词法：非谓语动词用法区别

词法：非谓语动词用法区别

非谓语动词共有三种形式：不定式、动词的－ing形式和动词的－ed形式。现以动词make为例，将非谓语动词的三种形式及其功能总结如下。

（1）非谓语动词的不定式

①主动语态②被动语态③句法功能：在句中可做主、宾、表、定、状

A.一般式to make A.一般式to be made 补语。

B.进行时to be making B.完成式to have been made

C.完成式to have made

（2）非谓语动词的－ing形式

①主动语态②被动语态③句法功能：在句中可做主、宾、表、定、状

A.一般式making A.一般式：being made 补语。

B.完成式having made B.完成式：having been made

（3）非谓语动词的－ed形式

①被动语态

A.一般式made

B.完成式made

②句法功能：在句中可做表、定、状、补语。

由以上可以看出，非谓语动词的各种形式在意义上有相交叉的区域，因此认真区分它们的用法对于准确理解和表达英语是很有帮助的。

如to be done , being done , done , having been done 都可表示被动，同时都可作定语，但它们在作定语时是有明显区别的。

The school to be built is intended for the disabled children .

即将要建的学校是为了残疾儿童而设的。

The school being built is intended for the disabled children .

正在建设的学校是为残疾儿童而设的。

The school built last year is intended for the disabled children .

去年建的学校是为残疾儿童而设的。

The school , having been built for two years , is intended for the disabled children .

花了两年多建设的学校是为残疾儿童而设的。

1.作主语的区别

不定式和动词的－ing形式皆可在句中作主语，但二者在意义和结构上略有不同。

（1）表达的意义不同

动词的－ing形式多表示一般的、抽象的、泛指的概念或一个已经完成了的动作，强调的是事情本身；而不定式则表示具体的某一次行为或将来的动作，强调的是动作本身，不过有时二者之间区别很小。

Reading English novels is really great fun .

读英语小说真有趣。

To read Engligh novels this evening will take most of my time .

今晚读英语小说会花去我很多时间。

（2）形式主语it的运用

动词不定式作主语时，常用形式主语结构，而动词的-ing形式作主语较少使用形式主语，只有在It is no good/no use/useless/fun/interesting/hard/difficult等句型中常用it作形式主语。在口语中，用动词的－ing形式作主语置于句首要比不定式多。

It is hard to make him change his mind .

It is fun talking with a foreign teacher .

N：不定式作主语的被动语态句子，必须用形式主语结构。

It was decided to set up a football club in our school .

（3）复合结构作主语

疑问句中，一般多用动词的－ing形式的复合结构作主语，而不用不定式的复合结构。

Does our helping mean a lot to all of you ?

（4）“There be no + 主语”句型

在句型“There be no + 主语”中，习惯上用动词的－ing形式作主语，且不带逻辑主语。

There is no parking around here .

There is no telling what will happen .（It is impossible to tell what will happen .）

（5）逻辑主语

不定式、动词的－ing形式作主语时可有自己的逻辑主语。不定式的逻辑主语通常是介词for/of引导的名词或宾语代词；动词的－ing形式的逻辑主语则常用名词所有格或形容词性物主代词。

Lincoln said that it was not right for the South to break away from the Union .

The students' knowing English well helped them in learning French .

（6）成分的对称

当表语是动词的－ing形式时，主语要用动词的－ing形式；当表语是不定式时，主语也要用不定式。

Saying is believing .

To see is to believe .

眼见为实。

2.作表语的区别

动词不定式、动词的－ing形式和－ed形式在句中皆可作表语。

（1）可以互换的情况

表示一般的概念时，不定式、动词的－ing形式可以互换。

What she likes is watching/to watch children play .

（2）具体的动作

表示具体的个别的动作或有将来含义时，一般用不定式。

My wish is to become a famous pianist .

（3）动名词和现在分词作表语

动词的－ing形式包括动名词和现在分词。动名词作表语常可与主语换位，回答what或doing what 的问题。现在分词作表语，表示主语的性质和特征，回答how的问题，其主语可以是具体的人或物。

Their job is finishing the experiment by the end of this week .（动名词）

The story is very exciting but a little long .（现在分词）

（4）动词的－ing形式和－ed形式作表语

动词的－ing形式作表主表示主动概念，动词的－ed形式作表语表示被动概念。常见的动词的－ing形式和－ed形式请参阅词法之形容词部分。

They were deeply moved to hear the old man's story.

What he said is rather disappointing at all.

（5）动词－ed形式作表语与被动语态

动词－ed形式作表语强调状态，其前可以加very等程度副词，后面一般不用by引起的短语，时态概念不强。而被动语态表示动作，时间概念较强。

The shop is closed.（作表语形容词）

The door was closed by the wind.（被动语态）

（6）动词的－ing形式作表语与进行时态

动词的－ing形式作表语与进行时态形式相同。动词的－ing形式作表语说明主语的内容、性质、特征，而现在进行时态说明正在进行的动作。动词的－ing形式的被动语态不作表语。

My job is teaching young children to climb mountains.（动词的－ing形式）

What you teach is very interesting.（动词的－ing形式）

I was teaching the children playing chess when you passed by.（进行时态）

3.作宾语的区别

非谓语动词中只有动词不定式和动词的－ing形式可作宾语。不能接不定式作宾语的动词和不能接动词的－ing形式作宾语的情况请参阅“动词不定式”和“动词的－ing作宾语”。

（1）二者相差不大的情况

这类动词用不定式作宾语往往指具体的或一次性的行为，则动词的－ing形式则指概括性、经常性的动作或体验。这类动词常用的有like,begin,hate,start,continue,prefer,love等。

I like reading/to read China Daily and Washington Post.

Let's continue playing/to play the PC game.

N：当谓语动词是进行时态、主语是物而不是人或者后面接感觉性动词时，动词start,begin后多接不定式作宾语。

I am starting to work on my essay next week.

The rain began to pour.

（2）二者相差很大的情况

跟不定式和动词的－ing形式皆可，但意义相差很大。这类动词常用的有：try,regret,forget,remember,can't help,mean,go on等。

①try to do sth.与try doing sth.

前者：尽力做难做的事；后者：尝试做某事，可能会出现某一结果的事。

He tried to stand up but failed.

Let's try telling him about the sad news.

②regret to do sth.与regret doing sth.

前者：对马上要做的事表示遗憾；后者：对过去发生的事表示遗憾或后悔。

I regret to tell you that i cannot come.

I really regret missing/having missed his lecture.

③can't help doing sth.与can't help （to）do sth.

前者：禁不住做某事；后者：不能帮忙干……

I couldn't help shaking with so few clothes on

I can't help to clean the place up.

④mean to do sth.与mean doing sth.

前者：想做、打算做；后者：意味着。

I meant to give you the book today,but I forgot.

Revolution means liberating the productive forces.

革命意味着解放生产力。

⑤forget to do sth.与forget doing sth.

前者：忘记将要做的事；后者：也可为forget having done/to have done sth.忘记已做过的事。

I shall never forget hearing her singing that song.

Don't forget to wake me up at 6 tomorrow morning.

⑥go on doing sth.与go on to do sth.

前者：继续做未做完的事（强调动作的持续）；后者：继续做另外一件卅（强调事情的转移）。

Get the children go on telling stories one by one.

The music band went on to play another Guangdong folk music.

⑦remember to do sth.与remember doing sth.

前者：记得要做的事；后者：也可为remember having done/to have done sth.记着做过的事。

Please remember to give my best regards to your family.

I still remember being sent to school for the first time.

⑧stop to do sth.与stop doing sth.

前者：停下正在做的动作去做另一动作；后者：停止正在做的事情。

I stopped in the middle of the speech (in order/so as) to arouse the audience's interest.

I hope you both stop arguing about such trifling things.

⑨want,need,require,deserve

动词want,need,require,deserve作“需要”解时后接不定式被动式或动名词的主动式。这时动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。

Your paper needs checking/to be checked again.

City construction wants designing carefully.

Children deserve awarding/to be awarded.

N：有些动词后可用“疑问词+不定式”结构作宾语，意义上相当于一个宾语从句。动词的－ing形式没有这种用法。常见的此类动词有know,see,decide,tell,ask,advise,consider,discover,explain,guess,hear,learn,think,observe,wonder,wnderstand 等。

Hearing the sad news,she didn't know what to do.

I couldn't decide whether to work another year or change my job.

（3）形式宾语it的应用

当不定式、动词的－ing形式作宾语时，后面还有宾语补足语时，一般采用it作形式宾语，而把不定式或动词的－ing 形式放在补足语之后。

He thought it an honor to have been invited to dinner.

I feel it my duty to help out anyone in trouble.

I find it no use attempting to lose weight by going on diet.

（4）作介词宾语的情况

动词的－ing形式常作介词宾语，而不定式作but,except等少数介词的宾语，但“疑问词+不定式”短语可作许多介词的宾语。

I have long been looking forward to welcoming the new year.

I had nothing to do but stay home for another year,waiting for a chance.

We are talking about whom to choose as head of the team.

4.作宾语补足语的区别

动词的－ing形式、动词的－ed形式和不定式皆可作补足语，但各有区别。

（1）动词的－ing形式与不定式作补足语

动词的－ing形式的宾补强调动作的延续性，表示动作正在进行，更具描绘性。而不定式作宾补一般表示动作的全过程，表明动作已经结束，或即将发生。

I found a strange person walking nearby our shop all day.

I don't often see him walking to work.

They are waiting for the train to come.

（2）动词的－ing形式与－ed形式作宾补

动词的－ing形式或不定式作宾补表示它与宾语之间的主动关系，用过去分词作宾补一般表示它与宾语之间的被动关系、完成状态或动作由别人来完成。

运用带to的不定式的作宾语补足语的动词和能用不定式作宾语补足语省略to的动词请参阅“动词不定式”部分。

We hear her singing next door.（主动进行）

We heard her often sing next door.（主动完成）

We heard the song sung by her next door.（被动完成）

We heard the song being sung next door.（被动进行）

（3）“to be + adj.”作宾补

在think,consider,find等动词后常用“to be + adj.”结构作宾语补足语，有时to be 可省略。

We all discover him (to be ) kind and honest.

（4）done与to be done作宾补

有些动词既可跟done形式作补足语，也可跟to be done作补足语。done形式作宾补强调动作的结果，而to be done作宾补强调动作的过程。但现在的倾向是，在want,wish,desire,like,expect,would like,would prefer等表示“意愿”的动词后的宾补如果用的是不定式被动语态，可省略to be，从而使语气显得更为肯定。

I don't like such things (to be) discovered this way.

We all don't want the land (to be) built on.

（5）动词的－ing形式两类形式作补足语的区别

动词的－ing形式包括动名词和现在分词，这两类非谓语形式皆可作补足语，但区别较大。

①谓语动词不同

从谓语动词上看，现在分词作宾补属于“主谓宾宾补”的句式，谓语动词必须是能带复合宾语的动词；而动名词复合结构则是“主谓宾”结构，谓语动词必须是带动名词作宾语的动词。

关于运用动词的－ing形式作宾语补足语的动词请参阅“动词”部分。

We see him constantly working so hard in the library.

We suggested him/his reading and writing more.

②逻辑主语的形式不同

从逻辑主语上看，动名词的逻辑主语既可以是所有格也可以是宾格，整个结构可用名词来代替；而现在分词作宾补，尽管主语与宾语之间具有逻辑上的主谓关系，但它的逻辑主语只能是宾格，而不能用所有格，整个结构也不能用名词来代替。

The teacher asked us to watch him carefully performing the experiment.（现分作主语）

Would you mind me/my taking this seat beside you ? （动名词作主语）

5.作定语的区别

不定式、动词的－ing形式和动词的－ed形式皆可作定语，但其用法和意义差别很大。

（1）作定语时时态不同

不定式、动词的－ing形式和动词的－ed形式作定语的区别主要表现在时态上，不定式作定语通常指动作；动词的－ing 形式作定指正进行的动作；动词的－ed形式作定语指已经完成的动作。

I have to work extra hours this evening , for I have three letters to write.

Do you know the man sitting in the middle of first row?

Have you read any novels translated by Lu Xun?

（2）作定语时强调的中心不同

动词的－ing形式中的现在分词作定语表示它所修饰的名词的动作，二者是逻辑上的主谓关系，读时都有重音。动词的－ing形式中的动名词作定语通常表示它所修饰的名词的用途，二者不存在逻辑上的主谓关系，读时只重读动名词。动名词作定语只能置于被修饰词的前面，而分词作定语有时可置前，有时可置后。

a sleeping baby(a baby who is sleeping) a sleeping car(a car for sleeping=a car which is used for sleeping)

（3）作定语时时间性

作定语时，动词的－ed形式表示动作发生的时间常早于谓语动词，或者没有一定的时间性，只表示被动关系，有的只表示完成。

The flyover bridge built last year cost $120,000.（既表被动又表完成）

I don't like to hear this kind of songs sung by Jackson.（只表被动，没有一定的时间性）

All the fallen leaves have been cleared away.（表完成，并没有被动意味）

（4）不作后置定语的－ing形式

短暂性动词的－ing形式的一般式一般不可用作后置定语。－ing分词的完成式一般不能作后置定语，除非为非限制性的后置定语。

Most of the people being invited to the party were famous scientists.(×)

Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists.(√)

This is the question having been discussed for thousands of years.(×)

This is the question discussed(=which has been discussed) for thousands of years.(√)

The question , having been discussed for thousands of years,has now been solved.(√)

（5）与定语从句的互换

①－ing形式作后置定语可表示正在进行或发生的行为（变为定语从句要用进行时态）；现在（或当时）的状态（变为定语从语时常用一般时态）

The car waiting nearby(which is waiting nearby) is a Ford.

The music being played(which is being played)on the piano sounds very familiar.

②动词的－ing形式和动词的－ed形式作定语时，如有逗号与被修饰的名词分开，相当于一个非限制的性语从句。The story , written by a young girl , became popular with the young.(相当于The story , which was written by a young girl , became popular with the young.)

The parents , looking greatly worried , walked up and down the streets.(相当于The parents , who looked greatly worried , walked up and down the streets.)

（6）不定式的复合结构作定语

不定式作定语可以有自己的逻辑主语。

It is spring , the time for us to plant trees.

6.作状语的区别

不定式、动词的－ing形式和动词的－ed形式皆可作状语。

（1）不定式作状语

不定式作状语通常表示目的或结果，表示目的时前面可用in order或or so ，以示强调。表示结果时常用于too…to…,enought to do …,only to …等结构中。

I saved every cent in order to buy a car.

I was so careless as to leave all my camping tools home.

The temperature is high enough to change water into steam.

He attempted to cover the facts only to let them out .

（2）done形式和being done形式作状语

作原因状语时，done形式和being done形式可互换。但运用done形式的为多。

Written (being written) very well,the novel sells well .

Encouraged (Being encouraged)by his speech,we made up our minds to make more efforts over the work.

（3）作方式或伴随状语

作方式或伴随状语时常用动词的－ed形式。

Many parents were walking about the zoo,followed by their children.

（4）作时间状语

作时间状语时，动词的－ed形式如果同时表示被动和动作完成，常可换用－ing分词的被动完成式；动词的－ed形式如果只表被动，不表完成，则不可。

Read many times(Having been read many times),the crabbed story seems much easier.

Seen from on the top of the hill,the park looks more beautiful.

（5）与not连用

与否定词not连用时多用-ing形式。

Not being included, I have to attend another interview.

Not being tested,all the products will have to lose their market.

（6）逻辑主语

使用动词的－ing形式和动词的－ed形式作状语时，有一条原则必须遵守，即其逻辑主语应当与句子的主语一致，否则句子就是不正确的或是不正规的语言。

Found him angry,I began to tell jokes.(×)（因为found与I不能构成被动）

Finding him angry,I began to tell jokes.(√)

Looking around,there was no one nearby.(×)（Looking around的逻辑主语不应是the one，故本句不成立。）Looking around,I found there was no one nearby.(√)