英语国家概况
1：The British Commonwealth（英国共和国）The British Commonwealth is a volutary association of some 40 countries that were once British Colonies.
2：Whigs（辉格党）The name of Whigs originated with the Glorious Revolution .It was know by the nickname .It was a derogatory name for cattle drivers .Loosely speaking ,the whigs were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Nonconformists. 3：New Deal（新政）New Deal was a program put forward by President Roosevelt to overcome the Great Depress in the 1930s.
4：（反传统文化）Counterculture was a movement of revolt against the moral values ,the aesthetic standards ,the personal behaviour and the social relatins of conventional society.
5：Bloody Mary（血腥玛丽）During Queen Mary ’s reign, at least 300 Protestants were burnt as heretics .People call her“Bloody Mary”6：The three waves of immigration to America（美国的三次人口迁移）The first big were of immigration toAmerica was between 1810-1845,the second between 1860-1890 and the third between 1890-1914.
7：Black Thursday of 1929（美国经济萧条，黑色星期四）
Black Thursday referred to Dctober 24,1929 the day when the stock market in the United States collapsed .Tens of millions of shares were dumped on the market and billions of dollars of paper profit were wiped out within a few hours. 8：the Church of England（英格兰教会）The Church of England is a state church supported by the British Government .The king is head of the Church England.
9：tertiary colleges（中等学校）Tertiary colleges in Britains offer a range of full-time and Part-time vocational coures for students over 16 as well as academic courses.10：Built environment（人造环境）It refers to those features of the environments built by people or changed by people
11：Benefit of clergy（神职人员）Benefit of clergy referred to the privilege given to clerks in English history .At that time clerk charged with criminal offences were tried in the Bishop’s courts instead of in the king’s court ,and the Bishop’s court did not inflict corporal punishment.
12：William Shakespeare（威廉'莎士比亚1564－1616戏剧家和诗人）He was born in 1564 and died in 1616.As a dramatist and poet he generally regarded as the greatest writer in the English language .He wrote 37 plays.
13：The Articles of Confederation（邦例，英国）It was passed
in 1781,it is very unsual .First it provided for no King .Second it emphasized state powers .It is a written consititution.
14：The Great Charter（英国大宪章）The Great Charter has been also know as Magna Carta which the English barons forced King John to sign in 1215. It limited the King’s powers . It has been regarded as the foundation of English liberaties.
15：The Industrial Revolution 工业命（1780－1830）
16:The Canadian Shield(加拿大地盾，首都是渥太华Ottawa)The Canadian Shield covers almost half of Canada and it is a semicircular band of rocky highlands and plateaus around Hudson Bay from the northern shores of Quebec to the Arctic shores of the Northwest Territories
17: Renaissance 文复14C初Renaissance was the transitional peroid between the Middle Ages and modern time in Eurpe ,covering the years C1350-C1650. The Renaissance was a period of significant achievement and change.
18 : Multiculturaliam多元文化，澳大利亚Multiculturaliam means to recognize that Australians are from different backgrounds and social cohesion is attained by to lerating
differences within an agreed legal and constitional framework.
19 : Manifest Destiny 天定命运论，美国西进运动Manifest Destiny refers to theory that said it was right for the United States to expand territory.
19 :The Hundred Years ’War （英法）The Hundrd Years War refers to the mtermittent war between France and England that lasted from 1377 to 1453
20：Abolitionists废奴沦者Abolitionists were those Americans who demanded immediate abolition of slavery before the Civil War
21三大地理区（Great Werten Plateau :西部大高原，Easten Highlands:东部山地，Centrad Eastern Lavlands中东部低地的大低地带）It refers to the regins that divide according to the shape of the surface land .
22：Free Churches (英国)The Free Churcher are some of the Protestant Churches in Britain which are free from government control.
23: The Great Depression 经济大萧条(20C)The Great Depression refers to the great economic crists that hit the whole capitalist world in the 1930s
23：Maoritanga 毛利人文化Maori culture ,the Maori way
of life and view of the world.
24:Black Power 黑人当奴（美国历史）Black Power was movement of the Black Muslims led by Malcolm X during ,the civil Rights Movement .Contrary to Martin Luther King’s idea .Black Power movement advocated violence and attempted to separate themselves from white society.
25: The English Reformation （英国宗改）It refers the religious reform in England in the 16th century . As a result ,the church of English was established as a State Church.
26：The Glorious Revokution 光荣革命（英国不流血的战争)William Landed at Torbay on November 15, 1688 and marched upon Londom. In England this takeover was relatively smooth ,with no bloodshed ,nor any execution of the King .This became know as the Glorious Revolution
1：The Bill of Rights (权力法案，美国）
The Bill of Rights is the term used to for the first ten amendmend to the U.S. constitution. It guarantees freedom of religion, freedom of speech , freedom of
the press, freedom of assembly and petition, freedom of unreasonable searches and other legal rights.
2:Utilitarianism(功利主义) Utilitarianism was the ideal of Jeremy Bentham .He suggested that government’s function should be to achieve “the greatest happinessof th e greatest number ”. It should be done in two ways: government should be efficient and it should interfere as little as possible.
3:Constitutional Monarchy (英国，君主政体) Constitutional Monarchy is a system ,Under this system the King or Quean is head of the state ,but their power is limited by Parliament or the law.
4:Boston Tea Party （波士顿倾茶事件）In 1773,when British ships of tea reached Boston, serveral dozen Boston residents dressed as Indians boarded the ships at night and threw the tea into the habor..
5:Established Churches (国教) The name of whigs originated with the Glorious Revolution. It was know by the nickname . It was a derogatory name for cattle drivers . Lossely speaking ,the whigs were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Nonconformists.
6：British ’s two-party system （两党制，保守党和工党）The two major parties in Britian are the Corservative Party amd Labour Party and since 1945 either of the two parties has held power。
7：Roundheads “圆颅派”（内战中的）Roundheads were supporters of Parliament in English Civil War .They were called Roundheads because of their short haircuts “Cavaliers”（骑士派）.
8:The Industrial Revolution （工业革命，1780－1830）The Industrial Revolution refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the 18th and 19th centuries.
9：Bank Holidays （银行假日）Bank Holidays are also called official public holidays .The term “Bank Holiday ”goes back to the Bank Holiday Act of 1871.Which owes it name to the fact that bank are closed on the days specifited.
10：The U.S. Federal System （美国联邦制度）The U.S. Constitution set up a federal system of government which has two layers of rule .There is central fedral government for the nation which alone has the power
to answer questions that affect the nation as a whole .There are also state and local governments . Each layer of government has separate and distinct powers laid down in the constitution.
11：Checks and balances （制衡制度）It is a system used by the U.S. Constitution According to the checks and balances system powers are divided among government branches and these branches check each other.
12：Black Death （黑死病）Black Death was the modern name given to the deadly bubonic plagice .It spread through Europe in the 14th century between 1347-1650. It killed between one half and one third of the population of England.
13：Muckrakers （黑幕揭发者）At the turn of the 20th century in the Unitdd States, there were a group of reform-minded journalists , who made inverstigations and exposed various dark side of the seemingly proseperous American societ
14：Comprehensive schools :Comprehensive schools take pupils without reference to ablity to or aptitude and provide a wide-ranging secondary education for
all or most of the children in a district.
15:Whigs (in Britain) ：The name of Whigs originated with the Glorious Revolution. It was known by the nickname. It was a derogatory name for cattle drivers.Loosely speaking ,the Whigs were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Nonconformists.
16：The Purlitical：The Purlitical were wealthy, well-educated gentlemen. They wanted to purify the Church of England Dissatisfied with the political corruption in England and threatened with religious persecution ,the Puritan leaders saw the New World as the refuge provided by God for those he meant to save. 17:War Power Act ：It was an act that limited the President’s power in sending troops abroad and require the President to consult Congress before any such decision.
18:The Commonwealth ：It is free association of 50 independent countries that were once colonies of Britain . Member nations are joined together economically and have certain trading arrangements .The decision to become a member of
the Commonwealth is left to each nation.
19:Checks and Balances ：The United States has three separate branches of government:the legislative, excutive, and judical. Each branch has a portion of constitutional authority and can check or black the actions of the other branches .The three branches are thus in balance .This is a system of checks and balances.
20:Electoral College ：The electoral of all 50states and the District of Columbia --a total of 538 persons --comprise what is known as the Electoral College .To be successful, a candidate for the Presidency must receive 270 votes.
21：Constitutional Monarchy （君主立宪制）A constitutional monarchy is a country in which the head of the state is a king or a queen .In practice ,the Sovereign reigns ,but does not rule.
22：“No taxation without representation ”（无选举权不得征税）The people in the Britain colonies opposed the unfair treatment by the Britain government. They declared,“No taxation without representation ”,that is, without their representatives taking part in
decisionmaking,they had no obligation to pay taxes to Britain .
23:The Speaker (of the House of Commons in Britain )(下议院)The Speaker of the House of Commons in Britain is elected at the beginning of each new Parliament to preside over the House and enforce the rules of order, and he is acceptable to all shades of opinion in the House of Commons.
24:Open University (开放大学)The Open University is a non-residential university which is "open" to all people .The university was founded in 1969 and began its first courses in 1970.It offers degrees and other courses for adult students of all ages in Britain and the other
英语国家社会与文化 课程标准
《英美概况》教学大纲 一、课程说明. 1. 课程代码：107013841 2. 课程中文名称：英美概况 3. 课程英文名称：The Society and Culture of Major English Speaking Countries — an Introduction 4. 课程总学时数：32 5. 课程学分数：2 6. 授课对象: 英语专业二年级学生 7.本课程的性质、地位和作用 《英美概况》是英语专业本科的一门专业任选课。本课程以英语为媒介，比较系统地向学生阐述世界主要英语国家的社会与文化背景，如地理、历史、政治、经济、社会生活和文化传统等方面的基本知识。它是英语专业学生学习英语专业其它语言基础课和在高年级阶段学习英语文学和翻译等课程的基础。本课程的教学可以提高学生在跨文化语言运用过程中对文化差异的敏感性、宽容性和处理文化差异的灵活性，从而改善学生的跨文化语言运用能力。 二、教学基本要求 1.本课程的目的、任务 本课程的教学目的在于让英语专业学生了解和熟悉主要英语国家的社会与文化概貌，掌握其地理、历史、政治、经济、社会生活与文化传统等方面的基本知识，扩大知识面，丰富文化修修养，加深对英语国家语言、文化和文学的理解，提高分析判断能力。 2.本课程的教学要求 本课程的基本要求是让学生掌握英美两个典型英语语言国家的历史与社会文化背景、民族特点、当前现状及发展前景。通过本课程的学习，学生除掌握有关英美两国的社会基本构成、文化传统、经济科技发展等基本知识外，同时也提高自身对英文社科类书籍的阅读能力，从而进一步提高自己的英语水平。 在课程的教学过程中，教师也可适当向学生推荐一些反映英美国家文化的优
英语国家概况
英语国家概况-Land and people I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts 英国的不同名称及其各组成部分 1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England. 地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。 2. Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。 3. The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones. 不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。 4.Three political divisions on the island：England, Scotland and Wales. 大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。 (1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section. 英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。 (2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh 苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。它有三大自然区：北部高地，中部低地及南部山陵。首府：爱丁堡。 (3) Wales is in the west of Great Britain. Capital: Cardiff 威尔士位于大不列颠的西部。首府：加的夫 (4) Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK. Capital: Belfast. 北爱尔兰是英国第四个区域。首府：贝尔法斯特。 5.The Commonwealth (of nations)is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. It was founded in 1931, and has 50 member countries until 1991. 英联邦是独立的前英国殖民地组成的自由联合体。它成立于1931年，至1990年止已有50个成员国。 II. Geographical Features 英国的地理特征 1.Geographical position of Britain: 英国的地理位置： Britain is an island country surrounded by the sea. It lies in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe. It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east. 英国是一个岛国。它位于大西洋北部，与欧洲大陆的北海岸隔海相望。南面的英吉利海峡和东面的北海将它与欧洲其它部分隔开。 2.The north and west of Britain are mainly highlands; and the east and southeast are mostly lowlands. 英国的西部和北部主要是高地，东部和东南部主要是低地。 III. Rivers and Lakes 河流与湖泊 Ben Nevis is the highest mountain in Britain (1,343m).
英语国家概况课后题总结和答案
Chapter 1 land and people are the differences between Britain and the British Isles, Great Britain,England,the United Kingdom and the British Commonwealth The British Isles,Greant Britina and England are geographical names, no the official names of the country,while the official name is the United Kingdom,but the full name is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern British Commonwealth is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britian. the geographical position of Britian Britain is an island country. It lies in the north Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of is separated from the rest of Europe by the English channel in the south and the North Sea in the east. in Great Britain are mostly highland and lowland The north and west of Britain are mainly highland, while the south and south-east are mostly lowlands. Britain have a favourable climate why Yes,it has a favourable climate, because it has a maritime type of climate---winters are mild,not too cold and summers are cool, not too has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole has a small range of temperature,too. are the factors which influence the climate in Britain Which part of Britain has the most rainfall and which part is the driest
英语国家概况
英语国家概况》期末复习题（含答案） （第I卷客观题共45分） 1. 选择题（共30 分; 每题1 分） U.K. 1. The importance of the British monarchy can be seen in its effect on ___ . D A. passing the bills B. advising the government C. political parties D. public attitude 2. The policies of the Conservative Party in Great Britain are characterized by pragmatism and . D A. government intervention B. nationalization of enterprises C. social reform D. a belief in individualism 3. Oxford University is the oldest university in the English-speaking world. 4. Cabinet members are chosen by ___ in Britain. B A. the monarch B. the Prime Minister C. the Archbishop D. the Lord Chancellor 5. English belongs to the Germanic group of Indo-European family of languages. 6. The Severn River is the longest river in Britain. 7. The following Christmas traditions are particularly British except ___ . A A. Trooping the Color B. Queen 's Christmas message C. Boxing Day D. Christmas pantomime 8. Among Britain q'uaslity press, the following newspapers are regarded as the “ BigThree with the exception of The Observer. 9. In 2012, Britain had a population of about 63 million. 10. The two main islands of the British Isles are Great Britain and Ireland. 11. British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher once said that, “ Britain and tht e dUSntiates will stand side by side ”. 12. The Labor Party affected the British society greatly in that it ___ . A A. set up the National Health Services B. improved public transportation C. abolished the old tax system D. enhanced the economic development 13. Margaret Thatcher go'v s ernment introduced the biggest changes in British economic policy since World War II. 14. Charles Dickens is a representative of English Critical Realism at the turn of the 19 th century. 15. The three principle features of the climate of Britain are the following EXCEPT ___ . C A. the frequent fog in winter B. the large number of rainy days C. extreme coldness even in summer D. changeability all the year round 16. Samuel Johnson 'dsictionary was influential in establishing a standard form of spelling in English. 17. The introduction of Christianity to Britain added the first element of Latin and Greek words to English. 18. __ was not among the four self-governing dominions in the British Empire. C A. Australia B. Canada C. India D. the Union of South Africa 19. Of the following sectors in Britain, service industry has experienced spectacular growth si nee the end of World War II. 20. Cambridge has more Nobel Prize winners than any other institution in Britain.
英语国家概况
《英语国家概况》补充材料 A：名词解释补充 The Pilgrim Fathers（英国清教徒）: This is given to those members who made the first crossing on the famous Mayflower, which landed at Plymouth harbor in December 1620. Jacksonian democracy（杰克森式民主）:It is used in American politics to describe the period when the “common man” participated in the government, occurring after Jeffersonian democracy. The Progressive Movement（革新运动）:It was a reform movement that reached its height in the early 20th century. This arose as a response to the vast changes brought by industrialization. The Union Flag（英国国旗）:Also known as the Union Jack. It is the national flag of the UK. It symbolizes the 4 administrative nations, the England, Scotland, Wales and the Northern Ireland. The red cross stands for England, the diagonal Red Cross stands for Ireland and the diagonal white cross stands for Scotland. British Commonwealth（英联邦）:Also known as the Commonwealth of Nations. It includes the UK and the 40 or so former British colonies that are now sovereign states. It was formally established in 1931. European Union（欧盟）:It is an economic and political union established in 1993. The establishment of the European Union expanded the political scope of the European Economic, especially in the area of foreign and security policies, and provided for the creation of a central European bank and the adoption of a common currency. Domesday Book（末日审判书）: The written record of a census and survey of English landowners and their property made by order of William the Conqueror in 1085-1086. Stonehenge（巨石阵）:A group of standing stones on a plain in the southern England. The arrangement of the stones suggests that it was used as a religious center and also as an astronomical observatory. Julius Caesar（凯撒大帝）:He is a roman general, statesman and historian. He invaded British, conquered the army of his political enemy Pompey, and pursued other enemies to Egypt. He returned to Rome, and was given a order by the people to rule as dictator until he was murdered. Protestantism（新教）: One of the 3 major branches of Christianity, originating in the 16th century Reformation in Europe. Margaret Thatcher（撒切尔夫人）: She is the first British female Prime Minister who held the office of PM Longer than anyone else in the 20th century. She was elected in 1979, shored up a Conservative-led government, favored privatization plans. Her nickname is “The Iron Lady”; she was elected to three consecutive terms and resigned in1990 Keynesian（凯恩斯主义）: The economic theories of economist Keynes, who advocate government monetary and fiscal programs, designed to increase employment and stimulate business activity. Westminster Abbey（威斯敏斯特教堂）:A famous church located in London, where English monarchs are crowned and distinguished English subjects are buried. The Poets’ Corner conta ins the graves of great English writers. Grammar school: Originally meant to educate the young in Latin grammar and that of another European language. These schools in modern UK are intended to teach a highly academic class and teach students to deal with abstract concepts. The American Revolution（独立战争）: Also known as the War of Independence, it began in 1775 and ended in 1783. It ended 2 centuries of British rule for most of the North American colonies and created the United States of America.
英语国家概况课程标准
英语国家概况课程标准 课程代码： 适用专业：商务英语 一、课程概述 1．课程性质 语言是文化的载体，文化是语言的基础。英语语言学习和英国国家文化相互依存、密不可分。一个优秀的英语语言学习者，若不了解该语言背后所承载的民族文化，其交际能力也会受到限制。该课程能使学生了解和掌握英美两国政治，历史，经济，社会，文化和教育等基本知识，了解英美国家社会发展、现状和影响这两个国家社会发展的因素，拓展学生的知识面，培养学生文化意识，启发学生了解西方社会，了解交际规则，增强学生的英语语言学习能力，为后续专业课程的学习打下一定的基础，进而为培养高技能应用型复合人才打下基础。 2．课程设计思路 本课程在设计上围绕合作学习法—任务型教学法、比较教学法、线索梳理法、启发式等教学法。 合作学习法—任务型教学法 合作学习法又称协作学习，是以合作学习小组为基本形式，系统利用教学中动态因素之间的互动，促进学生的学习，以团体成绩作为评价标准，共同完成教学活动。任务型教学法是一种以任务或活动为核心单位计划组织语言教学的途径,一种强调“在做中学”的语言教学方法。合作学习法与任务型教学法结合是指教师设计学习任务，指导并帮助学生以小组为单位通过合作、协商完成学习任务的教学过程。主要采用组织演示、演讲、讨论等形式。 2）比较教学法 比较教学法是在教学过程中，利用教学内容的相互联系和区别，促进学生掌握和巩固教学内容、达到教学目标的一种逻辑思维方法。例如，在学习美国的政体时，我们可以和英国政体、甚至是我国的政体进行比较，异中求同，同中求异。从而对“Parliament”、“Congress”和我国的NPC （The National People’s Congress）形成更深刻的理解。运用这种教学法不仅有利于学生掌握基本知识与技能，而且有利于提高学生的创造性思维能力。3）线索梳理法 线索梳理法，尤其是历史年代轴线表示法是表达历史线索最清晰的一种方式，这种方式的特点是易于梳理，可操作性强，非常直接，便于记忆。比如说，英国历史很长，如果不进行梳理，很难记忆，如果整理成一条线索，效果却不能同日而语： Early settlers——Roman invasions——Anglo-Saxons——the Viking and Danish Invasions——the Norman Conquest——William’s Rule——the Great Charter——the Hundred Year’s War——the English Reformation——the English Renaissance——the Civil War——the Glorious Revolution——the Industrial Revolution——the two World Wars 同样，美国历史部分可整理成这样一条线索： The war of Independence——the War of 1812——territorial expansion and Westward Movement——the Civil War——the two World Wars——the Cold War——the Berlin Blockade——the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s——the Vietnam War 二、课程培养目标 1．知识目标 了解主要英语国家的地理，历史，经济和政治等方面的概况；了解主要英语国家的文化传统，风俗习惯和社会生活的其他有关情况。 2．技能目标 扩大知识面，有效弥补英语专业学生知识面窄的不足；提高英语阅读的能力和语言应用能力。 3．素质目标
英语国家概况总结资料全
Unit1 A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom 1.The flag of Britain : Union Jack （英国国旗中没有显示出Welsh旗） 2. The basic information of each country: Count ry Capital Area Memo Englan d London 最大 1.最不会把自己的 “英格兰文化区 别于其他文化” 2.一个高度城市化
3.The time joining the British parliament: However, in 1707 by agreement of the English and Scottish parliaments, Scotland joined the Union. 4.Difference between the British Isles ,UK, Great Britain , and England: British Isles: the island of Great Britain the island of Ireland
surrounding isles ●UK=Great Britain + Northern Ireland ●Great Britain =England +Scotland + Wales 5.The four major invasions in the history of Great Britain : At first, England was occupied by Celtic people. Then in 43AD Britain was invaded by the Roman Empire. Result: England and Wales became a part of the Roman Empire for nearly 400 years. the Angle-Saxon invaded. Result: The land they lived became" Angle-land", later changed into England, the language they spoken became English. PS：One of the best-known English legends derives from this time. In 5 century AD, King Author(亚瑟王) united the British, and with his magical sword, Excalibur（被称为“王者之剑”的圣剑）,
英语专业国家概况期末复习总结
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