离合器外文翻译
Transmission System
A Basic Parts of the transmission system
The transmission system applies to the components needed to transfer the drive from the engine to the road wheels. The main components and their purposes are
(1) Clutch --- to disengage the drive
--- to provide a smooth take-up of the drive
(2) Gearbox --- to increase the torque applied to the driving road wheels
--- to enable the engine to operate within a given range of speed irrespective of the vehicle speed
--- to give reverse motion of the vehicle
--- to provide a neutral position so that the engine can run without moving the vehicle
(3) Final drive --- to turn the drive through 90°
--- to reduce the speed of the drive by a set amount to match the engine to the vehicle
(4) Differential --- to allow the inner driving road wheel to rotate slower than the
outer wheel when the vehicle is cornering, whilst it ensures
that a drive is applied equally to both wheels.
B Clutch and Clutch Service
In order to transmit the power of the engine to the road wheels of a car, a friction clutch and a change-speed gearbox are normally employed. The former
is necessary in order to enable the drive to be taken up gradually and smoothly, while the latter provides different ratios of speed reduction from the engine to the wheels, to suit the particular conditions of running,
A clutch performs two tasks:
(1) it disengages the engine from the gearbox to allow for gear changing.
(2) it is a means for gradually engaging the engine to the driving wheels, when a vehicle is to be moved from rest the clutch must engage a stationary gearbox shaft with the engine; this must be rotating at a high speed to provide sufficient power or else the load will be too great and the engine will start (come to test).
C Clutch Action
To start the engine, the driver must depress the clutch pedal. This disengages the gearbox from the engine. To move the car, the driver must reengage the gearbox to the engine. However, the engagement of the parts must be gradual. An engine at idle develops little power. If the two parts were connected too quickly, the engine would stall. The load must be applied gradually to operate the car smoothly.
A driver depresses the clutch pedal to shift the gears inside the gearbox. After the driver releases the clutch pedal, the clutch must act as solid coupling device. It must transmit all engine power to the gearbox, without slipping.
The clutch mechanism include three basic parts: driving member, driven member, operating members.
●The driving member
The driving member consists of two parts: the flywheel and the pressure plate. The flywheel is bolted directly to the engine crankshaft and rotates when the crankshaft turns. The pressure plate is bolted to the flywheel. The result is that both flywheel and pressure plate rotate together.
●The driven member
The driven member, or clutch disc, is located between the flywheel and pressure plate. The disc has a splined hub that locks to the splined input shaft on the gearbox .Any rotation of the clutch disc turns the input shaft .Likewise, any motion of the input shaft moves the clutch disc. The splines allow the clutch disc to move forward and backward on the shaft as it engages and disengages.
The inner part of the clutch disc, called the hub flange, has a number of small coil springs. These springs are called torsional springs. They let the middle part of the clutch disc turn slightly on the hub. Thus, the springs absorb the torsional vibrations of the crankshaft. When the springs have compressed completely, the clutch moves back until the springs relax. In other words, the clutch absorbs these engine vibrations, preventing the vibrations from going through the drive train.
●Operating Members
These are the parts that release pressure from the clutch disc. The operating
members consist of the clutch pedal, clutch return spring, clutch linkage, clutch fork, and throwout bearing. The clutch linkage includes the clutch pedal and a mechanical or hydraulic system to move the other operating members.
When the clutch pedal is depressed, the clutch linkage operates the clutch fork .The clutch fork, or release fork, moves the throwout bearing against the pressure plate release levers. These levers then compress springs that normally hold the clutch disc tightly against the flywheel.
At this point, the torque of the engine cannot turn the gearbox input shaft. The gears in the gearbox may be shifted or the vehicle can be brought to a full stop.
When the clutch pedal is released, the pressure plate forces the clutch disc against the flywheel. The clutch return spring helps raise the pedal.
D Clutch Service
The major parts of the clutch assembly need no maintenance or lubrication during normal service. However, all linkage parts need lubrication at points of contact. The linkage itself must be adjusted to prevent wear of the clutch disc.
●Free-play Adjustment
You can make only one adjustment on the clutch linkage —the free-play adjustment. Free play is the allowable space between the throwout bearing and the pressure plate release levers. This space is important because it prevents pressure on the levers that could keep the clutch from engaging fully. In other words, the throwout bearing must be slightly away from the pressure plate levers
so that the bearing applies no pressure on the levers. On the other hand, there must not be too much free play between the bearing and the levers. With too much clearance, the clutch cannot fully disengaged when the driver press the clutch pedal to the floor. In most cases, you measure the free play at the clutch pedal, rather than at the bell housing.
The free play allows some motion at the beginning of the clutch pedal travel, before the pedal meets resistance. Since the distance varies with the type of pressure plate, check the service manual. Usually, free play should be about 20 to 25mm.
Free play can be adjusted at some point where the clutch linkage consists of threaded rods with locknuts. The rod closest to the clutch fork is the most common adjustment point. Begin by locating the rod and locknut beneath the vehicle. Then determine which way to turn the adjustment nuts to get the correct free play at the pedal. You can get a rough estimate of free play by moving the clutch fork to see if it still has some movement. The best way to make the adjustment is to loosen the locknut and move the adjustment nut a few turns. Then check the free play at the pedal. Continue making adjustments until you have the correct free play. When the free-play adjustment meets the manufacturer’s specification, tighten the locknut.
Check the free-play adjustment every six months and make any adjustment. Clutches need adjustment that often, since free play decreases slightly as the clutch disc wears. However, the need for frequent adjustments means a problem
in the clutch mechanism itself.
There must be free play between the throwout bearing and pressure plate release levers. Problems can result from “riding the clutch”. A driver who rests one foot on the clutch pedal causes the throwout bearing to rub against the clutch release levers. As a result, the throwout bearing becomes worn quickly. Also, the clutch disc may wear out due to slippage because the parts are not fully engaged.
●Clutch Faults
The following are the main faults:
Slip —failure of the surface to grip resulting in the driven plate revolving slower than the engine flywheel : Clutch gets hot and emits an odor.
Spin or drag —failure of the plates to separate resulting in noise from the
gearbox when selecting a gear: most noticeable when the
vehicle is stationary.
Judder —a vibration which occurs when the clutch is being engaged , i.e.
when the vehicle is stationary.
Fierceness —sudden departure of the vehicle even though the pedal is being released gradually.
E The Clutches（supplementary contract）
A clutch is a friction device used to connect and disconnect a driving force from a driven member. In automotive applications, it is used in conjunction with an engine flywheel to provide smooth engagement and disengagement of the
engine and manual transmission.
Since an internal combustion engine develops little power or torque at low rpm, it must gain speed before it will move the vehicle. However, if a rapidly rotating engine is suddenly connected to the drive line of a stationary vehicle, a violent shock will result.
So gradual application of load, along with some slowing of engine speed , is needed to provide reasonable and comfortable starts. In vehicles equipped with a manual transmission, this is accomplished by means of a mechanical clutch.
The clutch utilizes friction for its operation. The main parts of the clutch are a pressure plate, and a driven disk. The pressure plate is coupled with the flywheel, while the driven disk is fitted to the disk by the springs so that the torque is transmitted owing to friction forces from the engine to the input shaft of the transmission. Smooth engagement is ensured by slipping of the disk before a full pressure is applied.
The automobiles are equipped with a dry spring-loaded clutch. The clutch is termed “dry” because the surfaces of the pressure plate and driven disks are dry in contrast to oil-bath clutches in which the plate and disks operate in a bath of oil. It is called “springloaded”because the pressure plate and the driven disk are always pressed to each other by springs and are released only for a time to shift gears or to brake the automobile.
In addition to the plate and disk, the clutch includes a cover, release levers, a release yoke, pressure springs and a control linkage. The clutch cover is a steel
stamping bolted to the flywheel. The release levers are secured inside the cover on the supporting bolts. The outer ends of the release levers are articulated to the pressure plate. Such a construction allows the pressure plate to approach the cover or move away from it, all the time rotating with the cover or move away from it, all the time rotating with the flywheel. The springs spaced around the circumference between the pressure plate and the clutch cover clamp the driven disk between the pressure plate and the flywheel.
The springs are installed with the aid of projections and sockets provided on the cover and pressure plate. The pressure plate sockets have thermal-insulation gaskets for protecting the springs against overheating.
The clutch release mechanism can be operated either mechanically or hydraulically. The mechanically-operated release mechanism consists of a pedal, a return spring, a shaft with lever, a rod m release yoke lever, a release yoke, a release ball bearing with support and a clutch release spring. When the clutch pedal is depressed, the rod and shaft with yoke shift the release bearing and support assembly. The release bearing presses the inner ends of the release levers, the pressure plate is moved away from the driven disk and the clutch is disengaged. To engage the clutch , the pedal is released, the release bearing and support assembly is shifted back by the return spring thus releasing the release levers so that the pressure plate is forced by its springs towards the flywheel to clamp the driven disk and engage the clutch.
The clutch hydraulically-operated release mechanism consists of a clutch
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常用温度传感器解析，温度传感器的原理、分类及应用 温度传感器（temperature transducer）是指能感受温度并转换成可用输出信号的传感器。温度传感器是温度测量仪表的核心部分，品种繁多。按测量方式可分为接触式和非接触式两大类，按照传感器材料及电子元件特性分为热电阻和热电偶两类。 温度传感器的分类接触式 接触式温度传感器的检测部分与被测对象有良好的接触，又称温度计。 温度计通过传导或对流达到热平衡，从而使温度计的示值能直接表示被测对象的温度。一般测量精度较高。在一定的测温范围内，温度计也可测量物体内部的温度分布。但对于运动体、小目标或热容量很小的对象则会产生较大的测量误差，常用的温度计有双金属温度计、玻璃液体温度计、压力式温度计、电阻温度计、热敏电阻和温差电偶等。它们广泛应用于工业、农业、商业等部门。在日常生活中人们也常常使用这些温度计。 随着低温技术在国防工程、空间技术、冶金、电子、食品、医药和石油化工等部门的广泛应用和超导技术的研究，测量120K以下温度的低温温度计得到了发展，如低温气体温度计、蒸汽压温度计、声学温度计、顺磁盐温度计、量子温度计、低温热电阻和低温温差电偶等。低温温度计要求感温元件体积小、准确度高、复现性和稳定性好。利用多孔高硅氧玻璃渗碳烧结而成的渗碳玻璃热电阻就是低温温度计的一种感温元件，可用于测量 1.6～300K范围内的温度。 非接触式 它的敏感元件与被测对象互不接触，又称非接触式测温仪表。这种仪表可用来测量运动物体、小目标和热容量小或温度变化迅速（瞬变）对象的表面温度，也可用于测量温度场的温度分布。 最常用的非接触式测温仪表基于黑体辐射的基本定律，称为辐射测温仪表。辐射测温法包括亮度法（见光学高温计）、辐射法（见辐射高温计）和比色法（见比色温度计）。各类辐
压力传感器外文翻译
压力传感器 合理进行压力传感器的误差补偿是其应用的关键。压力传感器主要有偏移量误差、灵敏度误差、线性误差和滞后误差，本文将介绍这四种误差产生的机理和对测试结果的影响，同时将介绍为提高测量精度的压力标定方法以及应用实例。 目前市场上传感器种类丰富多样，这使得设计工程师可以选择系统所需的压力传感器。这些传感器既包括最基本的变换器，也包括更为复杂的带有片上电路的高集成度传感器。由于存在这些差异，设计工程师必须尽可能够补偿压力传感器的测量误差，这是保证传感器满足设计和应用要求的重要步骤。在某些情况下，补偿还能提高传感器在应用中的整体性能。 本文以摩托罗拉公司的压力传感器为例，所涉及的概念适用于各种压力传感器的设计应用。 摩托罗拉公司生产的主流压力传感器是一种单片压阻器件，该器件具有 3 类： 1.基本的或未加补偿标定； 2.有标定并进行温度补偿； 3.有标定、补偿和放大。 偏移量、范围标定以及温度补偿均可以通过薄膜电阻网络实现，这种薄膜电阻网络在封装过程中采用激光修正。 该传感器通常与微控制器结合使用，而微控制器的嵌入软件本身建立了传感器数学模型。微控制器读取了输出电压后，通过模数转换器的变换，该模型可以将电压量转换为压力测量值。传感器最简单的数学模型即为传递函数。该模型可在整个标定过程中进行优化，并且模型的成熟度将随标定点的增加而增加。 从计量学的角度看，测量误差具有相当严格的定义：它表征了测量压力与实际压力之间的差异。而通常无法直接得到实际压力，但可以通过采用适当的压力标准加以估计，计量人员通常采用那些精度比被测设备高出至少 10 倍的仪器作为测量标准。 由于未经标定的系统只能使用典型的灵敏度和偏移值将输出电压转换为压 力，测得的压力将产生如图 1 所示的误差。 这种未经标定的初始误差由以下几个部分组成： a.偏移量误差。由于在整个压力范围内垂直偏移保持恒定，因此变换器扩散和激光调节修正的变化将产生偏移量误差。 b.灵敏度误差，产生误差大小与压力成正比。如果设备的灵敏度高于典型值，灵敏度误差将是压力的递增函数（见图 1）。如果灵敏度低于典型值，那么灵敏度误差将是压力的递减函数。该误差的产生原因在于扩散过程的变化。
自动化 外文翻译 文献综述 温度传感器
分辨率可编程单总线数字温度传感器—— DS18B20 1 概述 1.1 特性： ?独特的单总线接口，只需一个端口引脚即可实现数据通信 ?每个器件的片上ROM 都存储着一个独特的64 位串行码 ?多点能力使分布式温度检测应用得到简化 ?不需要外围元件 ?能用数据线供电，供电的范围3.0V～5.5V ?测量温度的范围：-55℃～+125℃（-67℉～+257℉） ?从-10℃～+85℃的测量的精度是±0.5℃ ?分辨率为9-12 位，可由用户选择 ?在750ms 内把温度转换为12 位数字字（最大值） ?用户可定义的非易失性温度报警设置 ?报警搜索命令识别和针对设备的温度外部程序限度（温度报警情况） ?可采用8 引脚SO（150mil）、8引脚μSOP和3引脚TO-92 封装 ?软件兼容DS1822 ?应用范围包括：恒温控制、工业系统、消费类产品、温度计和任何的热敏系统
图1 DS18B20引脚排列图 1.2 一般说明 DS18B20数字温度计提供9至12位的摄氏温度测量，并具有非易失性的用户可编程触发点的上限和下限报警功能。DS18B20为单总线通信，按定义只需要一条数据线（和地线）与中央微处理器进行通信。DS18B20能够感应温度的范围为-55~+125℃，在-10~+85℃范围内的测量精度为±0.5℃，此外，DS18B20 可以直接从数据线上获取供电（寄生电源），而不需要一个额外的外部电源。 每个DS18B20都拥有一个独特的64位序列号，因此它允许多个DS18B20作用在一条单总线上，这样,可以使用一个微处理器来控制许多DS18B20分布在一个大区域。受益于这一特性的应用包括HAVC 环境控制、建筑物、设备和机械内的温度监测、以及过程 监测和控制过程的温度监测。
传感器外文翻译
Basic knowledge of transducers A transducer is a device which converts the quantity being measured into an optical, mechanical, or-more commonly-electrical signal. The energy-conversion process that takes place is referred to as transduction. Transducers are classified according to the transduction principle involved and the form of the measured. Thus a resistance transducer for measuring displacement is classified as a resistance displacement transducer. Other classification examples are pressure bellows, force diaphragm, pressure flapper-nozzle, and so on. 1、Transducer Elements Although there are exception ,most transducers consist of a sensing element and a conversion or control element. For example, diaphragms,bellows,strain tubes and rings, bourdon tubes, and cantilevers are sensing elements which respond to changes in pressure or force and convert these physical quantities into a displacement. This displacement may then be used to change an electrical parameter such as voltage, resistance, capacitance, or inductance. Such combination of mechanical and electrical elements form electromechanical transducing devices or transducers. Similar combination can be made for other energy input such as thermal. Photo, magnetic and chemical,giving thermoelectric, photoelectric,electromaanetic, and electrochemical transducers respectively. 2、Transducer Sensitivity The relationship between the measured and the transducer output signal is usually obtained by calibration tests and is referred to as the transducer sensitivity K1= output-signal increment / measured increment . In practice, the transducer sensitivity is usually known, and, by measuring the output signal, the input quantity is determined from input= output-signal increment / K1. 3、Characteristics of an Ideal Transducer The high transducer should exhibit the following characteristics a) high fidelity-the transducer output waveform shape be a faithful reproduction of the measured; there should be minimum distortion. b) There should be minimum interference with the quantity being measured; the presence of the transducer should not alter the measured in any way. c) Size. The transducer must be capable of being placed exactly where it is needed.
DS18B20 单线温度传感器外文翻译
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 学院（系）：机电一体化 专业：电气自动化专业 姓名： 学号： 外文出处：http：//https://www.360docs.net/doc/c53160475.html, (用外文写) 2012年4月5日 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 DS18B20 单线温度传感器 1．特征： ●独特的单线接口，只需 1 个接口引脚即可通信 ●每个设备都有一个唯一的64位串行代码存储在光盘片上 ●多点能力使分布式温度检测应用得以简化 ●不需要外部部件 ●可以从数据线供电，电源电压范围为3.0V至5.5V ●测量范围从-55 ° C至+125 ° C（-67 ° F至257 ° F），从-10℃至 +85 ° C的精度为0.5 °C ●温度计分辨率是用户可选择的9至12位 ●转换12位数字的最长时间是750ms ●用户可定义的非易失性的温度告警设置 ●告警搜索命令识别和寻址温度在编定的极限之外的器件（温度告警情况） ●采用8引脚SO（150mil），8引脚SOP和3引脚TO - 92封装 ●软件与DS1822兼容 ●应用范围包括恒温控制工业系统消费类产品温度计或任何热敏系统 2．简介 该DS18B20的数字温度计提供9至12位的摄氏温度测量，并具有与非易失性用户可编程上限和下限报警功能。信息单线接口送入 DS1820 或从 DS1820 送出，因此按照定义只需要一条数据线（和地线）与中央微处理器进行通信。它的测温范围从-55 °C到 +125 ° C，其中从-10 °C至+85 °C可以精确到0.5°C 。此外，DS18B20可以从数据线直接供电（“寄生电源”），从而消除了供应需要一个外部电源。 每个 DS18B20 的有一个唯一的64位序列码，它允许多个DS18B20s的功能在同一 1-巴士线。因此，用一个微处理器控制大面积分布的许多DS18B20s是非常简单的。此特性的应用范围包括 HVAC、环境控制、建筑物、设备或机械内的温度检测以及过程监视和控制系统。
温度传感器报告
温度传感器报告
温度传感器是指能感受温度并能转换成可用输出信号的传感器。温度是和人类生活环境有着密切关系的一个物理量，是工业过程三大参量（流量、压力、温度）之一，也是国际单位制（SI）中七个基本物理量之一。温度测量是一个经典而又古老的话题，很久以来，这方面己有多种测温元件和传感器得到普及，但是直到今天，为了适应各工业部门、科学研究、医疗、家用电器等方面的广泛要求，仍在不断研发新型测温元件和传感器、新的测温方法、新的测温材料、新的市场应用。要准确地测量温度也非易事，如测温元件选择不当、测量方法不宜，均不能得到满意结果。 据有关部门统计，2009年我国传感器的销售额为327亿元人民币，其中温度传感器占整个传感器市场的14％，主要应用于通信电子产品、家用电器、楼宇自动化、医疗设备、仪器仪表、汽车电子等领域。 温度传感器的特点 作为一个理想的温度传感器，应该具备以下要求：测量范围广、精度高、可靠性好、时漂小、重量轻、响应快、价格低、能批量生产等。但同时满足上述条件的温度传感器是不存在的，应根据应用现场灵活使用各种温度传感器。这是因为不同的温度传感器具有不同的特点。 ● 不同的温度传感器测量范围和特点是不同的。 几种重要类型的温度传感器的温度测量范围和特点，如表1所示。 ● 测温的准确度与测量方法有关。 根据温度传感器的使用方法，通常分为接触测量和非接触测量两类，两种测量方法的特点如 ● 不同的测温元件应采用不同的测量电路。 通常采用的测量电路有三种。“电阻式测温元件测量电路”，该测量电路要考虑消除非线性误差和热电阻导线对测量准确度的影响。“电势型测温元件测量电路”，该电路需考虑线性化和冷端补偿，信号处理电路较热电阻的复杂。“电流型测温元件测量电路”，半导体集成温度传感器是最典型的电流型温度测量元件，当电源电压变化、外接导线变化时，该电路输出电流基本不受影响，非常适合远距离测温。 温度测量的最新进展 ● 研制适应各种工业应用的测温元件和温度传感器。 铂薄膜温度传感器膜厚1μm，可置于极小的测量空间，作温度场分布测量，响应时间不超过1ms，偶丝最小直径25μm，热偶体积小于1×10-4mm3，质量小于1μg。 多色比色温度传感器能实时求出被测物体发射率的近似值，提高辐射测温的精
中国嵌入式温度传感器市场现状及未来发展趋势
中国嵌入式温度传感器市场现状及未来发展趋势 恒州博智(QYResearch) 2020年
2019年中国嵌入式温度传感器市场规模达到了XX亿元，预计2026年可以达到XX亿元，未来几年年复合增长率(CAGR)为XX%。 本报告研究中国市场嵌入式温度传感器的生产、消费及进出口情况，重点关注在中国市场扮演重要角色的全球及本土嵌入式温度传感器生产商，呈现这些厂商在中国市场的嵌入式温度传感器销量、收入、价格、毛利率、市场份额等关键指标。本文也同时研究中国本土生产企业的嵌入式温度传感器产能、产量、产值及市场份额。此外，针对嵌入式温度传感器产品本身的细分增长情况，如不同嵌入式温度传感器产品类型、价格、产量、产值，不同领域嵌入式温度传感器的市场销量等，本文也做了深入分析。历史数据为2015至2019年，预测数据为2020年至2026年。 主要厂商包括： Honeywell International NXP Semiconductors Panasonic Corporation Siemens ABB STMicroelectronics Emerson Electric Microchip Technology TE Connectivity OMRON Corporation
Amphenol Advanced Sensors Maxim Integrated Infineon Technologies TDK-Micronas OMEGA Engineering ON Semiconductor CODICO 按照不同产品类型，包括如下几个类别：非接触式 接触式 按照不同应用，主要包括如下几个方面：化学制品 石油和天然气 能源与电力 卫生保健 食物和饮料 消费类电子产品 航空航天与国防 其他 国内重点关注如下几个地区: 华东地区 华南地区
传感器技术外文文献及中文翻译
Sensor technology A sensor is a device which produces a signal in response to its detecting or measuring a property ,such as position , force , torque , pressure , temperature , humidity , speed , acceleration , or vibration .Traditionally ,sensors (such as actuators and switches )have been used to set limits on the performance of machines .Common examples are (a) stops on machine tools to restrict work table movements ,(b) pressure and temperature gages with automatics shut-off features , and (c) governors on engines to prevent excessive speed of operation . Sensor technology has become an important aspect of manufacturing processes and systems .It is essential for proper data acquisition and for the monitoring , communication , and computer control of machines and systems . Because they convert one quantity to another , sensors often are referred to as transducers .Analog sensors produce a signal , such as voltage ,which is proportional to the measured quantity .Digital sensors have numeric or digital outputs that can be transferred to computers directly .Analog-to-coverter(ADC) is available for interfacing analog sensors with computers . Classifications of Sensors Sensors that are of interest in manufacturing may be classified generally as follows: Machanical sensors measure such as quantities as positions ,shape ,velocity ,force ,torque , pressure , vibration , strain , and mass . Electrical sensors measure voltage , current , charge , and conductivity . Magnetic sensors measure magnetic field ,flux , and permeablity . Thermal sensors measure temperature , flux ,conductivity , and special heat . Other types are acoustic , ultrasonic , chemical , optical , radiation , laser ,and fiber-optic . Depending on its application , a sensor may consist of metallic , nonmetallic , organic , or inorganic materials , as well as fluids ,gases ,plasmas , or semiconductors .Using the special characteristics of these materials , sensors covert the quantity or property measured to analog or digital output. The operation of an ordinary mercury thermometer , for example , is based on the difference between the thermal expansion of mercury and that of glass. Similarly , a machine part , a physical obstruction , or barrier in a space can be detected by breaking the beam of light when sensed by a photoelectric cell . A proximity sensor ( which senses and measures the distance between it and an object or a moving member of a machine ) can be based on acoustics , magnetism , capacitance , or optics . Other actuators contact the object and take appropriate action ( usually by electromechanical means ) . Sensors are essential to the conduct of intelligent robots , and are being developed with capabilities that resemble those of humans ( smart sensors , see the following ). This is America, the development of such a surgery Lin Bai an example, through the screen, through a remote control operator to control another manipulator, through the realization of the right abdominal surgery A few years ago our country the
热电偶温度传感器中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
外文翻译： Thermocouple Temperatur sensor Introduction to Thermocouples The thermocouple is one of the simplest of all sensors. It consists of two wires of dissimilar metals joined near the measurement point. The output is a small voltage measured between the two wires. While appealingly simple in concept, the theory behind the thermocouple is subtle, the basics of which need to be understood for the most effective use of the sensor. Thermocouple theory A thermocouple circuit has at least two junctions: the measurement junction and a reference junction. Typically, the reference junction is created where the two wires connect to the measuring device. This second junction it is really two junctions: one for each of the two wires, but because they are assumed to be at the same temperature (isothermal) they are considered as one (thermal) junction. It is the point where the metals change - from the thermocouple metals to what ever metals are used in the measuring device - typically copper. The output voltage is related to the temperature difference between the measurement and the reference junctions. This is phenomena is known as the Seebeck effect. (See the Thermocouple Calculator to get a feel for the magnitude of the Seebeck voltage). The Seebeck effect generates a small voltage along the length of a wire, and is greatest where the temperature gradient is greatest. If the circuit is of wire of identical material, then they will generate identical but opposite Seebeck voltages which will cancel. However, if the wire metals are different the Seebeck voltages will be different and will not cancel. In practice the Seebeck voltage is made up of two components: the Peltier
温度传感器
温度传感器 一、简介 温度传感器是指能感受温度并转换成可用输出信号的传感器。温度传感器是温度测量仪表的核心部分，品种繁多。 二、主要分类 1、接触式 接触式温度传感器的检测部分与被测对象有良好的接触，又称温度计。 温度计通过传导或对流达到热平衡，从而使温度计的示值能直接表示被测对象的温度。一般测量精度较高。在一定的测量范围内，温度计也可测量物体内部的温度分布。但对于运动体、小目标或热容量很小的对象则会产生较大的测量误差，常用的温度计有双金属温度计、玻璃液体温度计、压力式温度计、电阻温度计、热敏电阻和温差电偶等。它们广泛应用于工业、农业、商业等部门。在日常生活中人们也常常使用这些温度计。随着低温技术在国防工程、空间技术、冶金、电子、食品、医药和石油化工等部门的广泛应用和超导技术的研究，测量120K以下温度的低温温度计得到了发展，如低温气体温度计、蒸气压温度计、声学温度计、顺磁盐温度计、量子温度计、低温热电阻和低温温差热电偶等。低温温度计要求感温元件体积小、精确度高、复现性和稳定性好。利用多孔高硅氧玻璃渗碳少杰而成的渗碳玻璃热电阻就是低温温度计的一种感温元件，可用于测量1.6-300K范围内的温度。 2、非接触式 它的敏感元件与被测对象互不接触，又称非接触式测温仪表。这种仪表可用来测量运动物体、小目标和热容量小或温度变化迅速（瞬变）对象的表面温度，也可用于测量温度场的温度分布。 最常用的非接触式测温仪表基于黑体辐射的基本定律，称为辐射测温仪表。辐射测温法包括亮度法（见光学高温计）、辐射法（见辐射高温计）和比色法（见比色温度计）。各类辐射测温方法只能测出对应的光度温度、辐射温度或比色温度。只有对黑体（吸收全部辐射并不反射光的物体）所测温度才是真实温度。如欲测定物体的真实温度，则必须进行材料表面发射率的修正。而材料表面发射率不仅取决于温度和波长，而且还与表面状态、涂膜和微
温度传感器的发展现状、原理及应用
温度传感器的发展现状、原理及应用 摘要： 近年来，中国工业现代化进程和电子信息产业的持续快速发展，推动了传感器市场的快速崛起。温度传感器是一类重要的传感器，占传感器总需求量的40%以上。温度传感器是一种半导体器件，利用NTC电阻随温度变化的特点，将非电物理量转化为电量，从而实现精确的温度测量和自动控制。温度传感器广泛应用于温度测量和控制、温度补偿、流量和风速测量、液位指示、温度测量、紫外和红外测量、微波功率测量等领域，广泛应用于彩电领域。电脑彩色显示，开关电源，热水器，冰箱，厨房设备，空调，汽车等领域。近年来，汽车电子和消费电子行业的快速增长推动了中国对温度传感器需求的快速增长。 关键词：温度传感器；发展现状；应用
目录 一、温度传感器的发展现状 (3) 二、温度传感器的原理 (3) （一）热电偶温度传感器原理 (4) （二）金属热电阻温度传感器原理 (4) （三）集成温度传感器原理 (4) 三、温度传感器的应用 (4) （一）在汽车中的应用 (5) （二）在家用电器中的应用 (5) （三）生物医学中的应用 (6) （四）工业中的应用 (6) （五）太空中的应用 (6) 四、结论 (6) 参考文献 (8)
一、温度传感器的发展现状 温度传感器是通过物体随温度变化而改变某种特性来间接测量的[1]。不少材料、元件的特性都随温度的变化而变化，所以能作温度传感器的材料相当多。温度传感器随温度而引起物理参数变化的有：膨胀、电阻、电容、而电动势、磁性能、频率、光学特性及热噪声等等。随着生产的发展，新型温度传感器还会不断涌现。 由于工农业生产中温度测量的范围极宽，从零下几百度到零上几千度，而各种材料做成的温度传感器只能在一定的温度范围内使用。温度是一个和人们生活环境有着密切关系的物理量，也是一种在生产、科研、生活中需要测量和控制的重要物理量，是国际单位制七个基本量之一。其测量控制一般产用各式各样形态的温度传感器。 表1.1当前市面上温度传感器分类统计表[2] 分类特征传感器名称 测量范围 超高温用1500℃以上光学高温计、辐射传感器 中高温用1000℃ -1500℃ 光学高温计、辐射传感器、热电偶 中温用500℃-1000℃光学高温计、辐射传感器、热电 低温用-250℃-0℃晶体管、热敏电阻、压力式玻璃温度计极低温用-270℃ --250℃ BaSrTi03陶瓷 现如今，在集成数字智能温度传感器领域，国内相关的设计和研究尚处于交 际处的阶段。目前市场上流行的同类温度传感器诸如DS18B20，AD7416，AD7417，AD7418，AD590等F，大国都是出自国外一些比较大的公司。就目前来说，国内的很多公司往往温度传感器产品比较少，并且已申请到的相关专利也非常少，处理厦门大学等高校申请专利外，还有香港应用科技研究院、苏州纳芯微电子、背景中电华大电子设计、上海贝岭等少数研究机构或企业的专利，虽然其专利名称比较大，但是技术涉及点并不全面。因此，在集成数字温度传感器方面，我国尚有较大的发展空间。