英国文学术语解释

Geoffery Chaucer-The Canterbury Tales ；
Thomas More-Utopia；
Edmund Spencer-Faeria Queene；
ChristopherMarlowe-Dr.Faustus
Ben.Jonson-Volpone
WilliamShakespeare-Hamlet
Francis Bacon-Essays
JohnDonne -Songs and Sonnets ；
John Milton-Paradise Lost
John Bunyan-The Pilgrims's Progress
John Dryden-All for Love；
Alexander Pope-The Rape of Lock；
Jonathan Swift-Gulliver's Travels；
SamuelJohnson-The Dictionary ofEnglish Language； James Boswell-The Life of Johnson ；
Oliver Goldsmith-She stoops to Conquer；
Richard Brinsley Sheridan-The School for Scandal；
Danial Defoe-Robinson Crusoe；
Samuel Richardson-Pamela ；
Henry Fielding-The History of Tom Jones；
Laurence Sterne-Gentleman；
Thomas Gray-Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard； Robert Burns-Tree of Liberty；
William Blake-Songs of Innocence；
William Wordsworth-I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud；
Robert Southey-The Fall of Robespierre；
George Gordon Byron-Don Juan；
Percy Bysshe Shelley-Prometheus unbound；
John Keats-Odes to Autumn；
CharlesDickens- Great Expections ； Caedmon-Paraphrase；
Sir Thomas Wyatt-Sonnets； John Lyly-Euphues； James Thomson-the Seasons；
James Boswell-The life of Johnson；Edward Glibbon-The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire； William Hazlitt-My First Acquaintance with Poets；
Jane Austen--Sense-Sensibility；
Sir Walter Scott-Rob Roy；
名词解释
Alliteration: a form of initial rhyme,or "head rhyme"the repetition of the same sound or sounds at the beginning of two or more words that are next to or close to each other;one dominating device for rhyming in old English poetry for rhythm and onomatopoeia.
Ballad: a lyric poem generally of three eight-line stanzas with a concluding stanza of four lines.The lines of a ballad are iambic or anapestic tetrameter rhyming ababbcbc,and last stanza of bcbc. Originally folk ballads was one of the earliest forms of literature,written by unknown writers,transmitted orally from generation to generation.The subject matters are mainly disappointed love,jealousy,revenge,sudden disaster,deeds of adventure and daring.Devices often used are the refrain,repetition,and code language. A later form of ballad is the literary ballad,an imitation of the folk ballad. The most famous English literary ballad is the Rime of the Ancient Marina by S.T.Coleridge.
Epic: a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the value of the society.Many epics were drawn from an oral tradition and were transmitted by song and recitation before they were written dowm.The two most English epics are the Anglo-Saxon Beowulf and John Milton's Paradise Lost.Two of the most famous epics of western civilization are Homer's Illiad and Odyssey.
Heroic Couplet：a pair of rhyming iambic pentameter lines with a measure of poetry consisiting of one weak/short beat and one strong/ long beat, invented by Geoffrey Chaucer and perfected by Alexander P

ope in Neo-classic Age.
Romance: a type of literature which was popular in the Middle Ages,a tale in verse or in prose,embodying the life and adventures of Knights, involving a large amount of fighting as well as a number of miscellaneous adventures and romantic love,reflecting the spirit of chivalry,i.e,the quality and ideal of Knightly Conduct:Loyalty to the church and the king,adoration of noble ladies,helping the weak and obeying the honor.Among the cycles of Arthurian romances/the Arthurian Legend,Sir Gawain and the Green Knight was the best in verse.
The Middle Ages: An age from the fall of the Westerm Roman Empire in the 5th century to the spread of the Renaissance around Europe in the 15th century,so called because it is a transitional period between ancient times and modern times.The Middle Ages' civilization was founded on cultural heritages of ancient Greece and Rome;traditions of Christianity took the lead in politics,law,art,and learning for hundred years,and shaped people's lives.Divinity was stressed than humanity,God became the only authority and Bible served the only book.In this way got people blind and stupid.That's why Carl Marx called it the darkest age.
The Renaissance: a great cultural and intellectual movement against feudalism and hierarchy which began in the 14th century in Italy and then swept the whole Europe,a movement with one key note---humanism and two striking features---the revival of classic culture of ancient Greece and Rome:the reform in church which stressed humanity instead of divinity.
Humanism：a literary and philosophical system of thought which attempted to place the affairs of mankind at the center of it's concerns,which was based on a new reading of Greek and Roman literature, an affirmation of the importance of Platonic philosophy, and a reinterpretation of the writings of Aristotle,and played an important part as a key note of The Renaissance.
The Renaissance hero: one hero created by Christopher Marlowe in his drama,such a hero always individualistic and full of ambitions,facing bravely the challenge from both gods and men,who embodies Marlowe's humanistic idea of human dignity and capacity.Different from the tragic hero in medieval plays who seeks the way to heaven through salvation and God's will,he is against conventional morality and contrives to obtain heaven on earth through his own efforts,With the endless aspirations for power,knowledge,and glory,the hero interprets the true Renaissance spirit.Both Tamburlaine and Faustus are typical in possessing such a spirit.
Comedy: a general term for a literary work that ends happily with a healthy amicable armistice or ceasefire between the protagonist and society.Unlike tragedy,the comic protagonist may be a person of ordinary character and ability,and need not achieve the heroic stature of the protagonist in a https://www.360docs.net/doc/c22361167.html,edies are often concerned,at least in part with exposing human folly,and frequently depict the overthrow of rigid social

fashions and customs.Wit,humor and a sense of festivity are found in many comedies.
Tragedy: a general term for a literary work in which the protagonist meets an unhappy or disastrous end.Unlike comedy,tragedy depicts the actions a central character who is usually dignified or heroic.Through a series of events,the main character or tragic hero fell down.The causes of a tragic hero's downfall vary.In traditional dramas,the cause can be hate,a flaw in character,or an error in judgment.In modern dramas,where the tragic hero is often an ordinary individual,the causes range from moral or psychological weakness to the evils of society.
Tragicomedy: a play in which there is a mixture of tragic and comic https://www.360docs.net/doc/c22361167.html,ually it is a play with a human conflict and hopeful ending.
Poetic drama: a literary form/composition which tells a story in form of poetry and by means of dialogue and action performed on the stage.The principal forms of it are tragedy and comedy.
Blank verse: verse written in unrhymed iambic pentameter,the verse form used in some of the greatest English poetry,including that of William Shakespeare and John Milton.
Sonnet: a poem consisting of 14 lines usually in iambic pentameter with various rhyme schemes,including Petrachan Sonnet/Italian Sonnet consisting an octave in which the theme and a problem is put forward with a rhyming scheme abba,abba.and a sestet with an answer to the theme rhymed cde,cde;Shakespearean Sonnet/English Sonnet consisting of three quatrains:with a rhyming scheme abab,cdcd,efef,and a couplet rhyming gg,with a surprise conclusion or a shift of idea.
the Enlightment movement:the 18th centuary england is known as the age of enlightment or the age of reason . the enlightment movement was a progressive intellectural movement which flourished in france and swept through the whole europe at the time .the movement was a furtherance of the renaissance of the 15th and 16th centuries .its purpose was to enli ghten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas . the enlighteners celebrated reason or rationality , equality and science .they called for a reference to order , reason and rules and advocated universal education . famous among the great enlighteners in england were those great writers like john dryden .alexander pope and so on.
neoclassicism:in the field od literature , the enlightenment movement brought about a revival of interest in th old claassic works . the tendency is known as neoclassicism . acrdingco to neoclassicists , all forms of literature were to be molded after the classic works of the ancient greek and roman writersand those of the contemporary french ones . they believed that the artistic ideals should be judged in terms of its service to humanity .this belief led them to seek propotion , unity , harmony and grace in literary expressions , in an effort to delight , instruct and correct human beings , primarily as social animals . thus , a polite , urbane , witty , a

nd intellectual art developed to be order , logic ,restrain.
heroic play: a play in rhymedcouplets rather than blank verse , which john dryden ,its foremost practitioner , defined as"a heroic poem in little" , whose theme was conflict between love and honorin the hearts of possibly valorous and impossibly high-minded attractive ladies . the best example of this kind is The Conquest of Grenad
romanticism: a movement or tendency in literature , philosophy ,music , and art in western europe during most of the 19th century , beginning as a revolt against classicism . it is associated with vitality , powerful emotion , limitless and dreamlike ideas.in english literature , the romantic movement was called "liberilism in literature" , as "the literature form of the revolution " , in fact , the romantic movement itself is a poetic revolution .
byronic hero: a by"ronic hero" is a proud and mysterious rebel figure of noble origin .such a hero is modeled on the life and personality of byron himself .with immensesuperiority in his passions and powers , the "byronic hero" would carry on his shoulder the burdon of righting the wrongs in corrupt society , and would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in goverment , in religion or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies. The conficts is usually one of rebellious individuals agaist outworn socil systems conventions.
Ode: A complex and often lengthy lyric poem,written in a dignified formal style on some lofty or serios subject. odes are written for a special occasion, to honor a person or a season or to commemorate an event. Two famous odes are Percy Bysshe Shelly's "ode to the West wind' and John Keats's "ode ona Grecian Um". The Pindaric ode, named for the Greek poet pinder,was a cheral poem and an epode, which were sung by the chorus.
Elegy￡?A poem of mourning. usually over the death of an individual. It may also be a lament over the passing of life and beauty or a meditation onthe nature of death. A elegy is a type of lyric poem, usully formal in languege and structure,and solemn or even mellancholy in tone. One of the greatest elegies in English is Afred, Lord Tennyson 's In Memorian.
文学特点：
1.The main traits of the Renaissance literature
1) it emphasizes the dignity of men, affirms and eulogizes the value of man, which often implies a lessening in the power of God.2) it advocates the full expression of individualism and the fulfillment of one's abilities, against the despotic rule of feudalism.3) it affirms the delight of earthly achievement, as well as man's desire for happiness and pleasure.4）it has the Renaissance melancholy,the puzzling doubts and a profound mistrust of man's own powers.
2. neoclassic literature
1)Writers stressed reaon rather than emotion,form rather than content.2）Most of the writing were didactic and satirical.3)closed couplet was the only possible verse form for serious work in order to achieve

elegance,correctness,appropriateness and restraint.4)it is almost exclusively a town poetry,catering to the interests of the society in great cities.5)it is entirely wanting in all those elements that are related with the romantic.6)it is unsympathetic towards the rude masters of old literature_towards Chaucer,Spencer,and even Shakespeare,and it is especially hostile towards everything that belonged to the Middle Ages with its chivalrous extravagance,visionary idealism,and strong religious faith.
3. The special qualities of romanticism
1). the Spontaneous Overflow of Powerful Feelings2). the Creation of a world of Imagination3). the Return to Nature for Material4). the Return to Nature for Material5). Emphasis upon the Expression of Individual Genius6). the Return to Milton and the Elizabethans for Literary Models7). the Interest in Old Stories and Medieval Romances8). A Sense of Melancholy and Loneliness9). the Rebellious Spirit
文学作品赏析
水仙花分析 William Wordsworth is regarded as “worshipper of nature”. He can penetrate to the heart of things and give readers the very life of nature. “The Daffodils” is perhaps the most anthologized poem in English Literature, and one that takes us to the core of Wordsworth’s beliefs. To him, nature embodies human beings in their diverse circumstance. It is nature that gives him “strength and knowledge full of peace.’ The poem mentioned above is a perfect combination of nature and the poem’s emotion.
The title of the poem sounds very significant, and it implies the poet’s aloofness and arrogance and his loneliness as well. Here the poet expresses his confusion by comparing himself to a cloud. This is the first time for him to achieve organic unity between nature and his feeling. But with the lines running on, his state of mind has been changed, because he “could not be gay/In such a jocund company”. One important reason is that he has found a soul mate in nature: daffodils. And this is the second time that he combines his emotion with nature. But the two comparisons reveal favorable influence of nature over human soul. Through the dramatic change of his mood from confusions to joy, the poet sings the harmony between man and nature, eulogizes the beauty of nature and its ability to ennoble human soul.
The poem has four stanzas. The first one gives a description of the poet wandering as a cloud, the second one describes beauty of daffodils in nature, the third one reveals a combination between the lovely flowers and the happy poet, and the last one summarizes how daffodils exerts favorable influence on the poet himself. The poet uses metaphor to express his motion. For example, he compares himself to “a cloud” to show he is aloof and lonely. He also uses personification to describe beauty of daffodils which are “fluttering and dancing in the breeze” and “tossing their heads in sprightly dance”, so that the poet can help himself to find a soul mate in nature.

Each stanza of the poem has the same rhyming scheme: ab ab cc. Some of rhyming pairs have the same part of speech like “cloud/crowd”, “thought/brought”, some of the pairs have different part of speech like “shine/line”, “they/gay”.
哈姆雷特分析1.Theme: Hamlet reveals the struggle between progressive humanist thought and anti-revolutionary feudal powers, reflects the spirit of the Renaissance through conflict between Hamlet and Claudius. The famous soliloquy by Hamlet reflects his contradictory psychology. Hamlet used to be a kind-hearted, quick-minded and energetic youth and he felt furious over the dark society. On one hand, he pretended to be mad so as to prove the truth. The sharpening contradiction between his ideal and the reality made him virtually in mental disorder. He felt so anxious, frustrated, and disappointed with the future as to end One’s life by committing suicide. “To be or not to be” is a reflection of his mental torment. 2. Characterization of Hamlet: Hamlet is a typical image of humanists by Shakespeare. He possessed perfect and strong character of the Renaissance. He took revenge for his father. But in fact he wanted to punish the evil and encourage the good. He took it as a business to reform society. But he felt unable to set right the wrongs that so enormous and rampant around him. As a result he delayed his action and this leads to his tragic death. His tragedy reveals insatiable conflicts between humanist thoughts and social reality. And his duality in character enables such a portrayal rounded and reliable.
坎特伯雷赏析The General Prologue sets an optimistic tone for the whole book."April"is a key word and image for the first four lines.The harmonious relationship between nature and man stimulates the palmers including "me" to treat the pilgrimage as a daily life part.The structure of this opening part gives us a striking contrast between the physical vitality of palmers and their spiritual sickness,between the pure nature and the hypocratic church world.
the General Prologue is written in heroic coupietrhymed in the following scheme:aabb, a typical iambic pentameter.
the General Prologue also contains irony,which aims at satirizing the ruling class,such as the monanstic orders:prioress/a num/a rich monk,etc and the feudal nobles:lords and Knights etc,exposing their hypocrisy and worldliness.and effect was produced through vivid sketches of different figures.
西风颂的分析
it's written in 1819 in a modified form of terza rima,is perhaps the greatest of all shelley's lyrics.The verse sweeps along with the elemental rush of the wind it celebrates.Metaphor succeeds to metaphor,and smile to simile,with wild rapidity.In the poem,the poet mingles all nature and himself together.There is no song in the whole of English literature more passionate,more penetrative,more full of force by which the idea and its form are united into one creation.
The idea for this piece came to h

im in a wood outside of Florence, and as the wind began to rise and gather fury,he suddenlysaw the cycle of the seasons as the leaves driven like ghosts before the wind.This same wind was charioting the seeds to their beds,where they would lie until Spring shall comoe and bid them bring life again to earth.in the sky the clouds,"angels of rain and lightning",were mustering their congregated might to pour forth rain and fire.On the sea the quiet waters were about to be churned into fury and "the sapless foliage of the ocean"to grow grey with fear.He wished that he were a leaf,a cloud,or a wave,and thus could feel the impulse of the wind,he would not need to make this prayer.Being a mortal chained to rime,he asked the wind to make him its lyre,and spread this prophecy"If winter comes,can spring be far behind?"