医学英语翻译题汇总
UNIT 1
1.Although the DNA in the nucleus of each cell contains all of the genetic information for all
human traits, only a small number of genes are actually active in a particular cell. These active genes are the codes for the proteins necessary for the specific cell type.
尽管每一个细胞核中的DNA都包含有人类特性的所有遗传信息，但实际上只有小数基因在特定细胞中有活性，这些活性基因是特有的细胞类型所必须的蛋白密码。
2.In facilitated diffusion, molecules move through a membrane from an area of greater
concentration to an area of lesser concentration, but they need some help to do this.
在易化扩散中，大分子经一层膜从高浓度区域向低浓度区域移动，但分子要完成这一工作需要某些帮助。
3.The cell membrane is selectively permeable, that is, certain substances are permitted to pass
through and others are not.
细胞膜的渗透性是有选择性的，即某些物质允许通过，而其它物质则不行。
4.Filtration means that water and dissolved materials are forced through a membrane from an
area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure.
过滤是指水和已溶解物质经一层膜从高压区压送到低压区。
5. Active transport requires the energy of ATP to move molecules from an area of lesser
concentration to an area of greater concentration.
主动转运需要ATP这种能使分子从低浓度区向高浓度区移动。
1.体内平衡取决于所有不同类型的细胞正常的发挥其功能。(depend upon)
Homeostasis depends upon the normal functions of all of the different kinds of cells.
2.就人口和地域而言，这两个国家差异很大。(with respect to)
With respect to population and geographical area, these two countries vary greatly.
3.染色体由脱氧核糖核酸和蛋白构成，而脱氧核糖核酸又是细胞特征和活性的遗传密码。
(genetic code)
Chromosomes are made of DNA and protein, and the DNA is the genetic code for the characteristics and activities of the cell.
4. 氧气从空气中扩散到血液以便在全身循环，而二氧化碳从血液散播到空气中以便排出体
外。(diffuse )
Oxygen diffuses from the air to the blood to be circulated throughout the body, but carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood to the air to be exhaled from the body.
5.科学不断地提供新的发现，从而进一步支持了他的假设。(back up)
Science continued to throw up discoveries which further backed up his hypothesis.
UNIT 2
1. At either end of the age spectrum, however, temperature regulation may not be as precise as it is in older children or younger adults.
然而，在年龄段两端的人群，其体温调节精确程度都不如青少年或青年人。
2. The pathways of heat loss from the body are the skin, respiratory tract, and to a lesser extent, the urinary and digestive tracts.
人体散热途径是经皮肤、呼吸道，少量经尿道和消化道散热。
3. Changes in body temperature also have an effect on metabolic rate and heat production. This becomes clinically important when a person has a fever, an abnormally high body temperature. 人体体温的变化也会影响代谢率和产热。当一个人发热、体温异常升高时，从临床上讲，体温变化就显得重要了。
4. Anabolism means s ynthesis or “formation” reactions, the bonding together of smaller molecules to form larger ones.
合成代谢是指综合或“形成”性反应，即把小的分子结合在一起形成更大的分子。
5. Catabolism means decomposition, the breaking of bonds of larger molecules to form smaller
molecules. Cell respiration is a series of catabolic reactions that break down food molecules to carbon dioxide and water.
分解代谢是指分解，即将较大的分子链分解形成小分子。细胞呼吸过程就是一连串的分解代谢反应---将食物分子分解成二氧化碳和水。
1. 新陈代谢是指发生在生物体内的化学过程，可分为合成代谢和分解代谢两大类。(metabolism)
Metabolism refers to the chemical reactions that take place in the living organisms. It may be divided into two major categories: anabolism and catabolism.
2. 正常人的体温为37度。随个体、年龄、活动量和每日早晚略有差异，但波动幅度不超过l℃。(fluctuation)
The normal body temperature is 37oC, and varies by person, age, activity, and time of day, but the fluctuations are usually no more than 1.0oC.
3. 在正常情况下，人体通过体温调节系统使体温保持相对稳定。(constant)
Under normal conditions, human body is able to maintain a relatively constant body temperature through the system of temperature regulation.
4. 与生活在热带地区的人相比，在寒冷气候下生活的人，新陈代谢率要高10-20%。(metabolic rate)
People who live in cold climates may have metabolic rates 10% to 20% higher than those who live in tropical regions.
5. 人体体温的调节主要是通过汗腺的分泌及皮肤血管的收缩与舒张。(excretion)
Human body temperature is mainly regulated through the excretion of sweat gland and vasodilation and constriction of blood vessels in the skin
UNIT 3
1. Ventricular contraction forces blood against the flaps of the right and left AV valves and closes them; the force of blood also opens the aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves.
心室收缩使血液施压于左右房室瓣并使其关闭；血液的压力也使主动脉半月瓣和肺动脉半月瓣打开。
2. Palpations are usually not serious, and may be the result of too much caffeine, nicotine, or
alcohol. Much more serious is ventricular fibrillation, a very rapid and uncoordinated ventricular beat that is totally ineffective for pumping blood.
心悸通常不很严重，可能因摄入的咖啡因，尼古丁或酒精过量引起。更为严重的是室颤，室颤是一种快速而无节律的心室跳动，可以导致心脏泵血无力。
3. Although the heart generates and maintains its own beat, the rate of contraction can be
changed to adapt to different situations. The nervous system can and does bring about
necessary changes in heart rate as well as in force of contraction
尽管心脏自身产生跳动并得以维持跳动，但为了适应不同情况还可以改变收缩率。神经系统可以，并的确能使心率和收缩的强度进行必要的改变。
4. The heart will also be the effector in a reflex stimulated by a decrease in the oxygen content of
the blood. The aortic receptors are strategically located so as to detect such an important change as soon as blood leaves the heart.
心脏在受到血氧量下降激起的反射中起到效应器的作用。主动脉感受器的位置非常关键，所以在血液离心时，感受器能探查出其重要的变化。
5. The cardiac cycle is a sequence of mechanical events that is regulated by the electrical activity
of the myocardium. Cardiac muscle cells have the ability to contract spontaneously, that is, nerve impulses are not required to cause contraction.
心循环是一系列受到心肌电活性调节的机械性活动。心肌细胞能自主收缩，即不需要神经冲动引起收缩。
1.房颤是一种常见的不规律的心脏节律，房颤能引起心房，即心脏上腔室不正常收缩。（atrial
fibrillation）
Atrial fibrillation is a very common irregular heart rhythm that causes the atria, the upper chambers of the heart, to contract abnormally.
2. 心电图是用电来记录心脏的活动，其作用是协助诊断动脉疾病、心肌梗塞及一些先天性
心脏病。（electrocardiogram）
The electrocardiogram(ECG) is an electrical recording of heart action and aids in the diagnosis of artery disease, myocardial infarction, and some congenital heart diseases.
3. 强烈要求高等教育改革的呼声遍及全国，人大代表对此也做了提案。( permeate )
A strong desire for higher education reform permeates the whole country, for which
deputies to the People’s Congress have also made their proposals.
4. 心率不齐即是心跳不规律，几乎每个人都有心率不齐的经历。（arrhythmia）
Arrhythmia means the irregular heartbeat, which nearly every individual can experience.
5.为了婴儿饮食安全，他们正在努力研制尽善尽美的新牛奶配方。（formula）
They are working on the perfection of their new milk formula to ensure the diet safety of the babies.
UNIT 4
1. The success of physiology in explaining how organisms perform their daily tasks is based on the notion that they are intricate and exquisite machines whose operation is governed by the laws of physics and chemistry.
生理学成功地解释了生物体如何进行日常活动，基于的观点是生物体好比是结构复杂而灵巧的机器，其操作受物理和化学规律控制。
2. Although it is helpful to study how each organ performs its functions, it is essential to recognize that the activity of the body as a whole is dependent on the intricate interactions between the various organ systems.
虽然研究各器官如何行使功能很有益处，但我们必须认识到机体作为一个整体所做的活动依赖于各器官系统间错综复杂的相互作用。
3.If there is an excess of potassium in the extracellular fluid, the cardiac muscle cells become too excitable and may contract at inappropriate times rather than in a coordinated manner.
如果细胞外液中钾离子过多，心肌细胞兴奋性增强，可能出现不规律的收缩。
4. A negative feedback loop requires a sensor of some kind that responds to the variable in question but not to other physiological variables.
负反馈环是在机体出现紊乱时，将一些变量控制在限定范围内的一个控制系统。
5.Each functional structure contributes its share to the maintenance of homeostatic conditions in the extracellular fluid, which is called the internal environment.
每个功能结构都在维持细胞外液稳态方面发挥其作用，这称之为内环境。
1. 血小板和血浆蛋白通过阻止受伤后的机体血液流失、修复伤口控制稳态。（hemostasis）Platelets and plasma proteins control hemostasis, a process that stops blood loss after injury and promotes wound healing.
2. 钠钾泵将钠离子主动转运至细胞外，钾离子转运到细胞内。每三个钠离子被转运出细胞，就有两个钾离子被转运到细胞内。（transport）
A sodium-potassium pump actively transports sodium ions (Na+) to the outside and potassium ions (K+) to the inside, with three Na+ moved out for every two K+ moved in.
3. 体内水平衡由位于大脑下丘脑的的渗透压感受器自动调控。（regulate）
Water is autonomically regulated by osmoreceptors located in the hypothalamus of the brain.
4.营养物质和液体由小肠绒毛内的毛细血管进入血液循环系统。(absorb)
Capillaries within the villi of the small intestine are sites where nutrients and fluids are absorbed into the circulatory system.
5. 所有的细胞每时每刻都需要氧气，并不断排出二氧化碳等新陈代谢废物。(eliminate)
All cells require a continuous supply of oxygen (O2) and must continuously eliminate a metabolic waste product, carbon dioxide (CO2).
UNIT 5
1.The body is constantly striving to maintain a constant internal environment in the midst of
ever-changing conditions.
身体一直在不断变化的条件下保持内环境恒定。
2.Cardiac output then becomes inadequate to meet the demands of the body, and the patient
loses consciousness because insufficient blood reaches the brain.
心输出量不足以满足身体的需要，病人就会因为没有足够的血液到达大脑而失去意识。
3.The liver releases stored glucose into the blood when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous
system, thus providing an increased energy source for actively metabolizing cells.
当受到交感神经系统的刺激时，肝脏会释放储存的葡萄糖到血液里，因此为活跃的新陈代谢细胞提供更多的能量源。
4.People subject to migraine headaches are generally hard-working and like order; a threat or a
conflict causes them to become tense and fatigued.
受偏头痛影响的人通常是努力工作的和喜欢有规律的人。恐吓或冲突会引起他们紧张和疲乏。
5.Asthma, a disease characterized by marked changes in the diameter of the bronchi and
obstruction of the air passageways, usually has an allergic basis
哮喘通常有过敏的基础，这种疾病表现出支气管直径明显变化和气道阻塞。各种过敏源和刺激物都可以引起哮喘发作。
1. 他受到严刑拷打, 但没泄露秘密。(subject to)
He had been subjected to punishment, but he didn’t tell the secret.
2. 如身体伤残或患上疾病，以致不能安全驾驶，就不应驾驶。(suffer)
You should not drive if you suffer from any disability or illness that may make it difficult for you to drive safely.
3. 爱迪生说：“天才是99%的血汗加上1%的灵感!”（perspiration）
Thomas Edison said, “genius is 99% perspiration plus 1% of inspiration.”
4.中国养老保险体制的改革与完善提出具有针对性和可操作性的合理化建议，更好地为社会经济实践服务。(provide)
It seeks to provide with reasonable suggestions for the improvement of pension reform in china and better serve for social practice.
5. 较年轻的职员和那些做辅助性工作的人更容易感到无聊。(prone)
Younger employees and those with more menial jobs were also more prone to boredom.
英语翻译题题库
英语翻译题库Translation. Directions: This part is to test your ability to translate English to Chinese. Each of the 10 sentences is followed by four choices of suggested translation marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer. 1. When exporting goods, it is essential to arrange insurance cover in case the goods are lost or damaged in transit. A.为了促进货物出口, 减少货物的丢失或者损坏, 必须发展保险业. B.出口时, 货物基本上都会上保险, 这样货物就避免了丢失或损坏. C.出口货物时必须办理保险, 以防货物在运输过程中丢失或者损坏. D.出口前货物一般都会上保险, 以便在货物遗失或损坏后得到赔偿. 2. If we do not receive payment by the end of this month, we will have no alternative but to take legal action. A.如果本月底我们还收不到付款, 我们将会采取除申诉以外的一切行动. B.如果在本月底我们仍未收到货款, 我们别无选择, 只能采取法律行动. C.如果本月底我们还收不到订货, 我们就不得不采取其他办法了. D.如果本月底我们还收不到订购的货物, 我们就不得不拒绝付款. 3. Party B has the right to a written notice to Party A under the following conditions. A.乙方在下述情况下有权以书面通知甲方取消合同. B.乙方有义务在下述条件下通知甲方签定书面合同. C.乙方在下列条件下有权拒绝接受甲方书写的合同. D.乙方在下列情况下才得有权与甲方终止书面合同. 4. I have already given instructions for the task to be taken up first and the engineers doing the job to work overtime. A.我已下达指示, 首先要承担这项任务, 并且从事该项工作的工程师们必须加 班. B.我已做了说明, 从事该项工作并肯加班的工程人员具有优先权来参与这项 任务. C.我已经下达指令, 涉及该项工作的人员应首先接受该项任务, 并且要加班工 作. D.我已做了解释, 首先必须有工程师们愿意加班工作才能有可能来完成这项 任务. 5. Electronic computers, which have many advantages, cannot carry out creative work and replace man. A.尽管电子计算机有许多优点，可是它不能理解创造性工作，也不能代替人类。 B.有许多优点的电子计算机也不能代替人类去做创造性工作。 C.电子计算机有很多缺点，既不能进行创造性工作，也不能代替人类。
医学考博英语翻译习题
医学考博英语翻译习题 An AIDS Mystery Solved (1) About 15 years ago， a well-meaning man donated blood to the Red Cross in Sydney，Australia，not knowing he has been exposed to HIV-1，the virus that causes AIDS. Much later，public-health officials learned that some of the people who got transfusions? containing his blood had become infected with the same virus; presumably they were almost sure to die. But as six years stretched to 10，then to 14，the anxiety of health officials gave way to astonishment. Although two of the recipients have died from other causes，not one of the seven people known to have received transfusions of the man’s contaminated blood has come down with AIDS. More telling still，the donor，a sexually active homosexual，is also healthy. In fact his immune system remains as robust as if he had never tangled with HIV at all. What could explain such unexpected good fortune? (2) A team of Australian scientists has finally solved the mystery. The virus that the donor contracted and then passed on，the team reported last week in the journal Science. contains flaws in its genetic script that appear to have rendered it innocuous?. “Not only have the recipients and the donor not progressed to disease for 15 years，”marvels molecular biologist Nicholas Deacon of Australia’s Macfarlane Burnet Centre for Medical Re-search，“but the prediction is that they never will.”Deacon speculates that this “impotent”HIV may even be a natural inoculant? that protects its carriers against more virulent strains? of the virus，much as infection with cowpox warded off smallpox in 18th-century milkmaids. (3) If this ______ proves right，it will mark a milestone in the battle to contain the late-20th century’s most terrible epidemic. For in addition to explaining why this small group of people infected with HIV has not become sick，the discovery of a viral strain that works like a vaccine would have far-reaching implications. “What these results suggest，”says Dr. Barney Graham of Tennessee’s Vanderbilt University，“is that HIV is vulnerable and that it is possible to stimulate effective immunity against it.” (4) The strain of HIV that popped up? in Sydney intrigues scientists because it contains striking abnormalities in a gene that is believed to stimulate viral duplication. In fact，the virus is missing so much of this particular gene —known as nef，for negative factor —that it is hard to imagine how the gene could perform any useful function. And sure enough，while the Sydney virus retains the ability to infect T cells —white blood cells that are critical to the immune system’s ability to ward off infection —it makes so few copies of itself that the most powerful molecular tools can barely detect its presence. Some of the infected Australians，for example，were found to carry as few as one or two copies of the virus for every 100000 T cells. People with AIDS，by contrast，are burdened with viral loads thousands of times higher. (5) At the very least，the nef gene offers an attractive target for drug developers. If its activity can be blocked，suggests Deacon，researchers might be able to hold the progression of disease at bay，even in people who have developed full-blown AIDS. The need for better AIDS-fighting drugs was underscored last week by the actions of a U.S. Food and Drug Administration advisory panel，which recommended speedy approval of two new AIDS drugs，including the first of a new class of compounds called protease? inhibitors?. Although FDA commissioner David Kessler was quick to praise the new drugs，neither medication can prevent or cure AIDS once it has taken hold.
(完整版)医学专业英语翻译及答案
Chapter 1 Passage 1 Human Body In this passage you will learn: 1. Classification of organ systems 2. Structure and function of each organ system 3. Associated medical terms To understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc. 了解人体各部分的组成及其功能，对于认识人体是必需的。研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学；研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。 Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article. 解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。本文描绘并阐述了各系统的主要部分。 The skeletal system is made of bones, joints between bones, and cartilage. Its function is to provide support and protection for the soft tissues and the organs of the body and to provide points of attachment for the muscles that move the body. There are 206 bones in the human skeleton. They have various shapes - long, short, cube - shaped, flat, and irregular. Many of the long bones have an interior space that is filled with bone marrow, where blood cells are made. 骨骼系统由骨、关节以及软骨组成。它对软组织及人体器官起到支持和保护作用，并牵动骨胳肌，引起各种运动。人体有206根骨头。骨形态不一，有长的、短、立方的、扁的及不规则的。许多长骨里有一个内层间隙，里面充填着骨髓，这即是血细胞的制造场所。 A joint is where bones are joined together. The connection can be so close that no movement is possible, as is the case in the skull. Other kinds of joints permit movement: either back and forth in one plane - as with the hinge joint of the elbow - or movement around a single axis - as with the pivot joint that permits the head to rotate. A wide range of movement is possible when the ball - shaped end of one bone fits into a socket at the end of another bone, as they do in the shoulder and hip joints. 关节把骨与骨连接起来。颅骨不能运动，是由于骨与骨之间的连接太紧密。但其它的关节可允许活动，如一个平面上的前后屈伸运动，如肘关节；或是绕轴心旋转运动，如枢轴点允许头部转动。如果一根骨的球形末端插入另一根骨的臼槽里，大辐度的运动（如肩关节、髋关节）即成为可能。 Cartilage is a more flexible material than bone. It serves as a protective, cushioning layer where bones come together. It also connects the ribs to the breastbone and provides a structural base for the nose and the external ear. An infant's skeleton is made of cartilage that is gradually replaced by bone as the infant grows into an adult. 软骨是一种比一般骨更具韧性的物质。它是骨连结的保护、缓冲层。它把肋骨与胸骨连结起来，也是鼻腔与内耳的结构基础。一个婴儿的骨骼就是由软骨组成，然后不断生长、
英语翻译题目及答案
1)你应该适当花一点时间休息和锻炼。(reasonable) You should spend a reasonable amount of time relaxing and exercising. 2) 总的来说，孩子们比过去任何时候都更健康，受到了更好的教育。(in general) In general, children are healthier and better educated than ever before. 3) 待适当的机会来临，他就能抓住。(come along) Wh en the right opportunity comes along, he’ll take it. 4）每天他都留出点时间跟家人在一起，享受生活。(set aside) Every day he sets aside some time to be with his family and enjoy life 5) 我记得那些黑暗的街道以及同父亲手拉手走路的情景。(hand in hand) I remember those dark streets and walking hand in hand with my father 6) 他最终辜负了父母的期望。(live up to) He finally failed to live up to his parents’ expectations. 相比之下，我们的用油量大幅度上升了。(in contrast) In contrast, our use of oil has increased enormously. 8) 经过努力，他成功地克服了自己的致命弱点。(overcome) He succeeded in his efforts to overcome his fatal weakness. 1) 人们认为，悲观常常会导致绝望、疾病和失败。 It is believed that pessimism often leads to hopelessness, sickness and failure. 2) 与此相反，乐观主义能使你幸福、健康和成功。 Optimism, by contrast, can make you happy, healthy and successful. 3) 当你做某件事失败时，把失败当作一种学习的经历从中汲取益处。 When you fail in something, profit from the failure as a learning experience ) 在问题或困难面前，要想想自己的长处并树立起自信心。 Think about your strengths and build up self-confidence in front of problems or difficulties. 5) 不要让消极的想法阻碍你。 Don’t let negative thoughts hold y ou back. 6) 每个人都经历过失败和失望，因此不要过多地责怪自己。 Everyone has experienced failures and disappointments, so don’t blame yourself too much. 1) She wore a dress ____with a pattern of rose__________ (有玫瑰图案) on it. 2) Helen had ____prepared a wonderful/good meal for us_ (为我们准备了一顿丰盛的饭菜). 3) Ann _______promised faithfully___ (信誓旦旦地保证) that she would never tell. 4) Could you ____deliver this letter__ (把这封信送到) to the accounts department? 5) We were offered ____a selection of milk and plain____chocolate (精选的牛奶巧克力和纯巧克力). 6) Tell the children to ___keep out of mischief / behave themselves_____(别胡闹). 7) We could hear _____the sound of distant thunder_____ (远处打雷的声音). 8) The project has now __received approval from the government (得到政府的批准). 9) Kelly loved her husband ____in spite of the fact that he drank too much (虽然他喝酒太多). 10) Experts seem unable to ____agree whether the drug is safe or not_ (就这个药是否安全取得一致意见). 1. Not every bomb has hit its target. 并非每个炸弹都击中了目标。 2. We can have one or the other but not both simultaneously. 我们能够得到其中一个，但不能同时两个都有。 3. She wanted nothing more than work. 她只想要工作。 4. You cannot be too careful. 你越仔细越好。 5. I have yet to receive an apology from a child who just ran over my foot while chasing a sibling. 有个小孩在追逐自家的兄弟姐妹时踩了我的脚，却仍未向我道歉。 1. 并非所有父母都和你一样能提供很多情况。 Not all parents are as informative as you
医学英语综合教程课文和翻译
Unit2. Cells and Aging Aging is a normal process accompanied by a progressive alteration of the body’s homeostatic adaptive responses; the specialized branch of medicine that deals with the medical problems and care of elderly person is called geriatrics. 衰老是一种正常的生理过程，伴有机体内环境稳定适应性应答的进行性改变。 研究老年人的健康问题和保健的一门特殊医学分支被称作老年病学 The obvious characteristics of aging are well known; graying and loss of hair, loss of teeth, wrinkling of skin, decreased muscle mass, and increased fat deposits. The physiological signs of aging are gradual deterioration in function and capacity to maintain a constant internal environment (homeostasis) in response to changes in temperature, diet, and oxygen supply. These sings of aging are related to a net decrease in the number of cells in the body and to the dysfunctioning of the cells that remain. 衰老的明显特征众所周知：头发花白和脱落，牙齿脱落，皮肤起皱，肌肉减少，脂肪积存增加。衰老的生理征兆是机体对环境刺激反应的功能和能力的逐渐退化如 同维持机体内环境稳定来应对温度，饮食和氧气供应改变的能力减退一样，机体新
【英语】高考英语翻译试题经典
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医学英语综合教程主课文(u1-u7)翻译
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江西中医学院考试复习资料之《医学英语》历年考试句子翻译
B 百病皆由脾胃衰而生也。All diseases are caused by weakness of the spleen and stomach. 膀胱储存和排泄尿液是在肾的气化作用下完成的。The bladder stores and discharge urine through the function of qi transformation of the kidney. 表寒证是寒邪侵袭肌表所表现的证候Exterior cold syndrome is caused by invasion of pathogenic cold into the superficies. 不同的疾病可因相同的病机而出现相同的证。Different diseases may demonstrate the same syndrome because of the similarity in pathogenesis. C 藏象学说在中医学理论体系中占有极其重要的地位。The theory of visceral manifestation plays an important role in the theoretical system of TCM. 常色是指人在正常生理状态下的面部色泽 Normal complexion refers to the facial colors under physiological conditions. 除少数药单独使用外，多数都是配合起来使用的Most herbs have to be used in combination except a few special ones. 从色泽的明暗，可以辨别病情的阴阳属性。The manifestations of complexion can tell whether a disease pertains to yin or yang in nature. D 胆的主要生理功能是贮存和排泄胆汁。The main physiological function of the gallbladder is to store and excrete bile. 胆排泄胆汁于小肠以助消化食物The gallbladder excretes bile to promote the small intestine to digest food 胆汁由肝之精气所化生。Bile is transformed from the essence in the liver. 当脏腑发生病变的时，也会通过经脉反映于体表Similarly pathological changes of the viscera can manifest over the surface of the body through meridians.同样的， 得神是精充气足神旺的表现“With spirit” is a manifestation of sufficient essence, abundant qi, and full vitality. 地区气候的差异在一定程度上也影响着人体的生理活动。Regional differences, to some extent, influences the physiological activities of the human body. 毒性剧烈的药物用量过多就会发生副作用或中毒Overuse of herbs with acute toxicity will cause side-effects or intoxication. F 肺的病变多见于鼻喉的症候。The pathological changes of the lung are mainly manifested in the nose and throat. 肺的呼吸功能健全与否，直接影响着宗气的生成。The respiratory function of the lung directly influences the production of thoracic qi. 肺失于宣散，即可以出现呼吸不利、胸闷、咳喘的病理现象。Failure of the lung to disperse inevitably leads to dyspnea, chest oppression, cough and panting. G 肝藏血以济心。The liver stores blood to complement the liver. 肝的主要生理功能是主疏泄和主藏血。The main physiological function of the liver is to control free flow of qi and store blood. 肝主升而归属于木。The liver pertains to wood because it controls elevation. 功能属于阳，物质属于阴。Functions pertain to yang while substances to yin. 光面舌主要是由于胃阴枯竭、胃气大伤所致Mirror-like tongue is primarily caused by
医学英语翻译3
医学英语文献3翻译（缺Unit1、3、7） U3 TC Beneficial bacteria may protect babies from HIV 有益菌或能保护婴儿防止感染艾滋病毒 毫无疑问，在喂养婴儿时，母乳是最好的选择。但感染HIV（艾滋病病毒）的母亲面临着一个困境：由于有些病毒会流入母乳，婴儿吃奶时便面临被感染的风险。目前两组研究队伍正在调查一场细菌之战以治疗这些脆弱的婴儿。他们将在母乳中加入抑制艾滋病的细菌。黎巴嫩，达特茅斯医学院HIV专家Ruth Connor 说，这些有益菌并不能保证儿童一定不会被感染，但可以大大降低感染概率。 在八月的“母乳喂养医学”中，她和来自西班牙马德里康普腾斯大学的同事，报告说将可以充分抑制HIV-1增长和感染的某些乳酸菌从健康女性的母乳中隔离出来。 试管研究对代表15个不同种类的38个细菌菌株进行了实验，它们都显示出了对HIV的抑制性。效力最小的可以抑制细菌6.7%的传染性；效果最好的可以抑制HIV感染细胞能力的55.5%. 研究者们试验了隔开的细菌和细菌产生的无细胞粘液。“我们想分清抑制HIV 的能力是不是由细菌的某些特定组成部分造成的，例如外部细胞壁，或仅仅是组成细菌的可溶性成分，”Connor 解释说。最终，她说每一项都被证明有抗病毒性，虽然细菌整体抑制性最好。 所有热灭菌都或多或少显示出了对HIV传染的抑制性，有11个可以杀掉41%甚至更多的HIV传染性。相比之下，只有六种菌株产生的可溶性细胞化合物证实具有抑制作用，而且只有一种可以减少至少41%的传染性。
Connor说小组的发现揭示了她和其他病毒学家以前一直困扰的问题：为什么艾滋病病毒测试呈阳性的女性母乳喂养的婴儿没有被传染。 她说，目前还不知道，到底是最有抑制性的一种或几种细菌（例如乳酸菌 /gramininis VM25；酵母VMA和戊糖片球菌VM95）单独提供了本质上防止HIV的保护作用还是共同作为自然的微生物群来起作用。Connor说，但其最终目的是通过传输一些额外的细菌，将益生素补充到母乳中。益生菌就是作为辅助消化或增进健康的食品补充剂的有益菌。 Connor说，有些有益菌是针对已出生的婴儿。它们被作为口服药丸服用或加入到婴儿食品中。该理念是在幼儿体内培养有益菌的生命群，这样就可以准备好击退任何可能被吸收的HIV。这是”保护不受传染的一个额外保护层，“Connor说。 要达到这样的结果，就要在刚出生开始母乳喂养时就开始执行，这样有益菌的效果最好，因而婴儿体内就可以优先具有反HIV菌株。 当然，这种婴儿补充物的发展还有很长的路要走。还要进行试验以确定当服用剂量较大时，有益菌不会引起腹泻或其他不良副作用——开始是大人，然后是健康的婴儿，最后是感染HIV风险很大的婴儿。 ”乳酸菌是人们从母乳中隔离出来的很普通的一种细菌，它可以有很多来源，”包括植物，酒和发酵的蔬菜或乳制品，加利福尼亚大学的David Mills 说。他说这会引起一个问题：从非人类处分离出来的同种类菌株是否引起的反应也一样？如果是的话，这就是一种非特定的作用（但可能还是很有用处）。”我很惊奇发现母乳中有这么多有机体，因为现在还不清楚它们是怎么到母乳里的，”伦敦西安大略大学加拿大益生菌研究与开发中心的Gregor Reid 说。他说，有一种关于来源的理论是，在怀孕后期，树状细胞——一些活跃的白