单片机-英文参考文献12
Structure and function of the MCS-51 series
Structure and function of the MCS-51 series one-chip computer MCS-51 is a name of a piece of one-chip computer series which Intel Company produces. This company introduced 8 top-grade one-chip computers of MCS-51 series in 1980 after introducing 8 one-chip computers of MCS-48 series in 1976. It belong to a lot of kinds this line of one-chip computer the chips have,such as 8051, 8031, 8751, 80C51BH, 80C31BH,etc., their basic composition, basic performance and instruction system are all the same. 8051 daily representatives- 51 serial one-chip computers .
An one-chip computer system is made up of several following parts: ( 1) One microprocessor of 8 (CPU). ( 2) At slice data memory RAM (128B/256B),it use not depositting not can reading /data that write, such as result not middle of operation, final result and data wanted to show, etc. ( 3) Procedure memory ROM/EPROM (4KB/8KB ), is used to preserve the procedure , some initial data and form in slice. But does not take ROM/EPROM within some one-chip computers, such as 8031 , 8032, 80C ,etc.. ( 4) Four 8 run side by side I/O interface P0 four P3, each mouth can use as introduction , may use as exporting too. ( 5) Two timer / counter, each timer / counter may set up and count in the way, used to count to the external incident, can set up into a timing way too, and can according to count or result of timing realize the control of the computer. ( 6) Five cut off cutting off the control system of the source . ( 7) One all duplexing serial I/O mouth of UART (universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (UART) ), is it realize one-chip computer or one-chip computer and serial communication of computer to use for. ( 8) Stretch oscillator and clock produce circuit, quartz crystal finely tune electric capacity need outer. Allow oscillation frequency as 12 megahertas now at most. Every the above-mentioned part was joined through the inside data bus .Among them, CPU is a core of the one-chip computer, it is the control of the computer and command centre, made up of such parts as arithmetic unit and controller , etc.. The arithmetic unit can carry on 8 persons of arithmetic operation and unit ALU of logic operation while including one, the 1 storing device temporarilies of 8, storing device 2 temporarily, 8's accumulation device
ACC, register B and procedure state register PSW, etc. Person who accumulate ACC count by 2 input ends entered of checking etc. temporarily as one operation often, come from person who store 1 operation is it is it make operation to go on to count temporarily , operation result and loopback ACC with another one. In addition, ACC is often regarded as the transfer station of data transmission on 8051 inside . The same as general microprocessor, it is the busiest register. Help remembering that agreeing with A expresses in the order. The controller includes the procedure counter , the order is depositted, the order decipher, the oscillator and timing circuit, etc. The procedure counter is made up of counter of 8 for two, amounts to 16. It is a byte address counter of the procedure in fact, the content is the next IA that will carried out in PC. The content which changes it can change the direction that the procedure carries out . Shake the circuit in 8051 one-chip computers, only need outer quartz crystal and frequency to finely tune the electric capacity, its frequency range is its 12MHZ of 1.2MHZ. This pulse signal, as 8051 basic beats of working, namely the minimum unit of time. 8051 is the same as other computers, the work in harmony under the control of the basic beat, just like an orchestra according to the beat play that is commanded.
There are ROM (procedure memory , can only read ) and RAM in 8051 slices (data memory, can is it can write ) two to read, they have each independent memory address space, dispose way to be the same with general memory of computer. Procedure 8051 memory and 8751 slice procedure memory capacity 4KB, address begin from 0000H, used for preserving the procedure and form constant. Data 80518751 8031 of memory data memory 128B, address false 00FH, use for middle result to deposit operation, the data are stored temporarily and the data are buffered etc.. In RAM of this 128B, there is unit of 32 byteses that can be appointed as the job register, this and general microprocessor is different, 8051 slice RAM and job register rank one formation the same to arrange the location. It is not very the same that the memory of MCS-51 series one-chip computer and general computer disposes the way in addition. General computer for first address space, ROM and RAM can arrange in different space within the range of this address at will, namely the addresses of ROM and RAM, with distributing different address space in a formation. While visiting the memory,
corresponding and only an address Memory unit, can ROM, it can be RAM too, and by visiting the order similarly. This kind of memory structure is called the structure of Princeton. 8051 memories are divided into procedure memory space and data memory space on the physics structure, there are four memory spaces in all: The procedure stores in one and data memory space outside data memory and one in procedure memory space and one outside one, the structure forms of this kind of procedure device and data memory separated form data memory, called Harvard structure. But use the angle from users, 8051 memory address space is divided into three kinds: (1) In the slice, arrange blocks of FFFFH , 0000H of location , in unison outside the slice (use 16 addresses). (2) The data memory address space outside one of 64KB, the address is arranged from 0000H 64KB FFFFH (with 16 addresses ) too to the location. (3) Data memory address space of 256B (use 8 addresses).Three above-mentioned memory space addresses overlapf,or distinguishing and designing the order symbol of different data transmission in the instruction system of 8051: CPU visit slice, ROM order spend MOVC , visit block RAM order uses MOVX outside the slice, RAM order uses MOV to visit in slice.
8051 one-chip computer have four 8 walk abreast I/O port, call P0, P1, P2 and P3. Each port is 8 accurate two-way mouths, accounts for 32 pins altogether. Every one I/O line can be used as introduction and exported independently. Each port includes a latch (namely special function register ), one exports the driver and a introduction buffer . Make data can latch when outputting, data can buffer when making introduction , but four function of passway these self-same. Expand among the system of memory outside having slice, four port these may serve as accurate two-way mouth of I/O in common use. Expand among the system of memory outside having slice, P2 mouth see high 8 address off; P0 mouth is a two-way bus, send the introduction of 8 low addresses and data / export in timesharing
Output grade , P3 of mouth , P1 of P1 , connect with inside have load resistance of drawing , every one of they can drive 4 Model LS TTL load to output. As while inputting the mouth, any TTL or NMOS circuit can drive P1 of 8051 one-chip computers as P3 mouth in a normal way . Because draw resistance on output grade of them have, can
open a way collector too or drain-source resistance is it urge to open a way, do not need to have the resistance of drawing outerly . Mouths are all accurate two-way mouths too. When the conduct is input, must write the corresponding port latch with 1 first . As to
80C51 one-chip computer, port can only offer milliampere of output electric currents, is it output mouth go when urging one ordinary basing of transistor to regard as, should contact a resistance among the port and transistor base , in order to the electricity while restraining the high level from exporting P1~P3 Being restored to the throne is the operation of initializing of an one-chip computer. Its main function is to turn PC into 0000H initially , make the one-chip computer begin to hold the conduct procedure from unit 0000H. Except that the ones that enter the system are initialized normally,as becauseprocedure operate it make mistakes or operate there aren't mistake, in order to extricate oneself from a predicament , need to be pressed and restored to the throne the key restarting too. It is an input end which is restored to the throne the signal in 8051 China RST pin. Restore to the throne signal high level effective , should sustain 24 shake cycle (namely 2 machine cycles ) the above its effective times. If 6 of frequency of utilization brilliant to shake, restore to the throne signal duration should exceed 4 delicate to finish restoring to the throne and operating. Produce the logic picture of circuit which is restored to the throne the signal:
Restore to the throne the circuit and include two parts outside in the chip entirely. Outside that circuit produce to restore to the throne signal (RST ) hand over to Schmitt's trigger, restore to the throne circuit sample to output , Schmitt of trigger constantly in each S5P2 , machine of cycle in having one more , then just got and restored to the throne and operated the necessary signal insidly. Restore to the throne resistanceof circuit generally, electric capacity parameter suitable for 6 brilliant to shake, can is it restore to the throne signal high level duration greater than 2 machine cycles to guarantee. Being restored to the throne in the circuit is simple, its function is very important. Pieces of one-chip computer system could normal running,should first check it can restore to the throne not succeeding. Checking and can pop one's head and monitor the pin with the oscillograph tentatively, push and is restored to the
throne the key, the wave form that observes and has enough range is exported
(instantaneous), can also through is it restore to the throne circuit group holding value carry on the experiment to change.
译文
51 系列单片机的功能和结构
结构和功能的监控监-51 系列之一--计算机芯片监控监-51 名是一幅一个电脑晶片,英特尔公司生产系列. 这家公司推出8级一个计算机芯片监控监-51 系列之后,于1980年8引入一个计算机芯片监控监,于1976年48系列. 。它属于这一类型很多行一个芯片的电脑芯片都如8051、8031、8751、80c51bh,80c31bh 等,
其基本组成、性能和基本教学制度,都是一样的. 8051 每日代表-51 系列之一-- 电脑晶片有一个芯片的计算机系统是由以下几个方面: (1)18 微处理器(CPU). (2) 在切片数据存储羊(128B/256B), 使用可以不读书不数据写如因经营不中, 最后结果要和数据显示等.
(3) 存储器存储程序/可擦写可编程只读存储器(4KB/8KB), 用于保存程序和数据, 初步形成片. 但并不存储器/ 可擦写可编程只读存储器在一些人的电脑芯片, 如8031、8032、80c 等. (4)经营的84 并肩一/ 四OPOP3接口,每口可以用作介绍,也可以用作输出.(5)两个定时/柜台,每个计时器/柜台可设立和计算的方法,用来计算的外部事件,可以建立成一个时间的方式也可以和根据计算结果或时间实现控制的计算(六)五切断切断源头上控制系
统?(七)各一序I/O 口UART异步接收世界/发送(UART)),它是实现一个计算机芯片和一个计算机芯片和通讯系列电脑上使用. (8) 强、时钟振荡器电路生产、水晶石英细调需要外部电容. 为使振动频率目前最. 每上述地区内的数据是通过加入单片机.
其中,CPU的核心是一个电脑芯片，它是计算机和指挥控制中心等部分组成，运算器和控制等. 运算器的可携带8 人计算 a 经营单位的经营逻辑,其中,1temporarilies 存储装置8、暂时贮存器2、8 的行政协调会累积装置、B、注册登记程序国有PSW等.累积计200人，行政协调委员会结束对进入检查.暂时运作往往是来自一店经营者, 这是经营下去, 使计暂时经营成果和行政协调会. 此外,行政协调会经常被视为转运站,在8051年的数据传输. 一般微处理器一样是繁忙登记. 帮助大家,表示了赞同的命令. 控制程序包括柜台命令详解, 振荡器电路和时间等. 程序相当于16. 这是一个字节地址位
的程序, 其实,内容是未来IA 将进行PC. 修改的内容, 它可以改变方向, 进行程序. 在8051 电路动摇一个电脑芯片、石英晶体外, 只需要相当频繁调整电容, 其范围是
12mhz 的频率1.2mhz. 这一脉冲信号, 作为8051 年工作的基本节拍, 即单位时间内的最低. 8051 年是计算机一样,在和谐的工作基本控制打, 就像打了一个乐团, 按照发挥, 指挥. 有存储器（程序存储器,只能读）,8051 年在羊片（存储数据,是可以写出）二读, 他们每个独立存储空间处理,处理方式是一样的, 一般的电脑记忆. 8051年和8751年拨款程序存储程序存贮器4kb,从OOOOh地址，用于保存程序和方式不变.数据1128b记忆存储数据,OOfh假地址,用于存放操作结果中,暂时储存数据和资料等无人。在这种羊128b,有32个单位字节可以出任就业登记，这是与一般不同的微处理器、
8O51 切片和就业登记成立一个级别相同的地点安排. 这是很不相同的记忆监控监-51 系列之一-- 计算机芯片, 除了一般电脑的方式处置. 一般电脑先向空间、存储器和RAM可安排在不同的空间范围内解决这一意愿，即存储器的地址和RAM地址分配不同的空间形成.同时来访的记忆,相应的存储器, 只有一个地址,可以存储,也可以撞击,并以同样的访问. 这种记忆结构称为普林斯顿结构. 8O51 记忆分为程序存储空间和数据存储空间的物理结构, 有四个存储空间: 我们的程序储存在一个数据存储空间之外的数据存储和一个程序存储空间、外一、结构形式的这种程序装置和数据存储与形式的数据存储, 称为哈佛结构. 但用用户的角度, 讨论8O51 年的记忆空间分为三类:（1）在时代安排Ffffh 座,OOOOh地点、从容外片（地址用十六）.（二）处理数据存储空间之外
64kb之一，被安排从地址OOOOhFfffh64kb（地址16）, 地点太. 三）处理数据存储空间256b（地址8使用）.上述三个存储空间地址重叠,鉴别设计,象征不同的数据传输的语言系统8051:CPU访问片，以存储器,阻止访问命令Ra用途外用一张旅游片。8051年1-48芯片计算机与我走/澳港,要求P0、P1、P2和P3.每个港口8准确双向口，共占32别针.每一个我/O线可作为引进和输出独立.每个港口有门闩（即登记特殊功能）、驾驶人、出口实行缓冲. 可当门闩使outputting 数据,
数据可以缓冲时推出, 但这些四个功能自我同一. 在扩大对外开放具有时代记忆系统, 这四个港口可准确双向口一/O 共同使用。在扩大对外开放具有时代记忆系统,高8P2 口地址见客.P0 口是一个双向车采用8送数据低地址/出口Timesharing 在8051年的巡回一个计算机芯片和四个一/O港口很巧妙的设计.
熟悉我/港澳逻辑电路,不仅有利于正确、合理地使用港口、激励周边逻辑电路设计的一个计算机芯片有所提高. 负载能力和接口港口有一定的要求,因为产量等,P0和P1 口的
最终产量、P3 口的结构，在不同的年级，所以，负载能力和接口要求其门南辕北辙相处?不同于其他P0 口口,其产量即将年级抵抗?。在使用它的嘴巴,用共同使用，是生产事故等级亮起电路，它是利用NMO呼吁采取抵制外，应同时输入, 走出失败. 当被用作介绍, 应该写"一"的门闩头. 每一个有能驾驶8P0口输出模式LSTTL载荷.P1 口是一个正确的双向口也作为我/海外广泛使用. P0 口不同产量的电路，请联系电力负荷就在有阻力?事实上，反抗是两种影响，同时负责操作:1 配量负责,定期阻力. 另一种可能是导致这两个国家与接近,使总经理改变阻值近似零或一组值两形势十分沉重. 0 时, 大约是反抗, 可以寄以很高的速度；如果阻值很大,P1 口，以妨碍国家引进高? P1 口高产量的电力平时，它是利用电流负载提供庇护, 以此抵制和不必回答. 在这里介绍的是用作码头, 必须写1到相应的门闩头也使操作结束。相对约20,000ohms因负载阻力，因为在现场40,000ohms,不会产生影响的数据,输入.P2 口的结构有些类似于P0 口有开关?这是促使口腔类似，但有些不是嘴巴大转换控制P1. P3 口人的多功能港口，嘴也越来越多,P1 比"、"3和4缓冲门". 这两个部分,使她除了精确的双向功能与P1 口仅, 也可以使用第二功能每针. " 、"一门三转功能实际上它决定将产量数据信号门闩第二产出功能.在担任W=1时，问到生产信号；作为在Q=1时，信号线可以生产W.节目时,它是第一个功能，但仍是第二个功能不用软件P3 口提前成立.这不是硬件是在自动有两个功能outputted当CPU进行社会主义和寻求地点（所在地或字节）访P3 口/不是在持久排队,有在硬件门闩促使=1.THE经营原则P3 口类似于P1 口.
生产级的P3口,P1,P1,内有连接负载阻力划,每个人可以带动4产出模型LSTTL 载荷.而作为输入口,任何NMO电路可驱动TTL或P1的8051 一个电脑芯片P3 口的正常发展. 由于产量等作出抵抗的人, 也可以公开方式收藏或流失的根源就是反抗的方式,要求公开, 不须具备抵抗绘画. 别人都准确双向口也. 当行为投
入, 要写出一首相应的港口与门闩. 以80c51 一个计算机芯片, 只能提供港口毫安的电流电产出, 它是生产口去要求一个普通的计算是将晶体管、接触的阻力应该在港口及半导体基地同时为了抑制高电力输出P1~P3级是恢复王位是一个着
手运作一个计算机芯片.其主要功能是将电脑变成OOOOh开始,使一个开始进行计算机芯片进行程序0000h 单位. 除了那些进入正常initialized 系统, 因为它的程序操作失误或操作失误不多, 为了摆脱困境, 必须按国家和恢复王位, 恢复太重要了. 这是一项投入恢复王位, 结束了在8O51 年中国信息表寄. 恢复王位高有效信号,应保持24震撼周期（机器周期,2）有效时间段. 6如果使用频率前去辉煌, 恢复王位信号完成期限不得超过
AT89C51单片机外文翻译
AT89C51外文翻译 Description The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K bytes of Flash Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry standard MCS-51? instruction-set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control applications. Features ? Compatible with MCS-51? Products ? 4K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory – Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles ? Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz ? Three-Level Program Memory Lock ? 128 x 8-Bit Internal RAM ? 32 Programmable I/O Lines ? Two 16-Bit Timer/Counters ? Six Interrupt Sources ? Programmable Serial Channel ? Low Power Idle and Power Down Modes The AT89C51 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash,128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset.
单片机-英文参考文献1
Structure and fun cti on of the MCS-51 series Structure and function of the MCS-51 series one-chip computer MCS-51is a nameof a piece of one-chip computer series which In tel Compa ny produces. This compa ny in troduced 8 top-grade on e-chip computers of MCS-51 series in 1980 after in troduc ing 8 on e-chip computers of MCS-48 series in 1976. It belong to a lot of kinds this line of one-chip computer the chips have,such as 8051, 8031,8751, 80C51BH, 80C31BH,etc., their basic compositi on, basic performa nee and in structi on system are all the same. 8051 daily representatives- 51 serial on e-chip computers . An one-chip computer system is made up of several followi ng parts: ( 1) One microprocessor of 8 (CPU). ( 2) At slice data memory RAM (128B/256B),it use not depositti ng not can read ing /data that write, such as result not middle of operati on, final result and data wan ted to show, etc. ( 3) Procedure memoryROM/EPRC(4KB/8KB ), is used to preserve the procedure , some in itial data and form in slice. But does not take ROM/EPROM within some on e-chip computers, such as 8031 , 8032, 80C ,etc.. ( 4) Four 8 run side by side I/O in terface P0 four P3, each mouth can use as introduction , may use as export ing too. ( 5) Two timer / coun ter, each timer / coun ter may set up and count in the way, used to count to the exter nal in cide nt, can set up into a timi ng way too, and can accord ing to count or result of timing realize the control of the computer. (6) Five cut off cutting off the control system of the source .
数据库外文参考文献及翻译.
数据库外文参考文献及翻译 数据库外文参考文献及翻译数据库管理系统——实施数据完整性一个数据库，只有用户对它特别有信心的时候。这就是为什么服务器必须实施数据完整性规则和商业政策的原因。执行SQL Server的数据完整性的数据库本身，保证了复杂的业务政策得以遵循，以及强制性数据元素之间的关系得到遵守。因为SQL Server的客户机/服务器体系结构允许你使用各种不同的前端应用程序去操纵和从服务器上呈现同样的数据，这把一切必要的完整性约束，安全权限，业务规则编码成每个应用，是非常繁琐的。如果企业的所有政策都在前端应用程序中被编码，那么各种应用程序都将随着每一次业务的政策的改变而改变。即使您试图把业务规则编码为每个客户端应用程序，其应用程序失常的危险性也将依然存在。大多数应用程序都是不能完全信任的，只有当服务器可以作为最后仲裁者，并且服务器不能为一个很差的书面或恶意程序去破坏其完整性而提供一个后门。SQL Server使用了先进的数据完整性功能，如存储过程，声明引用完整性（DRI），数据类型，限制，规则，默认和触发器来执行数据的完整性。所有这些功能在数据库里都有各自的用途;通过这些完整性功能的结合，可以实现您的数据库的灵活性和易于管理，而且还安全。声明数据完整性声明数据完整原文请找腾讯3249114六,维-论'文.网 https://www.360docs.net/doc/c7909054.html, 定义一个表时指定构成的主键的列。这就是所谓的主键约束。SQL Server使用主键约束以保证所有值的唯一性在指定的列从未侵犯。通过确保这个表有一个主键来实现这个表的实体完整性。有时，在一个表中一个以上的列（或列的组合）可以唯一标志一行，例如，雇员表可能有员工编号（ emp_id ）列和社会安全号码（ soc_sec_num ）列，两者的值都被认为是唯一的。这种列经常被称为替代键或候选键。这些项也必须是唯一的。虽然一个表只能有一个主键，但是它可以有多个候选键。 SQL Server的支持多个候选键概念进入唯一性约束。当一列或列的组合被声明是唯一的， SQL Server 会阻止任何行因为违反这个唯一性而进行的添加或更新操作。在没有故指的或者合适的键存在时，指定一个任意的唯一的数字作为主键，往往是最有效的。例如，企业普遍使用的客户号码或账户号码作为唯一识别码或主键。通过允许一个表中的一个列拥有身份属性，SQL Server可以更容易有效地产生唯一数字。您使用的身份属性可以确保每个列中的值是唯一的，并且值将从你指定的起点开始，以你指定的数量进行递增（或递减）。（拥有特定属性的列通常也有一个主键或唯一约束，但这不是必需的。）第二种类型的数据完整性是参照完整性。 SQL Server实现了表和外键约束之间的逻辑关系。外键是一个表中的列或列的组合，连接着另一个表的主键（或着也可能是替代键）。这两个表之间的逻辑关系是关系模型的基础;参照完整性意味着这种关系是从来没有被违反的。例如，一个包括出版商表和标题表的简单的select例子。在标题表中，列title_id （标题编号）是主键。在出版商表，列pub_id （出版者ID ）是主键。 titles表还包括一个pub_id列，这不是主键，因为出版商可以发布多个标题。相反， pub_id是一个外键，它对应着出版商表的主键。如果你在定义表的时候声明了这个关系， SQL Server由双方执行它。首先，它确保标题不能进入titles表，或在titles表中现有的pub_id无法被修改，除非有效的出版商ID作为新pub_id出现在出版商表中。其次，它确保在不考虑titles表中对应值的情况下，出版商表中的pub_id的值不做任何改变。以下两种方法可
51单片机毕设参考文献
基于单片机的大棚温湿度控制系统设计 发布: 2011-9-1 | 作者: —— | 来源:caiminghao| 查看: 530次| 用户关注： 摘要：针对研究蔬菜大棚智能温湿度控制，设计了一种基于计算机自动控制的智能蔬菜大棚温湿度控制系统。详细阐述了该系统的温湿度采集、温湿度显示、控制系统等系统软硬件的设计思想，以DS18B20和HM1500LF作为温湿度传感器，以AT89S52单片机为系统核心，最后利用DELPHI软件进行系统仿真。该研究设计的蔬菜大棚智能温湿度控制系统人机界面良好，操作简单方便，自动化程度高，造价低廉，具有良好的应用前景和推广价值。关键词：温度采 摘要：针对研究蔬菜大棚智能温湿度控制，设计了一种基于计算机自动控制的智能蔬菜大棚温湿度控制系统。详细阐述了该系统的温湿度采集、温湿度显示、控制系统等系统软硬件的设计思想，以DS18B20和HM1500LF作为温湿度传感器，以AT89S52单片机为系统核心，最后利用DELPHI软件进行系统仿真。该研究设计的蔬菜大棚智能温湿度控制系统人机界面良好，操作简单方便，自动化程度高，造价低廉，具有良好的应用前景和推广价值。 关键词：温度采集；湿度采集；LCD显示；单片机 0 引言 植物的生长都是在一定的环境中进行的，在生长过程中受到环境中各种因素的影响，其中影响最大的是温度和湿度。若昼夜的温度和湿度变化很大，其对植物生长极为不利。因此必须对温度和湿度进行监测和控制，使其适合植物的生长，以提高其产量和质量。 本系统就是针对大棚内温度、湿度，研究单片机控制的温室大棚自动控制，综合考虑系统的精度、效率以及经济性要求多方面因素之后，设计一种基于计算机自动控制的大棚温湿度控制系统。 本系统实现的蔬菜大棚温湿度控制系统的目标功能如下： (1)系统能对大棚环境温湿度进行采集和显示(现场观温、湿度，软件记录)。 (2)能通过上位机端远程设定蔬菜的生长期适宜温湿度。由主控机统一设置系统时间和温度湿度修正值。 (3)当大棚的环境温湿度参数超过设定的上下限值时控制相应的系统启动。 (4)可实时显示当前温度、时间、报警阈值等信息，并可查询各时间段的温湿度情况，并加以控制。 1 系统各组成模块
英文参考文献翻译完结
基于反馈神经网络肘关节力矩的动态预测 R.Song K.Y.Tong 健康技术与信息学系，香港理工大学 KowIoon，香港
摘要 肌肉模型是身体部分运动分析的一个重要组成部分。尽管许多研究已经集中在静态条件下,但是肌电信号（EMG）和关节转矩在自愿动态情况下之间的关系并没有被很好的研究。本研究的目的是调查的一个反馈人工神经网络的性能（RANN）自愿动态情况下的复杂肘扭矩估计。肌电信号和运动数据，其中包括角度和角速度，被用来作为估计在运动过程中预期的扭矩输入。此外，角度和角速度的预测精度的作用进行了研究，并比较两个模型。一个模型的肌电图和关节运动的投入和其他的模型只使用肌电图无运动数据输入。六例健康体检者，和两个平均角速度（60°S 7和90°S 7）三种不同负荷（0公斤，1公斤，2公斤）在手的位置被选择来训练和测试90°屈肘、全伸肘之间的递归神经网络（0 ~）。训练结束后，根平均平方误差（RMSE）预期的扭矩和扭矩之间的模型预测，在训练数据集的肌电图和关节运动的投入和测试数据集，分别为0.17±0.03 nm和0.35 + 0.06 nm。预期的扭矩和预测模型的RMSE值之间的扭矩，在训练数据集只有肌电输入和测试集，分别为0.57 t - 0.07 nm和0.73 T 0.11 nm。结果表明，肌电信号一起运动的数据提供了更好的性能预测的关节力矩；关节角度和角速度提供了重要信息的关节力矩的估计在自愿的运动。 关键词:肌肉骨骼模型，自愿的运动，反馈人工神经网络，逆动力学模型
第一章绪论 由于希尔提出了1938肌肉的经典论文，神经生理学和神经肌肉骨骼系统的生物力学已被广泛研究，使人体运动生成的原理可以发现（希尔，1938）。 探讨中枢神经系统（CNS）激发肌肉和其后的发展力和产生不同的人体运动，许多模型来描述和定性的肌肉骨骼系统的不同层次的性能（温特斯，1990；扎杰克和温特斯，1990）。一个被普遍接受的山为基础的神经肌肉骨骼系统由以下子模型，一步一步：肌肉兴奋-收缩模型；肌腱骨骼模型；动态模型（扎耶克，1989）。 图1 肌肉骨骼模型框图 图1显示了基于hillbased模型的运动生成。图1，肌肉兴奋收缩模型是用来估计中枢神经系统指挥肌肉活动的状态。肌腱模型产生的肌肉力量不仅基于肌肉激活状态，而且基于肌腱式长度和肌腱式收缩速度，这与关节角速度和角速度（温特斯和斯塔克，1988）。前项状态的肌肉力量，它决定了肌腱的依从性，还负责肌肉力在后一阶段（扎耶克，1989）。一旦所有负责的关节运动的肌肉力量已经发现，肌肉的力量与各自的肌肉力臂和的结果求和乘法可以产生关节力矩。所有子模型的数学积分可以用来描述关节运动是中枢神经系统的命令产生哪些参数斧负责关节力矩。 肌电信号反映肌肉的活动，和许多类似的肌电力矩的关系已经在静态和动态情况的研究（张等人，1997；麦森纳和莫润，1995）。肌肉的肌电信号也常被认
步进电机及单片机英文文献及翻译
外文文献： Knowledge of the stepper motor What is a stepper motor： Stepper motor is a kind of electrical pulses into angular displacement of the implementing agency. Popular little lesson: When the driver receives a step pulse signal, it will drive a stepper motor to set the direction of rotation at a fixed angle (and the step angle). You can control the number of pulses to control the angular displacement, so as to achieve accurate positioning purposes; the same time you can control the pulse frequency to control the motor rotation speed and acceleration, to achieve speed control purposes. What kinds of stepper motor sub-： In three stepper motors: permanent magnet (PM), reactive (VR) and hybrid (HB) permanent magnet stepper usually two-phase, torque, and smaller, step angle of 7.5 degrees or the general 15 degrees; reaction step is generally three-phase, can achieve high torque output, step angle of 1.5 degrees is generally, but the noise and vibration are large. 80 countries in Europe and America have been eliminated; hybrid stepper is a mix of permanent magnet and reactive advantages. It consists of two phases and the five-phase: two-phase step angle of 1.8 degrees while the general five-phase step angle of 0.72 degrees generally. The most widely used Stepper Motor. What is to keep the torque (HOLDING TORQUE) How much precision stepper motor? Whether the cumulative： The general accuracy of the stepper motor step angle of 3-5%, and not cumulative.
51单片机英文翻译
Single chip brief introduction The monolithic integrated circuit said that the monolithic micro controller, it is not completes some logical function the chip, but integrates a computer system to a chip on. Summary speaking: A chip has become a computer. Its volume is small, the quality is light, and the price cheap, for the study, the application and the development has provided the convenient condition. At the same time, the study use monolithic integrated circuit is understands the computer principle and the structure best choice. The monolithic integrated circuit interior also uses with the computer function similar module, SCM basic component is a central processing unit (CPU in the computing device and controller), read-only memory (usually expressed as a ROM), read-write memory (also known as Random Access Memory MRAM is usually expressed as a RAM) , input / output port (also divided into parallel port and serial port, expressed as I / O port), and so composed. In fact there is also a clock circuit microcontroller, so that during operation and control of the microcontroller, can rhythmic manner. In addition, there are so-called "break system", the system is a "janitor" role, when the microcontroller control object parameters that need to be intervention to reach a particular state, can after this "janitor" communicated to the CPU, so that CPU priorities of the external events to take appropriate counter-measures. what is different is its these part performance is opposite our home-use computer weak many, but the price is also low, generally does not surpass 10 Yuan then ......Made some control electric appliance one kind with it is not the 'very complex work foot, We use now the completely automatic drum washer, the platoon petti-coat pipe: VCD and so on Inside the electrical appliances may see its form! ......It is mainly takes the control section the core part It is one kind of online -like real-time control computer, online -like is the scene control, needs to have the strong antijamming ability, the low cost, this is also and the off-line type computer (for instance home use PC,) main difference The monolithic integrated circuit is depending on the procedure, and may revise. Realizes the different function through the different procedure, particularly special unique some functions, this is other component needs to take the very big effort to be able to achieve, some are the flowered big strength is also very difficult to achieve. One is not the very complex function, if develops in the 50s with the US 74 series, or the 60s's CD4000 series these pure hardware do decides, the electric circuit certainly arc a big PCB board ! But if, if succeeded in the 70s with the US puts in the market the series monolithic integrated circuit, the result will have the huge difference. Because only the monolithic integrated circuit compiles through you the procedure may realize the high intelligence, high efficiency, as well as redundant reliability The CPU is the key component of a digital computer. Its purpose is to decode instruction received from memory and perform transfers, arithmetic, logic, and control operations with data stored in internal registers, memory, or I/O interface units. Externally, the CPU provides one or more buses for transferring instructions, data, and control information to and from components connected to it. A microcontroller is present in the keyboard and in the monitor in the generic computer; thus these components are also shaded. In such microcontrollers, the CPU may be quite different from those discussed in this chapter. The word lengths may be short, the number of registers small, and the instruction sets limited. Performance, relatively speaking, is poor, but adequate for the task. Most
单片机传感器参考文献
[1] 王青云. 基于单片机的温度测量系统[J] 2010，(05). [2] 彭立，张建洲，王少华. 自适应温度控制系统的研制[J]东北师大学报(自然科学版), 1994,(01) . [3] Jack Shandle. 即将来临的32位浪潮——ARM构架在32位微控制器领域的应用[J]单片机与嵌入式系统应用, 2004,(03) . [4] 刘侃,张永泰,刘洛琨. ARM程序设计优化策略与技术[J]单片机与嵌入式系统应用, 2004,(04) . [5] 何立民．从Cygnal 80C51F看8位单片机发展之路．单片机与嵌入式系统应用[M]，2002年，第5期：P5~8 [6] 夏继强. 单片机实验与实践教程. 北京：北京航空航天大学出版社, 2001 [7] 徐惠民、安德宁．单片微型计算机原理接口与应用．第1版[M]．北京：北京邮电大学出版社，1996 [8] 张媛媛,何怡刚,徐雪松. 基于C8051F020的温湿度控制箱设计[J]国外电子元器件, 2004,(10) . [9] 江孝国,王婉丽,祁双喜. 高精度PID温度控制器[J]电子与自动化, 2000,(05) . [10] 于洋. 高低温试验箱微机自动控制系统的设计[J]工业仪表与自动化装置, 2003,(02) . [11] 沈聿农.传感器及应用技术[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2001. [12] 范晶彦.传感器与检测技术应用[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2005. [13] 王俊峰,孟令启.现代传感器应用技术[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2007. [14] 金发庆.传感器技术与应用[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2006. [15] Goldman JM, Petterson MT, Kopotic RJ, Barker SJ.Masimosignal extraction pulse oximetry[J].J Clin Monit Comput.2000;16(7):7 5-83. [16] D. Tulone. On the feasibility of global time estimation under isolation conditions in wireless sensor networks. [17] 王春晖. 环境试验箱中制冷系统的原理分析及优化概述[J]电子质量, 2003,(12) [18] 李建中. 单片机原理及应用[M]西安电子科技大学出版社,2010.(02) [19] 周航慈.单片机应用程序设计技术[M].北京：北京航空航大大学出版社，2005. [20] 何立民.单片机高级教程[M].北京：北京航空航天大学出版社，2001. [21] 夏继强.单片机实验与实践教程[M].北京：北京航空航天大学出版社, 2001. [22] 徐惠民,安德宁.单片微型计算机原理接口与应用[M]．北京：北京邮电大学出版社，1996. [23] 李广第．单片机基础[M]．北京：北京航空航天大学出版社，1999. [24] 赵晓安. MCS-51单片机原理及应用[M]. 天津：天津大学出版社，2001. [25] 杨清梅,孙建民.传感器与测试技术[M].哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工程大学出版社,2005. [26] 范晶彦.传感器与检测技术应用[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2005. [27] 王俊峰,孟令启.现代传感器应用技术[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2007. [28] 宋文绪,杨帆.自动检测技术[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2000. [1] 王青云. 基于单片机的温度测量系统[J] 2010，(05). [2] 彭立，张建洲，王少华. 自适应温度控制系统的研制[J]东北师大学报(自然科学版), 1994, [3] YD. Tulone. Is it possible to ensure strong data guarantees in highly mobile [4] Jack Shandle. 即将来临的32位浪潮——ARM构架在32位微控制器领域的应用[J]单片机与嵌入式系统应用, 2004,(03) .
Web应用程序安全外文翻译参考文献
Web应用程序安全外文翻译参考文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译) 原文： Basic Security Practices for Web Applications Even if you have limited experience with and knowledge of application security, there are basic measures that you should take to help protect your Web applications. The following sections in this topic provide minimum-security guidelines that apply to all Web applications.General Web Application Security Recommendations;Run Applications with Minimum Privileges ;Know Your Users; Guard Against Malicious User Input;Access Databases Securely;Create Safe Error Messages;Keep Sensitive Information Safely;Use Cookies Securely;Guard Against Denial-of-Service Threats. 1. General Web Application Security Recommendations
单片机_英文参考文献
Structure and function of the MCS-51 series Structure and function of the MCS-51 series one-chip computer MCS-51 is a name of a piece of one-chip computer series which Intel Company produces. This company introduced 8 top-grade one-chip computers of MCS-51 series in 1980 after introducing 8 one-chip computers of MCS-48 series in 1976. It belong to a lot of kinds this line of one-chip computer the chips have,such as 8051, 8031, 8751, 80C51BH, 80C31BH,etc., their basic composition, basic performance and instruction system are all the same. 8051 daily representatives- 51 serial one-chip computers . An one-chip computer system is made up of several following parts: ( 1) One microprocessor of 8 (CPU). ( 2) At slice data memory RAM (128B/256B),it use not depositting not can reading /data that write, such as result not middle of operation, final result and data wanted to show, etc. ( 3) Procedure memory ROM/EPROM (4KB/8KB ), is used to preserve the procedure , some initial data and form in slice. But does not take ROM/EPROM within some one-chip computers, such as 8031 , 8032, 80C ,etc.. ( 4) Four 8 run side by side I/O interface P0 four P3, each mouth can use as introduction , may use as exporting too. ( 5) Two timer / counter, each timer / counter may set up and count in the way, used to count to the external incident, can set up into a timing way too, and can according to count or result of timing realize the control of the computer. ( 6) Five cut off cutting off the control system of the source . ( 7) One all duplexing serial I/O mouth of UART (universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (UART) ), is it realize one-chip computer or one-chip computer and serial communication of computer to use for. ( 8) Stretch oscillator and clock produce circuit, quartz crystal finely tune electric capacity need outer. Allow oscillation frequency as 12 megahertas now at most. Every the above-mentioned part was joined through the inside data bus .Among them, CPU is a core of the one-chip computer, it is the control of the computer and command centre, made up of such parts as arithmetic unit and controller , etc.. The arithmetic unit can carry on 8 persons of arithmetic operation and unit ALU of logic operation while including one, the 1 storing device temporarilies of 8, storing device 2 temporarily, 8's accumulation
外文翻译--AT89C51单片机的介绍
专业文献翻译 题目: AT89C51单片机的介绍 姓名: 学院: 专业: 电子信息科学与技术 班级: 班 学号: 指导教师: 职称: 20 年月日
原文： The Introduction of AT89C51 Description The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard MCS-51 instruction set. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. Function characteristic The AT89C51 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, one 5 vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, one-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset. Pin Description VCC：Supply voltage. GND：Ground.