动词的时态和语态

语法互动(七) 动词的时态与语态

1动词时态

中考考点

1．动词的第三人称的单数形式、过去式、过去分词和现在分词的构成。

2．动词的八种时态的基本结构及用法。

考点一一般现在时

1．一般现在时的基本结构及用法

(1)结构：当主语是第三人称单数时，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。

(2)动词的第三人称单数形式变化规则如下：

①表示事实、现状、性质或经常性、习惯性的动作。

常与seldom, often, usually, always, sometimes, today, every day, once a week, every five minutes, on Sundays等时间状语连用。

I go to school at seven every day.

我每天七点去上学。

②表示普遍真理和客观事实。

The earth goes around the sun.

地球绕着太阳转。

③表示在现在时间里所发生的一个动作。

Here comes the bus.

公共汽车来了。

④在时间和条件状语从句中代替一般将来时。

I'll go shopping with my mother if she is free tomorrow.

如果明天我妈妈有空的话，我将和她去购物。

2．一般现在时的疑问句、否定句

Do you see the bird in the tree?

He doesn’t go to school by bus.

考点二一般过去时

1．一般过去时的用法及标志词

一般过去时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态。句中的谓语动词要变为过去式。常与yesterday, last week, two days ago, in 1988等过去的时间状语连用。2．一般过去时的疑问句和否定句

Did you have any problems on your journey?

你在旅途中有一些困难吗？

Were most people too busy making a living in early times？

在早期，大部分人忙着谋生吗？

Modern soccer didn't become official until 1863.

直到1863年现代足球才成为官方运动。

[注意]

动词过去式的变化规则：

(1)一般情况下，在动词原形后加-ed。

watch—watched。

(2)以不发音字母e结尾的加-d。

live—lived。

(3)以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的，变y为i加-ed。

study—studied; carry—carried; cry—cried。

(4)以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母的，先双写该辅音字母，再加-ed。stop—stopped; plan—planned; prefer—preferred。

(5)不规则动词的过去式需特殊记忆。

考点三一般将来时

1．一般将来时的构成及基本用法

(1)结构：“助动词shall/will＋动词原形”或“be going to＋动词原形”。

(2)用法：

①表示将要发生的动作或状态，常用的时间状语有later(on), soon, in a month(in＋时间段), next time, from now on, tomorrow等。

I shall be eighteen years old next year.

明年我就18岁了。

②表示某种必然的趋势。

Fish will die without water.没有水，鱼就会死。

[注意]

will引导的将来时，表示事情没有经过事先考虑而即将发生

be going to引导的将来时表示事情经过事先计划、考虑打算而即将发生。

They will arrive here tomorrow morning.

明天早晨他们将抵达这里。

I'm going to see a film this afternoon.

今天下午我要去看电影。

2．一般将来时的肯定句、否定句和疑问句

Don't worry. You won't be late.

不用担心，你不会迟到的。

Will you leave for Beijing next week?

下周你要去北京吗？

Who is to clean the classroom today?

今天该谁打扫教室了？

考点四过去将来时

过去将来时的构成及基本用法

(1)结构：“would＋动词原形＋其他”或“was/were＋going to＋动词原形＋其他”。

(2)用法：表示从过去的某一时刻看，将要发生的动作。

His uncle said that there would be a good harvest the next year.他叔叔说第二年会有个好收成。

[提醒] 在由if引导的条件状语从句中，如果主句用过去将来时那么if从句需用一般过去时代替过去将来时。

If he were here, he would show us how to do it.

如果他在这儿，他就会向我们展示该如何做了。

考点五现在进行时

1．现在进行时的构成及基本用法

(1)结构：am/is/are＋动词的-ing形式

(2)用法：

①表示目前正在发生(进行)的动作(不指状态)，常用的时间状语有now, at the moment 等。当有look, listen起提示作用的词时，后面的句子常用现在进行时。

Are you writing a letter to your friend now?

你现在正在给你朋友写信吗？

Listen! She is singing in the next room.

听！她正在隔壁唱歌。

②表示现阶段正在进行，而此刻不一定在进行的动作。

We are planting trees these days.

这些天我们在植树。

③表示位移的动词的进行时表示动作将要发生。

此类词有come, go, leave, arrive, fly等，常与表示将来的时间状语连用。They are leaving for England tomorrow afternoon.

他们明天下午要去英格兰。

2．现在进行时的肯定句、否定句和疑问句

Mary is listening to music in the next room now.

玛丽现在正在隔壁听音乐。

Jack isn't playing football now.

杰克现在没有在踢足球。

Is Mike playing the piano in the room now?

迈克现在在屋里弹钢琴吗？

3.现在分词的变化规则：

考点六过去进行时

1．过去进行时的构成及基本用法

(1)结构：was/were＋v.-ing

(2)用法：过去进行时主要表示过去某一时间点或某一时间段正在进行的动作。

His father fell down while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.

他爸爸骑自行车时摔倒了，弄伤了自己。

(3)常用的时间状语：this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten, last evening, when, while等。

What were you doing at ten o'clock last night?

你昨晚十点钟在做什么？

They were building a large house last week.

上周他们一直在建造一所大房子。(某阶段一直在进行的动作)

2．过去进行时的肯定句、否定句和疑问句

I wasn't trying to annoy you.

我没想要让你烦恼。

Were you working all weekend?

你整个周末都在工作吗？

考点七现在完成时

1．结构：have/has＋动词的过去分词

(过去分词变化规则基本与过去式变化相同。有些特殊变化动词需单独记忆)

2．用法

(1)表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响和结果，常与just, already, yet, recently, before, ever, never, twice, three times等时间状语连用。

I __________ the novel already.

我已经读过这部小说了。(现在我知道小说的内容了)

(2)表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。常与“since＋时间点或since＋从句(一般过去时)”，“for＋时间段”及how long, (ever)since, ever, before, so far, in the last/past few years, up to now, till now等时间状语连用。

We've planted thousands of trees in the past few years. 在过去几年中，我们种了成千上万棵树。

So far there __________ no bad news.

到现在为止还没有什么坏消息。

(3)一般过去时与现在完成时的区别

一般过去时只强调在过去发生过某事或关注的是动作发生的时间、地点、方式等。而现在完成时则强调过去的动作对现在造成的影响，因此，若不强调某事对现在的影响就不用现在完成时。

I saw the movie yesterday.

昨天我看了这部电影。(强调电影是昨天看的)

I have already seen the film.

我已经看过这部电影了。(强调到现在为止看过这部电影了)

(4)延续性动词

在现在完成时中，如果有持续的时间状语，则要把非延续性动词变为延续性动词。

I have had the book for two days.

这本书我已经买了两天了。(用had而不用bought)

I have been in T okyo for two weeks.

我已经来东京两周了。(用been in而不用come to)

延续性动词和瞬间性动词之间的转化,举例说明：

1.He died 10 years ago. --- He has been dead for 10 years / since 10 years ago.

2. He borrowed the book 2 weeks ago. --- He has kept the book for 2 weeks.

3. He bought the motorbike a month ago. ---He has had the motorbike for a month.

4. He arrived here three days ago. --- He has been here since three days ago.

5. They turned off the light 2 hours ago. --- The light has been on for 2 hours.

6. He left here 2 years ago. --- He has been away from here for 2 years.

7. The film began 30 minutes ago. --- The film has been on for 30 minutes.

8. They opened the door an hour ago. --- The door has been open for an hour.

9. They closed the door an hour ago. --- The door has been closed for an hour.

10. He joined the army last year. --- He has been a soldier for a year.

--- He has been in the army for a year. --- It is a year since he joined the army

(5)have been to, have gone to, have been in的区别：

have been to表示“过去曾去过某地”，说话时已从该地回来，现在已不在该地；

have gone to表示“已去了某地”，说话时已到达某地或在去某地的途中，现在还未回来；

have been in表示“已在某地待了多久”，后面跟副词时不用in。

—Where is Mrs. Smith?

史密斯夫人在哪儿？

—She isn't here. She has gone to England.

她不在这儿，她去了英格兰。

考点八过去完成时

1．结构：had＋动词的过去分词

2．用法

(1)表示过去的某一时刻以前已经发生的动作或存在的状态，也就是“过去的过去”。常以by, before短语或when，before, after, until等引导的从句作为前提。

My teacher said she had never been to London.

我的老师说她从来没去过伦敦。

When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.

当警察到达时，小偷们已经逃跑了。

(2)表示从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到另一过去时刻的动作或状态。与现在完成时一样，过去完成时也常与how long, for three days, before 等表示一段时间的状语连用。

When Jack arrived, he learned Mary had been away or almost an hour.

当杰克到达时，他得知玛丽已经离开差不多一个小时了。

2动词语态

中考考点

1．动词的被动语态的基本结构及用法。

2．动词的主动形式表示被动意义的用法。

考点一被动语态的构成

构成：助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词

(1)一般现在时：主语＋am/is/are＋动词的过去分词

(2)一般过去时：主语＋was/were＋动词的过去分词

(3)一般将来时：主语＋will/shall/be going to＋be＋动词的过去分词

(4)现在进行时：主语＋am/is/are＋being＋动词的过去分词

(5)现在完成时：主语＋have/has＋been＋动词的过去分词

(6)过去进行时：主语＋was/were＋being＋动词的过去分词

(7)过去完成时：主语＋had been＋动词的过去分词

(8)过去将来时：主语＋would be＋动词的过去分词

(9)含有情态动词的被动语态：主语＋情态动词＋be＋动词的过去分词

(10)在使役动词have, make, let以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel等后面作宾语补足语的不定式，在主动结构中不定式符号to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要还原to。

Someone saw a stranger walk into the building.

被动结构：

A stranger was seen to work into the building.

有人看见一个陌生人走进了这座楼。

考点二某些谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义

1．英语中有很多动词，如break, catch, clean, drive, lock, open, sell, read, write, wash等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式表达被动意义，主语通常是物。

This kind of cloth washes well．

这种布料很好洗。

[注意]

主动语态强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。

试比较：

The door won't lock.(指门本身有毛病)

The door won't be locked.(指不会有人来锁门，表示“门没有锁”是人的原因)

2．不及物动词和动词短语，

如happen, last, take place, come out, come true, run out 等，以主动形式表示被动意义。

How do the newspapers come out?

这些报纸是如何被出版的呢？

3．系动词没有被动形式。

Your reason sounds reasonable.

你的理由听起来合理。

4．下列结构中的v.－ing是主动形式表示被动意义。

(1)need, require作“需要”讲时，其后常跟动名词形式。但当这些动词后接不定式时，则必须用被动形式表示被动意义。

The bike needs mending.

这辆自行车需要修理。

Our classroom needs to be cleaned.

我们的教室需要打扫。

(2)be worth doing sth. 值得做某事

The book is well worth reading.

这本书很值得一读。