德语文学复习要点1
德语文学期末考察知识点
1 Das Mittelalter
4 Phasen:
1.Germanische Frühzeit
das 1. überlieferte Werk: Hildebrandslied
2.frühes Mittelalter
3.hohes Mittelalter
h?fische Roman, Minnesang, Heldenepos (Nibelungenlied) 4.sp?tes Mittelalter
Weltbild des Mittelalters?
2 Renaissance, Humanismus, Reformation
Begriff: Renaissance
Vertreter des Humanismus: Martin Luther
Literarische Gattungen, Autoren: Meistersang – Hans Sachs, Narrenliteratur -- Sebastian Brant: Narrenschiff
3 Barock (1600-1720)
Stil: bizarr, ma?los, verworren
drei Grundkr?fte: Absolutismus, Kirche, Tradition der Antike Barockliteratur:
Poetik: - Martin Opitz: Buch von der deutschen Poeterey
Epik: Grimmelshausen: Der abenteuerliche Simplicissismus Teutsch Drama: Gryphius
Lyrik: Opitz, Gryphius
4 Aufkl?rung (1720-1790 )
Ideen der Aufkl?rung: Vernunft, Humanit?t, Nützlichkeit Literaturtheorie: Gottsched, Lessing (Hamburgischen Dramaturgie) Literatur der Aufkl?rung:
- Drama: neues bürgerliches Drama, bes. das bürgerliche Trauerspiel Lessing: Emilia Galotti, Minna von Barnhelm, Nathan der Weise
- Roman: Wieland: Geschichte des Agathon
- Fabeln: Lessings Prosafabeln und Fabeltheorie Empfindsamkeit (1740 - 1790)
Vertreter: Klopstock: Der Messias
5 Sturm und Drang (1767-1790)
Schlüsselw?rter: Nationalgeist – Freiheit – Natur – Genie Deutscher geistesgeschichtlicher Hintergrund: Herder
Literatur des Sturm und Drang
- Drama: Johann Wolfgang Goethe: G?tz von Berlichingen Friedrich Schiller: Die R?uber, Kabale und Liebe, Don Karlos
J.M.R. Lenz: Der Hofmeister, Die Soldaten
- Roman: Goethe: Die Leiden des jungen Werthers
- Lyrik (V olkslied, Gelegenheitsgedicht, Ballade):
Goethe: Sesenheimer Lieder, über allen Gipfeln ist Ruh, Erlk?nig
G. A. Bürgers Ballade
6 Klassik (1786-1805)
Deutscher Philosophischer Hintergrund: drei Kritik von Immanuel Kant
Ort: Weimar; personelle Basis: Goethe und Schiller
Literatur der Klassik:
- Grundideen: Idealismus, Harmonie, geschlossene Form, V ollendung, Humanit?t, Sittlichkeit, Sch?nheitsideal der Antike - Lyrik: die klassische Ballade (1797: "Balladenjahr")
- Vertreter und Wichtige Werke:
Goethe: Dramen: Faust
Romane: Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre, Die Wahlverwandtschaften,
Wilhelm Meisters Wanderjahre
Schiller: Dramen: Wallenstein, Maria Stuart, Wilhelm Tell
Schriften: über die ?sthetische Erziehung des Menschen,
über naive und sentimentalische Dichtung
7 Romantik (1798 – 1835)
Begriff: Progressive Universalpoesie, Romantische Ironie
Philosophische Grundlagen: Schelling, Fichte
Literatur der Romantik in 4 Phasen:
1. die ersten romantischen Werke:
Wackenroder: Herzensergie?ungen eines kunstliebenden Klosterbruders
Tieck
2. Frühromantik / Jenaer Romantik
Vertreter: F. Schlegel, A. W. Schlegel, Novalis, Schelling, Fichte, Tieck,
Wichtige Werke: F. Schlegel: Lucinde
Novalis: Heinrich von Ofterdingen
Ludwig Tieck: Der gestiefelte Kater, Der blonde Eckbert
3. Hochromantik / Heidelberger Romantik
Vertreter: Arnim, Brentano, Eichendorff, Gebrüder Grimm
Wichtige Werke: Arnim und Brentano: Des Knaben Wunderhorn
Gebrüder Grimm: Kinder- und Hausm?rchen, Deutsches W?rterbuch
Eichendorff: Aus dem Leben eines Taugenichts
4. Sp?tromantik / Berliner Romantik
Vertreter: E.T.A. Hoffmann, Chamisso, Wilhelm Hauff
Wichtige Werke: E.T.A. Hoffmann: Der goldene Topf, Die Elixiere des Teufels, Lebensansichten des Katers Murr Chamisso: Peter Schlemihls wundersame Geschichte
Zwischen Klassik und Romantik
Friedrich H?lderlin
Heinrich von Kleist
Jean Paul
8 Biedermeier und Vorm?rz (1815-1848)
Vertreter des Biedermeiers: Droste-Hülshoff, Grillparzer, Stifter, M?rik
Philosophischer Hintergrund des V orm?rz’: F. Hegel, Karl Marx
Begriff: Junges Deutschland
L iteratur des Jungen Deutschlands und des V orm?rz’:
- Lyrik: Heinrich Heine: Buch der Lieder
- Epik: Heines Reiseliteratur, Deutschland. Ein Winterm?rchen
Georg Büchner
- Drama: G. Büchner: Dantons Tod, Woyzeck
9 Realismus (1848-1880/90)
vielschichtig und mehrdeutig in der Literatur:
- poetischer/ bürgerlicher Realismus (Bezeichnung für eine Literaturperiode)
- kritischer Realismus (als Stilmerkmal)
- sozialistischer Realismus (als Stilmerkmal)
geistesgeschichtlicher Hintergrund: Ludwig Feuerbach, Karl Marx, Charles Darwin
Realismus als literarisches Prinzip: eine Verarbeitung der Realit?t mit literarischen Mitteln, wenig Idealismus, Kritik der Gesellschaft Literatur des poetischen Realismus:
- Prosa: Roman: Theodor Fontane: Effi Briest
W. Raabe: Die Chronik der Sperlingsgasse
G. Keller: Der grüne Heinrich
Novelle: Theodor Storm: Immensee, Der Schimmelreiter
G. Keller, Fontane, Raabe
- Drama: Friedrich Hebbel, Paul Heyse (der 1.deutsche Nobelpreistr?ger)
- Lyrik: F. Hebbel, Th. Storm, Th. Fontane, G. Keller
10 Der Naturalismus und die Literatur der Jahrhundertwende (1880 - 1920)
ideologische Grundlagen des Naturalismus: Philosophie des Positivismus, H. Taine: Milieutheorie, Karl Marx, F. Nietzsche (vielseitige zentrale Fragestellungen des 20.Jhs.)
Literatur des Naturalismus (1880 - 1900):
- Drama: Gerhart Hauptmann: V or Sonnenaufgang, Die Weber
Arno Holz und Johannes Schlaf, H. Sudermann
- Prosa: Arno Holz und Johannes Schlaf: Papa Hamlet
Gerhart Hauptmann: Bahnw?rter Thiel
- Lyrik: Arno Holz
Literatur der Jahrhundertwende – Moderne (1890-1920)
ideologische Grundlagen: philosophisch: F.Nietzsche; psychologisch: S.Freud
Begriff: Impressionismus, Symbolismus
Literatur der Jahrhundertwende:
- Drama: Frank Wedekind: Frühlings Erwachen
Arthur Schnitzler: Reigen, Liebelei
Hugo von Hofmannsthal: Der Tor und der Tod
- Prosa: Ricarda Huch, B. Kellermann, A. Schnitzler (Leutnant Gustel)
- Lyrik: 3 Vertreter des Symbolismus: Hugo von Hofmannsthal, Stefan George, Rainer Maria Rilke (Duineser Elegien)
11 Expressionismus（1910 –1925）
Begriff: Expressionismus
Ideologischer Hintergrund: Darwinismus, Nietzsches Kulturpessimismus, Freuds Psychoanalyse
Literatur des Expressionismus:
- Lyrik: Else Lasker-Schüler, Georg Trakl, Gottfried Benn, Georg Heym, Johannes R. Becher
- Prosa: Alfred D?blin, Georg Heym
Franz Kafka: Romanfragmente: Das Schlo?, Der Process, Amerika
Erz?hlungen: Das Urteil, Die Verwandlung, Ein Landarzt,
Beim Bau der chinesischen Mauer, In der Strafkolonie,
Ein Hungerkünstler ......
- Drama: Ernst Toller: Masse-Menschen
Georg Kaiser: V on morgens bis mitternachts, Die Bürger von Calais
12 Literatur der Weimarer Republik (1929-1933)
Begriff: die Neue Sachlichkeit
Literatur der Weimarer Republik:
- Prosa: den Krieg thematisierend: Remarque: Im Westen nichts Neues
psychologischer Roman: Jakob Wassermann, Stefan Zweig
Experimente des Erz?hlens: Alfred D?blin: Berlin Alexanderplatz
traditionelles Erz?hlen: Hans Fallada: Kleiner Mann, was tun?
Erich K?stners Kinderliteratur
Robert Musil: Der Mann ohne Eigenschaften
Hermann Hesse (Nobelpreitr?ger 1946): Unterm Rad, Der Steppenwolf, [Das Glasperlenspiel (1943)]
Thomas Mann (Nobelpreitr?ger 1929): Buddenbrooks (1901), Der Zauberberg
- Lyrik: J. R. Becher (vom Expressionismus zur Revolution),
G. Benn (Expressionismus, Nihilismus und Egoismus)
Gebrauchslyrik: E. K?stner, Kurt Tucholsky, Bertolt Brecht
- Drama: das politische Theater
Zeitstück: Friedrich Wolf
(Kritisches) V olkstheater: Carl Zuckmayer
Episches Theater (darunter auch Verfremdungseffekt: Begriff!): Bertolt Brecht: Die Dreigroschenoper
13 Die Literatur im Dritten Reich und die Literatur des Exils (1933 – 1945)
die Literatur im Dritten Reich: Nazi-Literatur
Innere Emigration: Ricarda Huch, Erich K?stner, Frank Thiess ...
Antifaschistische Untergrundliteratur
Exilliteratur
Themen: Verh?ltnisse im Herkunftsland, Antifaschismus, Verarbeitung von Erfahrungen im Exil (z.B. Heimatlosigkeit, Isolation im Exil, Existentielle Konflikte usw.)
vertreter der Exilliteratur
- Prosa: Alfred D?blin
Anna Seghers: Das siebte Kreuz
Heinrich Mann: Henri Quatre
Thomas Mann: Joseph und seine Brüder, Lotte in Weimar Roman, Doktor Faustus
Klaus Mann: Der Vulkan
Stefan Zweig: Brief einer Unbekannten, Schachnovelle
Johannes R. Becher, Anold Zweig, Kurt Tucholsky, Carl Zuckmayer usw.
- Drama: Bertolt Brechts episches Theater: Leben des Galilei, Der gute Mensch von Sezuan, Mutter Courage und ihre Kinder
- Lyrik: Nelly Sachs (Nobelpreistr?gerin 1966), B. Brecht, J.R.Becher usw.
14 Trümmerliteratur (1945 – 1950)
Themen der Trümmerliteratur: Kriegsverletzungen, die Heimkehrer usw.
Stilistische Merkmale: Kurzgeschichte
Vertreter (mst aus der Gruppe 47):
Wolfgang Borchert: Drau?en vor der Tür, Das Brot
Heinrich B?ll (Nobelpreistr?ger 1972): Wo warst du, Adam? Wanderer, komst du nach Spa…Günter Eich, W. Schnurre, usw.
15 Literatur der DDR (1950 – 1990)
Literatur der DDR in 3 Phasen:
1. Aufbauliteratur (1950-1961)
Vertreter: Prosa: Anna Seghers, Arnold Zweig, Bruno Apitz: Nackt unter W?lfen
Lyrik: Bertolt Brecht, Johannes R. Becher,
Drama: Friedrich Wolf: Professor Mamlock (1934)
Bertolt Brecht (Berliner Ensemble): Dramaturgie
2. Ankunftsliteratur (1961-1971)
Vertreter: Lyrik: Günter Kunert, Reiner Kunze
Prosa: Anna Seghers
Christa Wolf: Der geteilte Himmel
J. Becker: Jakob der Lügner
3. Kritik am Sozialismus (1971-1990)
Vertreter: Prosa: Christa Wolf: Kassandra
Frauenliteratur: für, von, über Frauen
Lyrik: Umweltgedicht, V olker Braun
Drama: Heiner Müller, Christoph Hein
16 Literatur der BRD (1950 – 1990)
Literatur der BRD in 4 Phasen
1. Zeitkritische Literatur (1950er)
Vertreter: Alfred Andersch, H. M. Enzensberger
Martin Walser: Ehen in Philippsburg
Heinrich B?ll: Billard um halbzehn
2. Politisierung der Literatur (1960er Jahre)
Vertreter: Günter Grass: Die Blechtrommel, Katz und Maus, Hundejahre
Hochhuth: Der Stellvertreter
Siegfried Lenz: Deutschstunde
Peter Weiss, Kipphardt usw.
3. Neue Innerlichkeit / Neue Subjektivit?t (1970er Jahre)
Vertreter: Grass: Aus dem Tagebuch einer Schnecke
B?ll: Die verlorene Ehre der Katharina Blum
Kunze: Die wunderbaren Jahre
M. Walser: Ein fliehendes Pferd
Brinkmann, Botho Strau? usw.
4. Ausgleichtendenzen (1980er Jahre)
Vertreter: Peter Weiss: ?sthetik des Widerstands
Kunert: Stilleben (Gedichte)
Patrick Süskind: Das Parfum, Die Taube
Grass: Die R?ttin
*Beim H?uten der Zwiebel (Erinnerungen 2006)
王守仁《英国文学选读》译文汇总.
Unit 1 Geoffrey Chaucer 1343-1400 夏雨给大地带来了喜悦送走了土壤干裂的三月沐浴着草木的丝丝经络顿时百花盛开生机勃勃西风轻吹留下清香缕缕田野复苏吐出芳草绿绿碧蓝的天空腾起一轮红日青春的太阳洒下万道金辉小鸟的歌喉多么清脆优美迷人的夏夜怎好安然入睡美丽的自然撩拨万物的心弦多情的鸟儿歌唱爱情的欣欢香客盼望膜拜圣徒的灵台僧侣立愿云游陌生的滨海信徒来自全国东西南北众人结伴奔向坎特伯雷去朝谢医病救世的恩主以缅怀大恩大德的圣徒那是个初夏方临的日子我到泰巴旅店投宿歇息怀着一颗虔诚的赤子心我准备翌日出发去朝圣黄昏前后华灯初上时分旅店院里涌入很多客人二十九人来自各行各业不期而遇都到旅店过夜这些香客人人虔心诚意次日要骑马去坎特伯雷客房与马厩宽敞又洁净店主的招待周到而殷勤夕阳刚从地平线上消失众人同我已经相互结识大家约好不等鸡鸣就起床迎着熹微晨光干燥把路上可是在我叙述故事之前让我占用诸位一点时间依我之见似乎还很必要把每人的情况作些介绍谈谈他们从事什么行业社会地位属于哪个阶层容貌衣着举止又是如何那么我就先把骑士说说骑士的人品出众而且高尚自从军以来就驰骋于疆场待人彬彬有礼大度而豪爽珍惜荣誉节操和骑士风尚为君主效命创辉煌战绩所到国家之远无人能比转战于基督和异教之邦因功勋卓著缕缕受表彰他攻打过亚历山大利亚在普鲁士庆功宴上有他这位佼佼者多次坐首席从立陶宛直打到俄罗斯同级的骑士都大为逊色攻克阿给西勒有他一个还出征到过柏尔玛利亚夺取烈亚斯和萨塔利亚他还
多次游弋于地中海跟随登陆大军将敌战败十五次比武他大显身手为捍卫信仰而浴血奋斗在战场上三次杀死敌将高贵的武士美名传四方他还侍奉过柏拉西亚国君讨伐另一支土耳其异教军没有一次不赢得最高荣誉他骁勇善战聪慧而不痴愚他温柔顺从像个大姑娘一生无论是在什么地方对谁也没有讲过半个脏字堪称一个完美的真骑士他有一批俊美的千里马但是他的衣着朴实无华开价的底下是结识的布衣上上下下到处是斑斑污迹他风尘仆仆刚从战场归来片刻未休息就急忙去朝拜 Unit 2 William Shakespeare 1564-1616 生存或毁灭这是个必答之问题是否应默默的忍受坎苛命运之无情打击还是应与深如大海之无涯苦难奋然为敌并将其克服此二抉择就竟是哪个较崇高死即睡眠它不过如此倘若一眠能了结心灵之苦楚与肉体之百患那么此结局是可盼的死去睡去但在睡眠中可能有梦啊这就是个阻碍当我们摆脱了此垂死之皮囊在死之长眠中会有何梦来临它令我们踌躇使我们心甘情愿的承受长年之灾否则谁肯容忍人间之百般折磨如暴君之政骄者之傲失恋之痛法章之慢贪官之侮或庸民之辱假如他能简单的一刃了之还有谁会肯去做牛做马终生疲於操劳默默的忍受其苦其难而不远走高飞飘於渺茫之境倘若他不是因恐惧身后之事而使他犹豫不前此境乃无人知晓之邦自古无返者所以「理智」能使我们成为懦夫而「顾虑」能使我们本来辉煌之心志变得黯然无光像个病夫再之这些更能坏大事乱大谋使它们失去魄力第二场同前凯普莱特家的花园罗密欧上罗密欧没有受过伤的才会讥笑别人身上的创痕朱丽叶自上方
罗经国《新编英国文学选读》(第4版)教材【复习笔记+考研真题典型题详解】-第1~6章【圣才出品】
第1章盎格鲁-撒克逊时期(450～1066) 1.1 复习笔记 Ⅰ. Historical Background（历史背景） (1) The earliest settlers of the British Isles were the Celts, who migrated to the British Isles about 600 B.C. 不列颠群岛最早的定居者是凯尔特人，他们大约在公元前600年移民到不列颠群岛。 (2) From 55 B.C. to 407 A.D. the British Isles were under the rule of the Roman Empire. 从公元前55年到公元407年，不列颠群岛处于罗马帝国的统治之下。 (3) About 450 A.D., waves of the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes invaded the British Isles. They settled in England, and drove the Celts into Wales, Scotland, and Ireland. 公元450年左右，盎格鲁人、撒克逊人和朱特人占领了不列颠群岛。他们在英格兰定居，将凯尔特人驱逐到威尔士、苏格兰和爱尔兰。 (4) It was around 500 A.D., in the struggle against Cerdic, the founder of the kingdom of Wessex, that the Celtic King Arthur, a legendary figure, is said to have acquired his fame. 大约在公元500年，在与威塞克斯王国创始人塞迪奇的斗争中，传说中的凯尔特王亚瑟获得了他的名声。 (5) Beginning from the later part of the 8th century, the Danes, or the Vikings, came to invade England, at first, along the eastern coast, but later they threatened
美国文学复习资料+答案
1. The American Transcendentalists formed a club called ________ the Transcendental Club 2. _______ was regarded as the first great prose stylist of American romanticism. Washington Irving 3. At nineteen __________ published in his brother 's newspaper, his "Jonathan Oldstyle" satires of New York life. 4. In Washington Irving 's work _______________ appeared the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature. The Sketch Book 5. The first important American novelist was ____________ .James Fenimore Cooper 6. James Fenimore Cooper 's novel _______________ was a rousing tale about espionage against the British during the Revolutionary War. The Spy 7. The best of James Fenimore Cooper's sea romances was ____________ . The Pilot 8. "To a Waterfowl" is perhaps the peak of _____________ _'s work; it has been called by an eminent English critic “ the most perfect brief poem in the lan guage . ”William Cullen Bryant 9. ______________ was the first American to gain the stature of a major poet in the world literature.
英国文学选读课后复习资料
英国文学选读 Of Studies P18 1.We are now living in the age of “information explosion”. What lessons can we learn from Bacon’s< of studies> in our access to information? Our planet is developing forward. The fast-moving development of science and technology makes it more convenient for students to get sufficient and effective information by countless ways. That is the external condition for our study, which we can appropriately make full use of. But what we have to keep in mind is that the eternal master of study is no one but ourselves in the process of studying. 2.In what sense does reading make a full man? Reading makes a full man. Histories make men wise, poets, witty; the mathematics, subtle; natural philosophy, deep; moral, grave; logic and rhetoric, able to contend. Reading histories makes people learn lessons from the ancient time, avoid making the same mistakes and predict the development of things. People who read histories will be wiser than these who just act according to their own preferences without learning from histories. Reading poem s makes people learn the beauty of language, the beautiful classical style of art and live a poetic life. People who read poems will be wittier than these who haven’t feel the beautiful mood and pure life. Reading mathematics makes people focus on the accurate calculation, develop a scientific attitude, and form a pragmatic spirit. People who read mathematics will be more subtle to consider things from all aspects and do things from the drop carefully than these who don’t read. Reading natural philosophy makes people pursue truth, explore the unknown mystery, and practice actively. People who read natural philosophy will be deeper than these who don’t learn the theory of reflecting the truth. Readingmoral makes peopl e learn the way of harmony living, form the principle of ethical behaviors and develop correct outlooks on values. People who read moral will be graver than these who behave without correct principles and can’t deal with different relationships.Reading log ic makes people master the rules of thinking, dealing with different things and exploring objective reality. People who read logic will be more contend to have clear ideas, mater the principles of objective truth than these who don’t act according to rules. Different kinds of reading materials play different roles in making a full man. People should get into different reading fields and train themselves to become a comprehensive talent. Reading will do good to one’s physical health according to some reading materials of physical training. What’s more important, reading promotes the development of logic thinking and morality. People can be called a full man on condition that they have fine quality, delicate self-cultivation and strict morality. Try to read extensively and become a full man . Poems: Hamlet P8 1.Why is sleep so frightening, according to Hamlet, since it can “end” the heartache and the thousand natural shocks”?Nobody can predict what he will dream of after he falls asleep. Death means the end of life, you may go to or unknown world and you can’t comeback,. If he dies, Hamlet 's can't realize his will. Though “sleep” can end the heartache and the thousand natural shocks, it is a state of mind.
英国文学选读-安顺学院外语系
《英国文学史及作品选读》教学大纲 一、课程说明 1. 课程中文名称：英国文学史及作品选读 2 课程英文名称：History and Selected Readings of English Literature 3. 课程总学时数：32 4. 课程学分数： 2 5. 授课对象：英语专业本科学生 6. 本课程的性质、地位和作用 本课程为面向英语专业高年级（三年级）学生开设的一门专业选修课，在学科体系中居重要地位。要求学生以先修英语阅读、综合英语、英美文化和英美概况等课程为基础。通过教学，使学生对英国文学有一个概观了解，同时初步培养学生对英国文学作品的鉴赏能力，增强学生对西方文学及文化的了解。该课程有助于增强学生的语言基本功，丰富学生的人文知识、充实学生的文化修养，提高学生的精神素质。 二、教学基本要求 1. 本课程的目的、任务 英国文学史及文学作品包含着历史的记忆和哲学的睿智，是英语语言艺术的结晶。本课程旨在介绍英国文学各个时期的主要文化思潮，文学流派，主要作家及其代表作，使学生对英国文学的发展脉络有一个大概的了解和认识，提高他们对文学作品的阅读鉴赏能力，并能掌握文学批评的基本知识和方法。要求学生在阅读和分析英国文学作品的基础上了解英国的历史、社会、政治等方面的情况及传统，促进学生对西方文学及文化的了解，提高学生对文化差异的敏感性、宽容性，培养学生对作品的洞察批判能力，从而丰富提升学生人文素养。 2. 本课程的教学要求 了解英国文学的发展概况，熟悉发展过程中出现的历史事件，文学思潮，文学流派；熟悉具体作家的文学生涯，创作思想，艺术特色和所属流派；能读懂代表作家的经典作品，并能分析评介作品的主题思想，人物形象，篇章结构、语言
英国文学选读知识总结
Geoffrey Chaucer (1343-1400) 乔叟He was born in 1343 in London. He died in 1400 and was buried in Westminster Abbey, thus founding the “Poets Corner”.The father of English Poetry and one of the greatest narrative poets of England.“The Canterbury Tales” (1387-1400) It is Chaucer?s masterpiece and one of the monumental works in English literature. Chaucer’s Contribution to English Literature Chaucer is regarded as the founder of English poetry and has been called “the founder of English realism.” He is the firs t great poet who wrote in the English language. He introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the “heroic couplet” (英雄双韵体) to English poetry.His masterpiece “The Canterbury T ales” is one of the monumental works in English literature 公爵夫人之书，百鸟议会，声誉之堂，特罗勒思和克里西德 Structure of a poem: A poem can be broken down into three parts: (1) Stanza (节) : a group of lines set off from the other lines in a poem. It is the poetic equivalent of a paragraph in prose. In traditional poems, the stanza usually contains a unit of thought.(2) The line (行) : a single line of poetry (3) The foot (音步) : a syllable or a group of 2 or 3 syllables. T o scan a line of poetry one counts the number of feet in a line. For a beginner, the easiest thing to do is to count the number of stresses. Typically a foot will contain a stressed and an unstressed syllable. William Shakespeare (1564-1616)playwright, poet, actor.Shakespeare and Aeschylus are the two greatest dramatic geniuses the world has ever known.—Carl Marks.The Great Tragedies: 《哈姆雷特》(Hamlet,1601 ) 《奥赛罗》(Othello, 1604) 《李尔王》(King Lear, 1605) 《麦克白》(Macbeth, 1606) The Great Comedies威尼斯商人》(The Merchant of Venice, 1596) 《仲夏夜之梦》(A Midsummer Night's Dream,1596) 《第十二夜》(Twelfth Night, 1600) 《皆大欢喜》(As You Like It, 1601) Shakespeare’s car eer as a dramatist may be divided into four major phases.: The First Period(1590-1594) This period is the period of his apprenticeship in play-writing. Works: Henry VI The Comedy of Errors《错误的喜剧》/《连环错》Love?s Labor?s Lost 《迷失的爱》/《空爱一场》/《爱的徒劳》Romeo and Juliet, etc. The Second Period (1595-1600) This period is his mature period, mainly a period of “great comedies” and mature historical plays. It includes 6 comedies, 5 historical plays and 1 Roman tragedy. His sonnets are also thought to be written in this period. The Third Period (1601-1607) The third period of Shakespeare?s dramatic career is mainly the period of “great tragedies” and “dark comedies”. It includes 5 tragedies, 3 comedies and 2 Roman tragedies.Major works written in this period:Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Antony and Cleopatra The Fourth Period (1608-1612) The fourth period of Shakespeare?s work is the period of romantic drama. It includes 4 romances or “reconciliation（和解，复合）plays”. Shakespeare’s Literary Position:Shakespeare and the Authorized Version of the English Bible are the two greatest treasuries of the English language. Shakespeare has been universally acknowledged to be the summit of the English Renaissance, and one of the greatest writers in world literature. Hamlet:Hamle t is considered the summit of Shakespeare?s art. It is one of Shakespeare?s canon, and it is universally included in the list of the world?s greatest works.It?s written in the form of blank verse.blank verse : poetry in rhymeless iambic pentameter.（素体诗剧）The story, coming from an old Danish legend, is a tragedy of the “revenge” genre. Shakespeare incorporates into the medieval story other major humanistic themes, including love, justice, good and evil, and most notably, madness, and the spirit of the time Injustice, conspiracy, and betrayal in the society。1. first blow: father?s murder and mother?s re-marriage2.second blow: betrayal of his two former friends Rosencrantz and Guildenstern3. third blow: betrayal of his girl friend OpheliaThe greatness o f the play: in praise of the noble quality of Prince Hamlet as a representative of humanist thinkers and his disillusionment with the corrupt and degenerated society in which he lived.
美国文学复习资料
殖民主义时期 John Smith 美国第一位作家 Anne Bradstreet 第一位移民诗人 Edward Taylor 清教徒诗人 文艺复兴时期 Benjamin Franklin 参与了起草独立宣言 成名作 《Poor Richard ' Almanack 》 《 Autobiography 》 Thomas Paine 拥护独立宣言 成名作 《 Great Commoner of Mankind 》最平凡的人
英国文学期末考试复习要点
英国文学期末考试复习要点 1.英国最早的居民：凯尔特人Celts 2.英语语言起源于盎格鲁萨克斯ANGLO-SAXON部落融合统一之后，发展于诺曼征服Norman Conquest之后。 3.古代文学两个分支（异教徒文学Pagan和基督文学Christian）；BEOWULF文学地位（英国的民族史诗national epic of England），人物角色(Beowulf,Grendel, Grendel's mother, Fire Dragon,Wiglef)，修辞手法（头韵法alliteration，暗喻metaphor，低调陈述understatement） 4.诺曼征服人物William the Conqueror，骑士Romance文学年代（中世纪14th-16TH）, 《高文和绿衣骑士的故事》Sir Gawain and the Green Knight（亚瑟王传说最佳作品）P.21选段，反映的是英国的故事matters of Britain。骑士的优良传统美德（忠诚loyalty） 5.威廉朗莱德William Langland作品《耕者皮尔斯》Piers the Plowman（十四世纪以梦境dream vision呈现的作品）
6.乔叟Chaucer地位（诗歌之父Father of English Poetry），主要作品The Canteberry Tales，文学贡献（英雄双行体Heroic Couplet，净化purified LONDON 音dialect），葬于西敏寺大教堂Westminster Abbey，为此建立诗人角Poet's Corner；《坎特伯雷故事集》主要人物（32 朝圣者pilgrims），选作P45(时间April，地点Tabard Inn，人物，巴斯妇人的故事Wife of Bath)，抑扬五步格iambic pentameter （轻音unstressed syllable+重音stressed syllable） 7.实行政教分离者（亨利八世Henry VIII）Religious Reformation:The King broke off with the Pope. 8.托马斯摩尔Thomas More的《乌托邦》Utopia，宣扬财产property与困境poverty 分离和建立理想国度ideal state。 9.托马斯怀亚特Thomas Wyatt把十四行诗sonnet引入英国，分离为莎士比亚体Shakespearian Sonnet和斯宾塞体Spencerian Sonnet，十四行诗源于意大利
“英国文学选读”课程研究论文写作规范和要求
Selected Readings of English Literature “英国文学选读”课程研究论文写作规范和要求 一、论文写作规范 1、逻辑思维训练： 整理引入眼帘的简单物件，按一定思路规则分类，注意物品的外延与内涵关系；大家在整理思路时，就要用我们做的逻辑思维训练方法： （1）把你所有的想法、本文要素、理论概论等等（大-小，简单-复杂，前-后）都写下来：就像写下屋子里所有物件； （2）仔细审视这些想法、要素、概念，试着按你一定的规律排列起来。注意这些想法或要素之间的关系，外延与内涵关系、因果关系、前后关系等等；（3）保留你最感兴趣，组织最合理的部分，细化成为你的论文主题。 2、写作基本原则 - 基本原则：读书要宽，下笔要窄 - 细读文学文本； - 读作家自己的文论、日记、信件，搜寻作家创作动机和理念作为直接证据- 读文学评论家的评论，搜集旁证 3、论文基本要素 1）标题 2）开篇章 3）文献综述（这次省略） 4）主题 5）问题切入点与理论视角 6）论证（相关文本论据、作者的非文本论据、其他论据） 7）结论 8）引用文献 二、论文题目（从以下所列的论文标题中选一个进行写作）
The Canterbury Tales: A Song of Spring Sonnet 18: A Song of Eternity On the Rhetoric Skills in Sonnet 18 On the Rhetoric Skills in The Canterbury Tales On the Themes of Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18 The View of Love in A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning The Use of Metaphor and Conceits in A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning On the Themes of Robinson Crusoe Satires and Symbols in Gulliver’s Travels 三、论文写作内容 1、开篇章Introduction / Opening Paragraph / Topic Sentence 交代时代背景、作家简介 2、论证与论据 论据：相关文本论据（被评论作品）、作者的非文本论据（作家本人的文论、日记、书信等）、其他论据（文学评论家的论著） 3、结语 总结你自己的论文中所假设的研究论题是否已经得到解决，得到什么样的结论。一般用完成时。 注意：不是总结该部作品；切忌不要又开始论证。 四、长度、参考文献 1、页数：5页（正文：小四号或者12号；1.5倍行距） 2、参考文献：4-5条英文论著来源（包括被评论作品）。各条文献按字母顺序排 列，小四号字。 3、采用MLA格式标注：包括文内参考文献标注和文尾的引用作品。 五、评分标准 Idea (40%) Structure (20%) Language (30%) Format (10%) Total (100%)
新编英国文学选读 第二版 复习资料
Chapter 8 The age of Romanticism: 1.From the publication of Lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge in 1798 to the death of Sir Walter Scott in 1832, a new movement appeared on the literary arena. The essence of this new movement is the glorification of instinct and emotion, a deep veneration of nature, and a flaming zeal to remark the world. 2.The political and social factors that gave rise to the romantic movement were the three revolution: American and French Revolution; national liberation movements; democratic movements. 3.And Industrial Revolution: brought great wealth to the rich and worsened the living condition of the poor; Workers organized themselves and gave voice to their distress by breaking machines, which is called Machine breaking movement(Luddite movement) 4.The shift in literature from emphasis on reason to instinct and emotion was intellectually prepared for by a number of thinkers in the later half of the 18th century. 5.Rousseau: the father of Romanticism. He rejects the worship of reason. He maintains in the really vital problems of life, it is much safer to rely on feelings, to follow our instincts and emotions. He preaches that civilized man should return to nature, praised the natural man as the noble savage and attacks the civilized man as the depraved animals. 6.Edmund Burke: As a political philosopher he is known for his Reflection on the Revolution in France. He distinguished between two kinds of beauty—the sublime and the beautiful. 7.Thomas Paine: He published The Rights of Man in 1791 to answer to Burke’s Reflection. The Rights of Man asserts that man has no property in man and justifies the radical actions of French people in the revolution, claiming that it is the right of people to overthrown a government that opposes humanity. 8.Characteristic features of the romantic movement: 1)Subjectivism: romantic poets describe poetry as the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, which express the poet’s mind.The interest of romantic poets is not objective world or the action of men, but in the feelings, thoughts, and experience of the poets themselves. 2)Spontaneity: Wordsworth defines poetry as the spontaneous overflow of feelings. Romanticism is an assertion of independence, a departure from the neo-classis rules. 3)Singularity 4)Worship of nature 5)Simplicity 6)Melancholy 7)It was an age of poetry by which the poets outpoured their feelings and emotions. Romantic poets loved to use a freer verse form. 9.Romanticism is a term that denotes most of the writings that were written between 1798 and 1832. Wordsworth:
美国文学复习资料
（Realism） 一、Background 1）Mechanization 机器化 2）Urbanization 城市化 3）Industrialization 工业化 4）Federal government(race种族平等进入宪法）标志着马克·吐温的《镀金时代》开始 5）Railway system工业化的一大标志，电力和石油的应用 6) Northern industrialism had triumphed over Southern agrarianism. 二、文化特征： 1）女性发挥作用明显，女性的作者和读者明显增多 2）开始关注Mid class 3）现实主义（realism）-->New York replaced Boston as the nation's literary center. 纽约成为新的文化中心。 一、时期综述： 1、镀金时代：The Gilded Age, an age of excess and extremes, of decline and progress, of poverty and dazzling wealth, of gloom and buoyant hope. 无节制、走极端，倒退和进步、贫困和富有并存，既令人沮丧又让人有希望的时代。 2、Although Americans continued to read the works of Irving, Cooper, Hawthorne,
and Poe, the great age of American romanticism had ended. By the 1870s the New England Renaissance had waned. 新英格兰的文艺复兴已开始接近尾声。 3、现实主义和自然主义作家的人物刻画方法： 19世纪末,the literary naturalists who followed them, rejected the portrayal of idealized characters and events. Instead, they sought to describe the wide range of American experience and to present the subtleties of human personality, to portray characters who were less simply all good or all bed. 反对在作品中描绘理想化了的人物和事件，关注人性中的微妙之处。 4、Realism：（现实主义）appeared in the United States in the literature of local color, an amalgam of romantic plots and realistic descriptions of things was immediately observable. the dialects, customs, sights.现实主义有浓厚的美国本土特色，是浪漫主义故事情节和现实主义描写相结合的产物：美国风味的方言、风俗、各种观点 5、Naturalism：自然主义 a new and harsher realism, 新型的更为冷峻的现实主义，产生悲观的流派，产生于the end of the century 十九世纪末，因为Perception of society’s disorders对社会无序的感知。Presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were dominated by their environment and heredity. 设法尽力 客观真实地展现出受环境与出身局限的下层人民和各种经济阶层人物的真正生活。 The naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that their lives were controlled by heredity and the environment, the religious ―truths‖ were illusory, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death. 强调世界的非道德性，人们没有意志的自由，宗教上的真理是虚幻的，现实生活是痛苦的。Deterministic 决定论，宿命的， 代表作家：Stephen Crane 史蒂芬.克莱恩, Frank Norris 弗朗克.诺里斯, Jack London 杰克.伦敦, Theodore Dreiser 西奥多.德莱塞. 6、Darwinism: 达尔文主义:an evident influence on naturalism, stress the animality of man, to suggest that be was dominated by the irresistible forces of evolution. 对自然主义影响极大，强调人的动物性，意味着人的命运受进化的不可抗力来决定的。 二、代表作家： 1、Walt Whitman 沃尔特.惠特曼 ①★free verse (自由诗体) without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme. 无固定 节奏，无有规律的韵脚