(完整版)英语语法之定语从句

(完整版)英语语法之定语从句
(完整版)英语语法之定语从句

定语从句

1.1

定语从句的两个重要概念:先行词和关系词:

先行词:被定语从句所修饰的对象称为先行词。

关系词:重复指代先行词,起连接主句和从句的作用,并且在定语从句中充当一定成分的连接词称为关系词。关系词有两个作用:

1.代词的作用:重复指代先行词并且在定语从句中充当一定成分,比如I don’t like people who never keep their word.中的who指代people并且作从句的主语。

2.连接作用:即连接主句和从句,如上句who起着连接主句I don’t like people 和从句who never keep their word 的作用

1.2

关系词在定语从句充当的成分

在上一节中,在谈到关系词的“代词作用”时,提到它“重复指代先行词并且在定语从句中充当一定的成分”。因此接下来的分析思路是,以关系词为出发点,从两个角度来谈定语从句:一是关系词在从句中所能充当的各种不同成分;二是关系词与先行词的对应关系,即不同的先行词要由不同的关系词来指代。

1.2.1

关系词用作从句的主语

1. I like guys and they have a good sense of humor.

2. I like guys w h o have a good sense of humor.

点睛:这里的关系词who取代and they,来引导定语从句who have a good sense of humor,修饰名词guys。这个guys就是先行词。

翻译:我喜欢有幽默感的男生。

3. Anger is a thief who steals away the nice moments.

翻译:愤怒就如同一个窃贼,盗取了我们的幸福时光。

4. He who is not handsome at twenty, nor strong at thirty, nor rich at forty, nor wise at fifty, will never be handsome, rich or wise.

翻译:一个人若在20岁时不俊美,30岁不健康,40岁不富有,50岁时不明智,那么他将永远不会拥有这些。

5. There is this difference between happiness and wisdom: the person who thinks himself the happiest man really is so ; but the person who thinks himself the wisest is generally the greatest fool.

翻译:幸福与智慧区别于此:认为自己是最幸福的,他真的就是最幸福的;而认为自己是最有智慧的,他却往往是最大的傻瓜。

6. Of course I am not talking about easy-come-easy-go friendship. I’m talking about friends who care deeply about each other, who support each other, who make life worth living.

翻译:当然了,我这里所说的的友谊不是那种“来的快去的也快”的泛泛之交,而是那种彼此之间能真正互相关心的朋友,就能够互相支持的朋友,能够让你的人生更有意义的朋友。

1.2.2

关系词用作从句动词的宾语(relative pronoun as object of verb)

关系词除了像上面讨论的在定语从句中作主语外,还可以在从句中作宾语。

而且,还可以进一步区分为从句动词的宾语和从句介词的宾语。

1. I’d really like to find a friend and I can trust him completely.

2. I’d really like to find a friend I can trust who completely.

点睛:这里的him指代名词a friend,可以用关系代词who来替代him,来充当动词trust的宾语。有因为who 有连词作用,所以此时and 就要去掉,另一方面,关系词who要置于从句的开头,所以要把who移到I的前面,原句从而就变为I’d really like to find a friend who I can trust completely.

1.2.3

关系词用作从句中介词的宾语(relative pronoun as object of preposition)

1. I’m talking about friends and you can share almost everything with them.

2. I’m talking about friends who you can share almost everything with.

点睛:这里的who即时充当介词with的宾语。

翻译:我这里说的朋友,是指那些你几乎可以把一切与之分享的人。

3. I hope I never have a boss who I can’t talk to about my problems.

点睛:这里的who即是充当介词to的宾语.

翻译:我不希望有一个我无法与之沟通的老板。

1.2.4

作宾语的关系词可以省去

英语里有这样的习惯:作宾语的关系词可以省去,无论关系词的做动词的宾语还是作介词的宾语都可以省去。(在从句中作主语的关系词不能省去。)

1.3

关系代词与先行词的搭配关系

在英语里除了用关系词who外,还有其他的关系词,比如whom, which, that, whose, when, where 和why等等。这些关系词可以分为两类:关系代词和关系副词,关系代词主要包括who , whom, which , that, 和whose.这些词主要起着代词的作用。在定语从句中充当主语和宾语(whose作宾语)。关系副词则包括when, where和why,这些词主要起着副词的作用,在定语从句里当状语。

先行词指“人”,用关系代词who或whom

一,先行词指“人”才能用who或whom

1. Friendship is a very difficult thing. It is hard to handle. It creates many different. In fact I would say that friendship is as hard to handle as love is, or even marriage. Of course I am not talking about easy-come-easy-go friendship. I’m talking about friends who care deeply about each other, who support each other, who make life worth living.I’m talking about friends who you can share almost everything with .

二,who和whom的区别

who的前面不能与介词搭配使用:因为who是主格形式,所以在介词的后面

不能用who,比如不能说with who. 而说with whom

1. I’m talking about friends who you can share almost everything with.

2. I’m talking about friends with whom y ou can share almost everything .

Whom在定语从句中不能作主语,但可以作宾语或表语

1. A rich person is not one who has the most, but is one who needs the least.

翻译:一个富有的人,不是因为他拥有的最多,而是因为他需要的最少。

2. Only the people who have the patience to do simple things perfectly will acquire the skill to do difficult things easily.

翻译:只有有耐心圆满完成简单工作的人,才能够轻而易举地完成困难的事。

1.3.3

表示人或物的所用关系,用whose

Whose 表示所有关系,其作用就如同物主代词my, your, her, his, their 和our 一样,whose 的后面要接名词。Whose可指人也可指物。“whose+名词”在从句中可作名词,动词的宾语或介词的宾语。

1. When I looked through the window. I saw a girl whose beauty took my breath away.

点睛:这里的whose beauty 作从句的主语,whose指人即a girl.

翻译:当我朝窗外看去,猛然看见一个美女,其美貌让我惊讶不已。

2. Atlas (in Greek mythology) was a kneeling man on whose shoulder the world rested.

点睛:这里的whose shoulder作从句中动词短语rested on 的宾语,这里on 被提前。Whose指人即man.

翻译:阿特拉斯是(希腊神话中)一个大力神,他跪在地上,肩上背负着地球。

1.3.3

先行词指“物”,用关系代词which

关系词which的造句结构完全类似于前面讨论的who,不如which可以做从句的主语或宾语,只不过which的先行词是“物”。

1. We are studying sentences which contain adjective clauses

点睛:这里的先行词是sentence,表示“物”,因此不能用who,这里要用which 代替they,来带指sentence,告诉对方“我们正在学习什么类型的句子”

翻译:我们正在学习带有定语从句的句子

值得注意的是,关系词which所指代的先行词比较复杂,它除了可以指单个的名词外,还可以指代短语甚至是从句。

一,先行词是单个的名词

1. Anger is a wind which blows out the lamp of the mind.

翻译:愤怒是吹灭心灵之灯的风.

2. Perhaps it is human to appreciate little that which we have and to long for that which we have not.

翻译:或许,“不惜已获,贪求不得”是人类共同的弱点吧。

二,先行词是一个短语。Which可以指代一个短语。

1. He likes climbing mountains, which is a good exercise

三,先行词是一个句子。Which可以指代前面的整个句子。

1,Tom was late, which surprised me.

2. He tore up my photo, which upset me.

1.3.4

That 可以指代“人”,也可以指代“物”

关系代词that的意义和用法主要有以下三点:一是that即可以指代“人”也可以指代“物”,即它指“物”时可以替换which,指“人”时可以替换who 来使用;二是that不用在非限制性定语从句;三是that不能用于介词的后面(同who 一样)。

一,that 即可指“人”也可指“物”;因为that 可以指人,可以指物,因此就会有涉及与which和who在用法上的区别。以下几种情况最好用that。

1.当先行词中同时出现人和物时,用that

The writer and his novels that the article deals with are quite familiar to us.

2.先行词为指“物”的all, little, few, much, none和the first时,用that。

All that glitters is not gold.

点睛:这里的先行词是all,所以用that来引导定语从句。另外要注意的是,这里有一个版否定的问题:all….not 要译成“并非都是”,不能译成全否的“所以都不”。

翻译:闪光的并非都是金子。

As long as you stand up to the difficulties, there are none that cannot be overcome.

翻译:只要你勇敢地去面对困难,就没有什么客服不了的。

3.先行词是不定代词something,anything,nothing和everything 时,一般用that

Greater expense does not always equal better gift, I would much rather receive a gift that was unique or that I knew my friends had put some thought into than something that cost a lot of money but that I didn’t need or want, I would much rather receive something that made me laugh, made me reminisce (回忆), or fit my personality than something that cost a lot but that I will just throw in my closet and forget about.

4. 先行词被any, only, all, every, no, some, much, few, little, 序数词,形容词的最高级,the only, the one, the very, the right 和the last等成分修饰时,用that Tell us all things that you know.

There is no difficulty that they can’t overcome.

He is the only man that can speak four foreign languages in our company.

5. that 不用在非限制性定语从句中。

6. that 不能用于介词后面。

1.4

关系副词的用法

在英语中,引导定语从句的的关系副词主要有when, where和why,他们在从句中分别作时间状语,地点状语和原因状语

1.4.1

When的用法

一,先行词指时间:when 可以引导限制性和非限制性定语从句,其先行词须是表时间的名词,如year,day,或time.

1. I’ll never forget the day when I met you.

点睛:这里的先行词是表示时间的名词day,所以要用when引导定语从句。这里when作从句的时间状语,修饰谓语动词met.

翻译:我永远不会忘记我们见面的那一天。

2. April Fool’s Day is that special day of the year when you should play a joke on someone! Children’s favorites are to put salt in the sugar bowl for Dad’s morning coffee or put chalk on a desk chair at school so the teacher gets a white backside! But remember, if you play a joke after 12 noon, YOU are the April Fool.

点睛:表示时间的名词day用作先行词,所以用when来引导定语从句,这里when 做从句的时间状语,修饰谓语动词play..

二,关系副词when 在从句中作时间状语。若定语从句不是缺少状语,而是缺少主语或宾语,那么即使先行词是表示时间的名词,也不能用when而要用which或that来引导定语从句。

1.I’ll never forget the time which I spent on campus.

2.I’ll never forget the day when we first met in the park..

1.4.2

Where的用法

一,where的先行词指地点;where引导的定语从句,其先行词一般是表示地点的名词,如place和house等。

1.Do you know any place where I can buy Mr. Zhang’s grammar book?

翻译:你知道我在什么地方可以买到张老师的语法书吗?

二,关系副词where在从句中作地点状语。与when类似,并非凡是先行词表示地点的名词,都是有where来引导定语从句,这得看关系词在从句中充当的成分。若定语从句缺主语或宾语,则要用which或that引导定语从句。

1.This is the town where I spent my children.

2.This is the town which I told you about before.

1.4.3

Why的用法

Why用来表示原因,只引导限制性定语从句,先行词是reason等表示原因的名词。

1.This is the reason why I didn’t come here.

点睛:此处的why=for which;

翻译:这就是我没来的原因。

1.5

限制性与非限制性定语从句

限制性与非限制定语从句二者的区别是:在限制性定语从句中,先行词与关系词之间不用逗号隔开,而非限制定语从句则有逗号隔开。这种形式上有逗号或没逗号并不是随意的。换句话说,二者更重要的区别在于意义上有区别。

1.5.1

限制性定语从句——不用逗号隔开。

限制性定语从句是用来对一个名词提供必要的信息(a defining relative clause defines of gives essential information about a noun), 以说明定语从句修饰的先行词的身份或性质,或用来限制先行词或定语从句,若去掉限制性定语从句,则主句部分的含义不明确,或意义不完整,所以不能用逗号隔开先行词何定语从句。

1. I don’t like people who are never on time

2. I don’t like people who never keep their words.

点睛:以上句子黑体部分的定语从句都是用来说明people的性质的,是必不可少的信息。

1.5.2

非限制性定语从句——用逗号隔开

非限制性定语从句用来提供附加的而非必要的信息,只是对先行词作进一步的解释,补充或说明(a nondefining relative clause gives optional information about a noun).。若去掉此定语从句,整个句子的意义一样好呢明确,不会引起误解和歧义。一般来讲,下面这两种先行词,其后都宜用非限制性定语从句。

一,专有名词;如果定语从句的先行词是一个专有名词。一般要用逗号分隔先行词与定语从句,也就是说要使用非限制定语从句。这是因为专有名词本身的意思已经很完整,不需要限制。用定语从句只是对它进行补充说明。

1. Beijing, which is the capital of China, has developed into an international city.

翻译:北京,中国的首都,已经成为了一个国际化的都市。

2. Einstein, who was a great Jewish scientist, created the theory of relativity.

翻译:爱因斯坦这位伟大的犹太科学家发明了相对论。

二,类指名词;普通名词若是用来表示类指,即表示的是一类事物,而非具体的是一个事物,此时,其后也宜用非限制性定语从句。

1. An elephant, which is the earth’s largest land mammal, has few natural enemies other than human beings.

2. One of the elephant which we saw at the zoo had only one tusk.

点睛:这两句的先行词都是普通名词elephant,但一个用非限制定语从句,一个用定语从句修饰。原因就是因为两句中的elephant的意义是不一样的。第一句中的elephant是类指或泛指,即表示“大象”这类动物,而不是指称具体的某一头大象。第二句的指具体的某一头大象。

1.5.3

用或不用逗号,句意有差别

在英文中,还有一类句子,用限制性或非限制性定语从句都可以,但强调的意义不一样,即句义不同。

1. He has a daughter who works in a hospital.

2. He has a daughter, who works in a hospital.

点睛: 第一句表示他有多个女儿,其中有一个在医院工作。第二句强调他有一个女儿,不是儿子,在医院工作“纯粹是补充信息”

翻译:1 。他有一个在医院工作的女儿。

2 。他有个女儿,是在医院工作的。

3. The food which was n’t in the fridge all went off.

4. The food ,which wasn’t in the fridge ,all went off.

点睛:第一句表示部分食物坏了,即没有放在冰箱里的那部分食物坏了。第二句表示食物坏了,因为没有放在冰箱里。此时定语从句补充说明了食物变质的原因,是因为没有放在冰箱里。

翻译:3。没有放在冰箱里的那些食物变坏了。

4。食物都坏了,因为没有放在冰箱里里。

5. The cab driver who knew about the traffic jam took another road.

6. The cab driver ,who knew about the traffic jam, took another road.

点睛:第一句的言外之意是“不知道的司机则没有换路线,只有部分司机换行驶路线”第二句的言外之意是“全部司机都知道,都换了行驶路线”

翻译:5. 知道那里堵车的出租车司机换了另一条道。

6. 出租车司机因为知道那里赛车了,他们都换而来令一条道。

1.5.4

非限制性定语从句的翻译

最后,讨论一下上述两种定语从句在翻译上的差别。限制性定语从句一般翻译定语的形式“。。。。。的”,而非限制性定语从句往往会翻译成各种状语形式。

1. The Ambassador gave a dinner to the scientists, with whom he especially wished to talk.

翻译:大使宴请了那些科学家,因为他特别想与他们交谈一下(翻译成原因状语从句)

2. people were desperate for work, any work , which could support their family.

翻译:人们急于找到工作,什么工作都行,只要能养家糊口(翻译成条件状语从句)

3. The millionaire had another house built, which he didn’t need at all.

翻译;那位百万富翁有建了一所房子,尽管他并不需要。(翻译成让步状语从句)

4. They tried to stamp out the revolt, which spread all the more furiously throughout the country.

翻译:起义依然声势浩大地遍布全国,尽管他们试图镇压。(翻译成让步状语从句)

1.6

定语从句与同位语从句的区分

定语从句和同位语从句在结构是有相似性,都是“名词+that 从句”,这里的名词都称作现行词。

1.6.1

从结构上区分:that是否做成分。

That在定语从句中要充当成分,比如作从句的主语或宾语;而that在同位语从句中不作任何成分,仅起连接词的作用。换句话说定语从句的结构是“名词+that+不完整的句子”,而同位语从句的结构是“名词+that+完整的陈述句”。

1. The rumour that he spread everywhere turned out to be untrue.

2. The rumour that Tom was a thief turned out to be untrue.

点睛:第一句中that在从句中作spread的宾语;第二句中that在从句不作任何成分。

翻译:1 他到处散布的那个谣言,结果证明是假的。

2. 有人谣传Tom是窃贼,结果证明是假的。

1.6.2

从意义是哪个区分:that引导的从句的意义不同。

两类从句在意义撒谎能够也不同:定语从句相当于形容词,对先行词起修饰,描述和限制的作用;同位语从句相当与一个名词,对其前面名词内容的具体表述,二者是同为关系。

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