of a gentleman lawyer
?Loved writing more and wrote his first book in 1809
?Went to England in 1815 to take care of family business but failed
?Had to write to support himself
The Sketch Book won him international fame
?Went as diplomatic attache to Spain in 1826 and gathered material for writing
?Secretary of U.S. Legation in London from 1829—1832
?Returned to Am. at about 50 after being away for 17 years
?Lived a leisure life and wrote the rest of his life except 4 years as Minister to Spain
?Died in 1859 and unmarried all his life
His career and works:
?1st phase:
1809—1832 “English phase”
. A History of New Y ork from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty 《纽约外史》(1809)
?The Sketch Book《见闻札记》(1819—1820)
The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. :
“Rip Wan Winkle” 《瑞普·凡·温克尔》
“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” 《睡谷的传说》
—marked the beginning of short story as a genre in Am. literature
—marked the beginning of American Romanticism
?The History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus《哥仑布传》(1828)
? A Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada《攻克格拉纳达》(1829)
?The Alhambra《阿尔罕伯拉》(1832)
? 2nd phase:
1832—1859 “minor phase”
?Life of Goldsmith《歌德斯密传》
?Life of Washington《华盛顿传》
?The Crayon Miscellany:
“A Tour on the Prairies” 《草原游记》
“Astoria” 《阿斯托里亚》
“Adventures of Captain Bonneville” 《博纳维尔船长历险记》
His Contribution to American Literature
①He was the father of American literature
②He was the first romantic writer, first to get international fame;
③He made short story as a genre;
④His stories based on the legends of Europe and Spain gave his readers a glimpse of a world beyond their own shores
⑤His colorful legends of the Hudson River
V alley helped awaken Am. to an appreciation of their nation and its native lit.
His style
①imitative, but highly skillful;
②never shocking and a bit sentimental at times;
―The style is the man‖ 文如其人
③avoided moralizing as much as possible;
wrote to amuse and entertain;
④good at enveloping his stories in an
atmosphere;
⑤his characters are vivid and true;
⑥his writing with great humor;
James Fenimore Cooper
(1789—1851)詹姆斯.费尼莫.库柏
His life
Born into a rich land-holding family of New Jersey
?Went to Y ale at 14 but was expelled in junior due to improper behavior ?Spent 5 years at sea
?Inherited fortune and settled down
?Began writing by accident
?Wrote thirty-odd novels (11 of sea)
?Best known and remembered by Leatherstocking T ales
His works
The sea adventure tales:
※The frontier saga: Leatherstocking T ales
?The Spy 《间谍》(1821) ?Satanstoe 《萨坦斯托》(1845)
?The Chainbearer 《持锁链者》
?The Red Skins 《红色人》(1846)
?The Water Witch 《水巫》(1830)
?The Two Admirals 《两位海军上将》(1842)
?Lionel Lincoln 《莱那尔.林肯》(1825)
?The Bravo 《亡命徒》(1831)
?The Headsman 《头人》(1833)
?The Ways of the Hour 《世风》(1850)
The sea adventure tales
?The Pilot 《领航者》
?The Red Rover 《红色的海盗》（1827）
?Afloat and Ashore 《海上与岸上》(1844)
?Jack Tier 《杰克.梯耶尔》(1848)
?The Sea Lions 《海狮》(1849)
Other works
?Notions of American 《美国人的思想》
?Homeward Bound 《返乡路上》(1838)
?Home as Found 《故乡风貌》(1838)
?The Crater 《火山口》(1847)
?The Oak Openings 《橡树林间空地》(1848)
His style
?His writing is powerful yet clumsy. He is good at inventing plots.
?His style is dreadful, his characterization wooden and lacking in probability, and his language, his use of dialect, is not authentic
His contribution to Am. Lit.
①He was the first writer of sea novels.
②He was the first excellent writer of border novels.
③He was the first writer of series novels.
④He was the first romantic writer with rationalism.
⑤He was the first writer in Am. appreciated by many writers of different nationalities and different generations.
⑥He was a mythic writer and created a myth about the formative period of the Am. nation.
Leatherstocking T ales
?①The Pioneers <开拓者>（1823）
?②The Last of the Mohicans <最后的莫希干人> (1826)
?③The Prairie <草原> (1827)
?④The Pathfinder <探路者> (1840)
?⑤The Deerslayer <杀鹿者> (1841)
Another way of making up the collections
?①The Deerslayer --youth
?②The Last of the Mohicans
--middle-age maturity
?③The Pathfinder
--in the late 30s and fall in love
?④The Pioneers--old
?⑤The Prairie --dying
Part 4: The Literature of Realism
1. Walt Whitman:
(1) Song of Myself,
(2) I Sit and Look Out,
(3) Beat! Beat! Drums!
2. Emily Dickinson:
(1) I Taste a Liquor Never Brewed,
(2) I Felt a Funeral in My Brain,
(3) A Bird Came Down the Walk---,
(4) I Died for Beauty---but Was Scarce,
(5) I Heard a Fly Buzz---When I Died---
(6) Because I Could Not Stop for Death
3. Harriet Beecher Stowe: Uncle Tom’s Cabin
4. Mark Twain: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
5. O. Henry: The Cop and the Anthem
6. Henry James: The Portrait of a Lady
7. Jack London:
(1) The Sea Wolf
(2) Martin Eden
8. Theodore Dreiser: Sister Carrie
Part 5: Twentieth-Century Literature 1. Ezra Pound:
(1) A Virginal
(2) Salutation the Second
(3) A Pact
(4) In a Station of the Metro
(5) The River-Merchant’s Wife: A Letter
2. Edwin Arlington Robinson:
(1) The House on the Hill
(2) Richard Cory
(3) Miniver Cheevy
3. Robert Frost:
(1) After Apple-Picking
(2) The Road Not Taken
(3) Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening
(4) The Most of It
4.Carl Sandburg:
(1) Chicago
(2) Fog
(3) Cool Tombs
(4) The People, Yes
5. Wallace Stevens:
(1) Peter Quince at the Clavier
(2) Anecdote of the Jar
(3) The Emperor of Ice-Cream
6. Thomas Stearns Eliot:
(1) The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock
(2) The Waste Land
7. F. Scott Fitzgerald: The Great Gatsby
8. Ernest Hemingway: A Farewell to Arms
9. John Steinbeck: The Grapes of Wrath
10. William Faulkner:
(1) A Rose for Emily
(2) Sanctuary 《圣殿》
(3) As I Lay Dying 《弥留之际》
(4) Light in August 《八月之光》
(5) Absalom, Absalom! 《亚沙龙，亚沙龙！》
(6) Go Down, Moses
1. The colonial period (约1607 - 1765)
The main features
Puritanism
2. The period of enlightenment and the Independence War (1765 -1800) Benjamin Franklin
3. The romantic period (1800 - 1865)
1) The early romanticism
2) “New England Transcendentalism” or “American Renaissance (1836 - 1855)”
3) “New England Poets” or “Schoolroom Poets”
Washington Irving
James Fenimore Cooper Hawthorne Melville
Allan Poe Emerson
Thoreau Whitman Dickinson
4) The Reformers and Abolitionists
Whittier Holmes Lowell
Bryant Longfellow Beecher Stowe
FThe Reformers
4 The realistic period (186
5 - 1914)
William Dean Howells
Cosmopolitan Novelist Henry James
Naturalism Stephen Crane
Jack London Theodore Dreiser
Local Colorism Mark Twain
The ―Chicago School‖ of Poetry Sandburg Lindsay Robinson Masters
Eugene O’ Neil The 20th Century American Drama
The Fugitives and New Criticism Zora Neals Hurston The Harlem Renaissance Langston Hughes
美国文学史-知识点梳理
Part I The Literature of Colonial America I．Historical Introduction The colonial period stretched roughly from the settlement of America in the early 17th century through the end of the 18th. The first permanent settlement in America was established by English in 1607. ( A group of people was sent by the English King James I to hunt for gold. They arrived at Virginia in 1607. They named the James River and build the James town.) II．The pre-revolutionary writing in the colonies was essentially of two kinds: 1) Practical matter-of-fact accounts of farming, hunting, travel, etc. designed to inform people "at home" what life was like in the new world, and, often, to induce their immigration 2) Highly theoretical, generally polemical, discussions of religious questions. III．The First American Writer The first writings that we call American were the narratives and journals of these settlements. They wrote about their voyage to the new land, their lives in the new land, their dealings with Indians. Captain John Smith is the first American writer. A True Relation of such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony (1608) A Map of Virginia: A Description of the Country (1612) General History of Virgini a (1624): the Indian princess Pocahontas Captain John Smith was one of the first early 17th-century British settlers in North America. He was one of the founders of the colony of Jamestown, Virginia. His writings about North America became the source of information about the New World for later settlers. One of the things he wrote about that has become an American legend was his capture by the Indians and his rescue by the famous Indian Princess, Pocahontas. IV．Early New England Literature William Bradford and John Winthrop John Cotton and Roger Williams Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor V．Puritan Thoughts 1. The origin of puritan In the mediaeval Europe, there was widespread religious revolution. In the 16th Century, the English King Henry VIII (At that time, the Catholics were not allowed to divorce unless they have the Pope's permission. Henry VIII wanted to divorce his wife because she couldn't bear him a son. But the Pope didn't allow him to divorce, so he) broke away from the Roman Catholic Church & established the Church of
美国文学史常耀信版
美国文学史常耀信版 很有用的哦！ 2008-08-10 22:02 阅读206 评论0 字号：大中小 美国文学史常耀信版 美国文学 Part 1. Colonial America浪漫主义American Romanticism(1815-1865) 早期浪漫主义early romanticism——Irving欧文, Cooper库柏, Bryant布莱恩特 先验主义transcendentalism and symbolic representation——Emerson 爱默森，Margaret Fuller玛格丽特福勒，Thoreau 梭罗 三位重要的小说家——Hawthorne 霍桑，Melville 梅尔维尔，Poe 坡 二位重要的诗人——Whitman 惠特曼，Dickinson 狄更生 现实主义American Realism（1865-1914） 带有地方色彩的写作local color writing——Mark Twain马克吐温 现实主义literary realism——James 詹姆士，Howells 豪斯尔斯 自然主义literary naturalism——Garland 加兰特，Grane 格雷恩，Frank Norris 弗兰克诺里斯，Jack London 杰克伦敦，Theodore Dreiser 西奥多德莱塞 现代主义American Modernism(1914-1945) 现代主义在欧洲American modernism in Europe——Gerturde Stein 格特鲁德斯坦因，Ezra Pound 艾兹拉庞德，Amy Lowell 艾米洛威尔，H.D.(Hilda Doolittle) 杜丽埃尔 战时的现代派小说modern fiction between the wars——William Faulkner 威廉福克纳，Hemingway 海明威，Fitzgerald 费兹杰罗，Passos 帕索斯，Steinbeck 斯坦贝克 现代派诗歌modern American poetry——T.S. Eliot 艾略特，Wallace Stevens 史蒂文斯，William Carols Williams 威廉姆斯，卡明斯 Thomas Paine托马斯?潘恩1737-1809 The Case of the Officers of Excise税务员问题；Common Sense常识；American Crisis美国危机；Rights of Man人的权利：Downfall of Despotism专制体制的崩溃；The Age of Reason理性时代 Philip Freneau菲利普?弗伦诺1752-1832 The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲；The British Prison Ship英国囚船；To the Memory of the Brave Americans 纪念美国勇士-----同类诗中最佳；The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花；The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地 Jonathan Edwards The Freedom of the Will The Great Doctrine of Original Sin defended The Nature of True Virtue Benjamin Franklin本杰明?富兰克林1706-1790 A Modest Inquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper Moneyoor Richard’s Almanack穷查理历书；The Way to Wealth致富之道；The Autobiography自传 Part 2. American Romanticism Washington Irving华盛顿?欧文1783-1859 A History of New York纽约的历史-----美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；The Sketch Book见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说-----使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家；
美国文学史期末参考复习资料
仅作参考，最主要还是要自己消化，整理 Chapter 1 Colonial Period 1. Puritanism: American puritans accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God. 2. Influence (1) A group of good qualities – hard work, thrift, piety, sobriety (serious and thoughtful) influenced American literature. (2) It led to the everlasting myth. All literature is based on a myth – garden of Eden. (3) Symbolism: the American puritan’s metaphorical mode of perception was chi efly instrumental in calling into being a literary symbolism which is distinctly American. (4) With regard to their writing, the style is fresh, simple and direct; the rhetoric is plain and honest, not without a touch of nobility often traceable to the direct influence of the Bible. II. Overview of the literature 1. types of writing diaries, histories, journals, letters, travel books, autobiographies/biographies, sermons 2. writers of colonial period (1) Anne Bradstreet (2) Edward Taylor III. Benjamin Franklin 1. life 2. works (1) Poor Richard’s Almanac (2) Autobiography 3. contribution (1) He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital and the American Philosophical Society. (2) He was called “the new Prometheus who had stolen fire (electricity in this case) from heaven”. (3) Everything seems to meet in this one man –“Jack of all trades”. Herman Melville thus described him “master of each and mastered by none”. Chapter 2 American Romanticism Section 1 Early Romantic Period I. American Romanticism 1. Background (1) Political background and economic development (2) Romantic movement in European countries Derivative – foreign influence 2. features (1) American romanticism was in essence the expression of “a real new experience and contained “an alien quality” for the simple reason that “the spirit of the place” was radically new and alien. (2) There is American Puritanism as a cultural heritage to consider. American romantic authors tended more to moralize. Many American romantic writings intended to edify more than they entertained. (3) The “newness” of Americans as a nation is in connection with Am erican Romanticism. (4) As a logical result of the foreign and native factors at work, American romanticism was both imitative and independent. II. Washington Irving: Father of American Literature 1. several names attached to Irving (1) first American writer (2) the messenger sent from the new world to the old world (3) father of American literature 2. life 3. works (1) A History of New York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty (2) The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. (He won a measure of international recognition with the publication of this.) (3) The History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus (4) A Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada (5) The Alhambra 4. Literary career: two parts (1) 1809~1832
(完整版)美国文学史复习资料
美国文学史复习1（colonialism) 第一部分殖民主义时期的文学 一、时期综述 1、清教徒采用的文学体裁：a、narratives 日记b、journals 游记 2、清教徒在美国的写作内容： 1）their voyage to the new land 2) Adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops 3) About dealing with Indians 4) Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit 3、清教徒的思想： 1）puritan want to make up pure their religious beliefs and practices 净化信仰和行为方式 2) Wish to restore simplicity to church and the authority of the Bible to the theology. 重建教堂，提供简单服务，建立神圣地位 3）look upon themselves as chosen people, and it follow logically that anyone who challenged their way of life is opposing God's will and is not to be accepted. 认为自己是上帝选民，对他们的生活有异议就是反对上帝 4）puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated. 反对对快乐和艺术的追求到了十分荒唐的地步5）religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God.强调上帝严厉的一面，忽视上帝仁慈的一面。 4、典型的清教徒：John Cotton & Roger William 他们的不同：John Cotton was much more concerned with authority than with democracy; William begins the history of religious toleration in America. 5、William的宗教观点：Toleration did not stem from a lack of religious convictions. Instead, it sprang from the idea that simply to be virtuous in conduct and devout in belief did not give anyone the right to force belief on others. He also felt that no political order or church system could identify itself directly with God. 行为上的德，信仰上的诚，并没有给任何人强迫别人该如何行事的权利。没有任何政治秩序和教会体制能够直接体现神本身的意旨。 6、英国最早移民到美国的诗人：Anne Bradstreet 7、在殖民时期最好的清教徒诗人：the best of Puritan poets is Edward Tayor. 学习指南： 1、Could you give a description of American Puritans? 关于美国清教徒的描绘 Like their brothers back in England, were idealists, believing that the church should be restored to the "purity" of the first-century church as established by Jesus Christ himself. To them religion was a matter of primary importance. They made it their chief business to see that man lived and thought and acted in a way which tended to the glory of God. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God, all that John Calvin, the great French theologian who lived in Geneva had preached. It was this kind of religious belief that they brought with them into the wildness. There they meaant to prove that were God's chosen people enjoying his blessings on this earth as in Heaven. 2、Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety were the Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest American writing. 3、The work of two writers, Anne Bradstreet & Edward Taylor, rose to the level of real poetry. 4、The earliest settlers included Dutch, Swedes, Germans, French, Spaniards Italian, and Portuguese. 美国文学史复习2（reasoning and revolution) (2009-01-17 15:54:25) 一、美国的性质： The war for Independence ended in the formation of a Federative bourgeois democratic republic - the United States of America. 联邦的资产阶级民主共和国--美利坚合众国。 二、代表作家： 1、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林1706-1790 1）"Poor Richard's Almanac" 穷人查理德的年鉴annual collection of proverbs 流行谚语集 It soon became the most popular book of its kind, largely because of Franklin's shrewd humor, and first spread his reputation 2) Founded the Junto, a club for informal discussion of scientific, economic and political ideas. 建立了一个秘密俱乐部，讨论的主题是政治、经济和科学等时事方面的问题 3）established America's first circulating library, founded the college--University of Pennsylvania. 建立了美国第一个可租借的图书馆，还创办了一所大学——就是现在的宾夕法尼亚大学。 4）first applied the terms "positive" and "negative" to electrical charges. 5)As a representative of the Colonies, he tried in vain to counsel the British toward policies that would let America grow and flourish in association with England. He conducted the difficulty negotiations with France that brought financial and military support for America in the war. 作为殖民地的代表，他不断建议英国改变政策，使美国可以和英国一起发展、繁荣。他说服法国支持美国的独立战争。 6）As an author he had power of expression, simplicity, a subtle humor, sarcastic.作为作家具有非凡的才能，表达简洁明了，幽默，讽刺天才、 7）The Way to Wealth致富之道The Autobiography自传18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传
美国文学史作品作家汇总 全
美国文学史作品作家汇总 美国文学 Part 1. Colonial America Thomas Paine托马斯?潘恩1737-1809 The Case of the Officers of Excise税务员问题；Common Sense常识；American Crisis美国危机；Rights of Man人的权利：Downfall of Despotism专制体制的崩溃；The Age of Reason理性时代 Philip Freneau菲利普?弗伦诺1752-1832 The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲；The British Prison Ship英国囚船；To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士-----同类诗中最佳；The Wild Honeysuckle 野生的金银花；The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地 .Jonathan Edwards The Freedom of the Will 论意志自由The Great Doctrine of Original Sin defended论原罪The Nature of True Virtue论真是德行的本原 Benjamin Franklin本杰明?富兰克林1706-1790 A Modest Inquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper Money; Poor Richard’s Almanac穷查理历书；The Way to Wealth致富之道；The Autobiography自传 Part 2. American Romanticism Washington Irving华盛顿?欧文1783-1859 A History of New York纽约的历史-----美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；The Sketch Book见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说-----使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家；Brace bridge Hall布雷斯布里奇田庄；Talks of Travelers旅客谈；The Alhambra阿尔罕伯拉 Jamie Fennimore Cooper詹姆斯?费尼莫尔?库珀1789-1851 The Spy间谍;The Pilot领航者;The Little page Manuscripts利特佩奇的手稿;Leather stocking Tales皮裹腿故事集:The Pioneer拓荒者；The Last of Mohicans最后的莫希干人;The Prairie大草原;The Pathfinder探路者;The Deer slayer杀鹿者 Part 3.New England Transcendentalism Ralf Waldo Emerson拉尔夫?沃尔多?爱默生1803-1882 Essays散文集:Nature论自然-----新英格兰超验主义者的宣言书;The American Scholar 论美国学者;Divinity; The Over soul论超灵;Self-reliance论自立;The Transcendentalist超验主义者;Representative Men代表人物;English Traits 英国人的特征;School Address神学院演说 Concord Hymn康考德颂;The Rhoda杜鹃花;The Humble Bee野蜂;Days日
美国文学史陶洁序言部分整理
美国文学史序言部分 殖民地时期（colonialism)约1607-1765 时期综述（随便看看，重点没有涉及这部分） 1、清教徒采用的文学体裁：a、narratives 日记b、journals 游记 2、英国最早移民到美国的诗人：Anne Bradstreet 3、在殖民时期最好的清教徒诗人：the best of Puritan poets is Edward Tayor. 启蒙时期与独立战争时期（reasoning and revolution)1765-18世纪末p1 代表作家： 1、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林 1706-1790 Poor Richard's Almanac《格言历书》A Collection of maxims,or proverbs,on the value of work and savings for success. The Autobiography《自传》开创了美国名人写传记的风气 2、William Hill Brown 威廉·希尔·布朗 The Power of Sympathy《同情的力量》 浪漫主义时期（Romanicism)1800-1865 一、文学特征： 1、Transcendentalism超验主义 代表人物：Emerson爱默生，believed that man was a part of absolute good。人性本善 Thoreau 梭罗，beheld divinity in the “unspotted innocence” of nature. 自然才是神圣的“洁白无瑕” 二、代表作家： 1、Washington Irving华盛顿.欧文 The Sketch Book《见闻札记》开创了美国短篇小说的传统 The Legend of Sleepy Hollow《睡谷的传说》和Rip Van Winkle《瑞普·凡·温克尔》取材于德国民间故事，以纽约哈德逊河谷为背景 2、James Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯.芬尼莫.库珀 frontier saga 边疆传奇小说----Leatherstocking Tales《皮袜子故事集》五部曲 创造了原型人物-班波 3、William Cullen Bryant 威廉.卡伦.布莱恩特第一个浪漫主义诗人 To a Waterfowl《致水鸟》The Yellow Violet《黄色的堇香花》 4、Ralph Waldo Emersion 拉尔夫.沃尔多.爱默生是把超验主义引入新英格兰的先驱p18 作品：Nature《论自然》超验主义理论的“圣经” Essays《论文集》Poems《诗集》The American Scholar《论美国学者》 Representative Men 《人类代表》English Traits《英国特征》 5、Henry David Thoreau 亨利.戴维.梭罗p45 In Walden《沃尔登》描写在湖畔的生活，宣传自然的美好 on the duty of Civil Disobedience《论公民的不服从》
美国文学史名词解释
1.American Puritanism清教 2.It comes from the American puritans, who were the first immigrants moved to American continent in the 17th century. Original sin, predestination（预言）and salvation（拯救）were the basic ideas of American Puritanism. And, hard-working, piousness（虔诚,尽职），thrift and sobriety（清醒）were praised. Characteristics: 特点 1. Idealistic: Puritans pursue the purity and simplicity in worship. They focuse the glory of God, and the angry believe in the doctrine of destiny, original sin, limited atonement 2. Practical: Puritans come to Amrican to do business and make profits with the desire of chasing wealth and status. They have to struggle for survival under the severity of the western frontier. 3 .The struggle between the spiritual and the material is the basics of the Puritan mind. On the one hand, Puritans chase the purity of the early the other hand, they come to America to earn money. This contradictory will be reflected by their thoughts. 4. In a word, it rests on purity, ambition, harding work, and an intense struggling for success. Romanticism浪漫主义: the literature term was first applied to the writers of the 18th century in Europe who broke away from the formal rules of classical writing. When it was used in American literature it referred to the writers of the middle of the 19th century who stimulated（刺激）the sentimental emotions of their readers. They wrote of the mysterious of life, love, birth and death. The Romantic writers expressed themselves freely and without restraint. They wrote all kinds of materials, poetry, essays, plays, fictions, history, works of travel, and biography. Transcendentalism先验说,超越论: is a philosophic and literary movement that flourished in New England, particular at Concord, as a reaction against Rationalism and Calvinism (理性主义and喀尔文主义). Mainly it stressed intuitive understanding of God, without the help of the church, and advocated independence of the mind. The representative writers are Emerson and Thoreau. American Realism现实主义: In American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end. The Age of Realism came into existence. It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism. Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived. It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience Local colorism乡土文学: as a trend became dominant in American literature in the 1860s and early 1870s，it is defined by Hamlin Garland as having such quality of texture and background that it could not have been written in any other place or by anyone else than a native stories of local colorism have a quality of circumstantial(详细的) authenticity(确实性), as local colorists tried to immortalize(使不朽) the distinctive natural, social and linguistic features. It is characteristic of vernacular(本国语) language and satirical(讽刺的) humor Naturalism自然主义: American naturalism was a new and harsher realism. American naturalism had been shaped by the war; by the social upheavals（剧变）that undermined the comforting faith of an earlier age. America’s literary naturalists dismissed the validity of comforting moral truths. They attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined by their environment and heredity. Although naturalist literature described the world with sometimes brutal realism, it sometimes also aimed at bettering the world through social reform. Stream of consciousness意识流：It is one of the modern literary techniques. It is the style of writing that attempts to imitate the natural flow of a character’s thoughts, feelings, reflections, memories, and mental images as the character experiences them. It was first used in 1922 by the Irish novelist James Joyce. Those novels broke
美国文学史作品作家汇总
美国文学史作品作家汇总【常耀信】 美国文学 Part 1. Colonial America Thomas Paine托马斯?潘恩1737-1809 The Case of the Officers of Excise税务员问题；Common Sense常识；American Crisis美国危机；Rights of Man人的权利：Downfall of Despotism专制体制的崩溃；The Age of Reason理性时代 Philip Freneau菲利普?弗伦诺1752-1832 The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲；The British Prison Ship英国囚船；To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士-----同类诗中最佳；The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花；The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地Jonathan Edwards The Freedom of the Will The Great Doctrine of Original Sin defended The Nature of True Virtue Benjamin Franklin本杰明?富兰克林1706-1790 A Modest Inquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper Money;Poor Richard’s Almanack穷查理历书；The Way to Wealth致富之道；The Autobiography自传 Part 2. American Romanticism Washington Irving华盛顿?欧文1783-1859 A History of New York纽约的历史-----美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；The Sketch Book见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说-----使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家；Bracebridge Hall布雷斯布里奇田庄；Talks of Travellers旅客谈；The Alhambra阿尔罕伯拉 James Fenimore Cooper詹姆斯?费尼莫尔?库珀1789-1851 The Spy间谍;The Pilot领航者;The Littlepage Manuscripts利特佩奇的手稿;Leatherstocking Tales皮裹腿故事集:The Pioneer拓荒者；The Last of Mohicans最后的莫希干人;The Prairie大草原;The Pathfinder探路者;The Deerslayer杀鹿者 Part 3.New England Transcendentalism Ralf Waldo Emerson拉尔夫?沃尔多?爱默生1803-1882 Essays散文集:Nature论自然-----新英格兰超验主义者的宣言书;The American Scholar论美国学者;Divinity;The Oversoul论超灵;Self-reliance论自立;The Transcendentalist超验主义者;Representative Men代表人物;English Traits英国人的特征;School Address神学院演说 Concord Hymn康考德颂;The Rhodo杜鹃花;The Humble Bee野蜂;Days日子-首开自由诗之先河 Henry David Threau亨利?大卫?梭罗1817-1862 Wadden,or Life in the Woods华腾湖或林中生活;Resistance to Civil Government/Civil Disobedience抵制公民政府;A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers Henry Wadsworth Longfellow亨利?沃兹沃思?朗费罗1807-1882 The Song of Hiawatha海华沙之歌----美国人写的第一部印第安人史诗;V oices of the Night夜吟;Ballads and Other Poens民谣及其他诗;Belfry of Bruges and Other Poems布鲁茨的钟楼及其他诗;Tales of a Wayside Inn 路边客栈的故事---诗集：An April Day四月的一天/A Psalm of Life人生礼物/Paul Revere’s Ride保罗?里维尔的夜奔;Evangeline伊凡吉琳;The Courtship of Miles Standish迈尔斯?斯坦迪什的求婚----叙事长诗；Poems on Slavery奴役篇---反蓄奴组诗 Nathaniel Hawthorne纳撒尼尔?霍桑1804-1864 Twice-told Tales尽人皆知的故事;Mosses from an Old Manse古屋青苔:Young Goodman Brown年轻的古德曼?布朗;The Scarlet Letter红字;The House of the Seven Gables有七个尖角阁的房子--------心理若们罗曼史;The Blithedale Romance福谷传奇;The Marble Faun玉石雕像