主谓一致 (2)
主谓一致
一、并列主语的主谓一致
1、两个单数名词或不可数名词用and连接，表示两个不同的概念时，谓语动词常用复数形式。如：
Tom and Jack were close friends.
2. 两个单数名词用and连接，第二个名词前不加冠词，表示同一人、同一物或同一个概念，或表示不可分割的
一个整体时，谓语动词仍用单数形式。
The singer and dancer is to attend our evening party.
3. 被every, each, many a, no等限定的单数名词由and连接时，谓语动词仍用单数形式。
Each boy and each girl has an apple.
Many a teacher and (many a) student has seen the film.
4. 一个单数名词或不可数名词被几个用and连接的并列形容词修饰时，可以指一件事或几件事，这种名词作主
语时，要根据意义一致的原则决定谓语动词的单复数形式。如：
Simple and plain living is a fine quality.
English and American literature are appealing to her.
5. 由and连接的两个what从句作主语时，要根据意义一致的原则决定谓语动词的单复数形式。如：
What he says and does do not agree.
What he says and does does not concern me.
6. 由or, nor, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also连接的并列主语，通常根据就近一致原则，谓语动词的单
复数形式要和与它临近的主语的数保持一致。如：
One or two friends are coming this evening.
A cigar or a cigarette is very enjoyable.
Neither I nor he is in favor of her marriage.
Either you or I am going to be in charge of this matter.
7. “名词+with, along with, together with, as well as, rather, but, except等+名词”结构作主语时，谓语动词的单复数形
式要与第一个名词保持一致。如：
Tom as well as two of his friends was invited to the party.
Dr. Smith, together with his wife, is to arrive on the evening.
二、某些名词作主语时的主谓一致
1. 集体名词family, class, crew, team, group, audience, crowd, government, committee等作主语时，谓语动词的单复
数形式要根据主语所指的意义而定。当把集体名词当做一个整体来看待时，谓语动词常用单数形式；如果指其中各个成员时，谓语动词常用复数形式。如：
The class consists of twenty-five boys and twenty girls.
The class are doing experiments.
2. 有些集体名词，如cattle, folk, people, police, poultry(家禽)等作主语时，总是跟复数动词形式。如：
The people hope to live a happy life.
The police have caught the criminal.
3. 由两部分构成的表示物体的名词，如trousers, pants, jeans, compasses, glasses, shorts 等作主语时，谓语动词常
用复数形式。但如果这类名词前用了a pair of 或two/three….pairs of 来修饰，谓语动词在数上要与pair保持一致。如：
These trousers need cleaning. Your glasses are very nice.
This pair of trousers is mine. Here are some new pairs of shoes.
三、“名词（或代词）+of+名词”作主语时的主谓一致
1. 由“some of/plenty of/a lot of/lots of/the rest of/all of/half of/part of/the remainder of(或分数百分数+of)+名词”作
主语时，谓语动词常与of后的名词保持数的一致。如：
The rest of the lecture is dull.
The rest of the bicycles are on sale today.
A mass/Masses of information has been revealed.
A mass/Masses of books are kept in the library.
注意：1）all单独做主语时，其谓语动词一致关系一般要遵循意义一致的原则。如：
All was silent. 万籁俱寂。All were silent. 大家都沉默着。
2）population表示“人口数量”作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式；当它前面有分数或百分数时，population 是指一个国家或地区的全体居民，它作主语时，谓语动词一般用复数形式。如：
The population of Canada is about 29 million.
About eight percent of the population of this country are peasants.
2. 由“a kind of, this kind of, many kinds of+名词”和“名词+of this kind”，以及与kind意义相似的type, sort, form,
part, piece, section等构成的类似短语作主语时，谓语动词与of前的名词保持数的一致。如：
A kind of birds has been discovered by them.
This kind of apples is expensive.
Apples of this kind are expensive.
3. 当“a number of/a variety of/varieties of+复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。但当“the number of或
the variety of+复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。如：
A number of new houses have been built there.
There are a variety of goods on sale in the shop.
The number of the people who know the secret is very limited.
The variety of goods on sale in the shop is surprising.
4.“a large amount of/large amounts of +不可数名词”作主语，谓语动词用单数。
“a large quantity of +可数名词复数/不可数名词”作主语，谓语动词根据所修饰名词来决定。
“large quantities of +可数名词复数/不可数名词”作主语，谓语动词用复数。
5. “the majority of +”作主语时，谓语用复数。the majority 单独作主语时，谓语既可以用单数形式，也可用复数
形式。如：
An average of 3,000 people come to visit this famous school every year.
6. “a total of +复数名词”作主语与复数动词连用，意思是“总共有….”; “th e total of +复数名词”作主语与单数动词
连用，意思是“…的总数”。如：
A total of 300 letters were received last month.
The total of letters received lat month was 300.
四、某些表示数量的名词作主语时的主谓一致
1、表示时间、重量、距离、价格、体积等的名词的复数形式作主语时，通常当做整体来看待，谓语动词用单数。
如：
Twenty years is a long time in one’s life.
Forty miles was covered in a single night.
20,000 dollars is not a small sum of money.
2. 表示数量的“one and a half+复数名词”作主语时，其谓语动词用单数。如：
One and a half bananas is left on the table.
3.“a/an+单数名词+or two”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。“one or two+复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数。如：
A student or two has failed the exam
One or two students were planting trees yesterday afternoon.
4. “more+复数名词+than one” 作主语时，谓语常用复数
More members than one have protested against the plan.
5. 当“many a/more than one +单数名词”作主语时，尽管其意义是复数概念，但它的谓语动词仍用单数形式。
如：
Many a man thinks life is meaningless without purpose.
More than one person is involved in the matter.
五、复合句中的主谓一致
1. 由what 引导的从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。另外，当其他名词性从句或谓语动词短语作主语
时，谓语动词通常用单数形式。如：
What he said leaves much for us to think about.
That I shall work with you is a great pleasure.
2. 定语从句中的谓语动词的单复数形式与先行词的单复数形式保持一致。
1）one of +复数名词+关系代词+动词复数形式如：
The Great Wall is one of the world-famous buildings that draw lots of visitors.
Titanic is one of the most wonderful movies that have been produced in Hollywood.
2) the only one of +复数名词+关系代词+动词单数形式
The Great Wall is the only one of the buildings on the earth that is seen form the moon.
Titanic is the only one of the wonderful movies that has been produced in Hollywood.
注意：not the only one of..=one of….如：
Tom isn’t the only one of the boys who have passed the exam.
=Tom is one of the boys who have passed the exam.
3) 当关系代词as与which 引导非限制性定语从句，指代主句内容时，若as与which做主语，则从句的谓语
动词用单数形式，如：
Great changes have taken place in China, as is known to all.
He has passed the college entrance examination, which makes his parents quite happy.
4) 其他情况：
I, who am your teacher, will try my best to help you.
To own a computer in families, which we thought was impossible twenty years ago, now becomes true.
实战演练：
一、填空
1. He is the only one of the students who ______________(have) passed the exam.
2. He is not the only one of the students who _____________(have) passed the exam.
3. I, who __________(be)very busy, can’t help them at the moment.
4. As __________(be) known to everybody, Taiwan is part of China. We must unify it.
5. The idea, which I think ____________(be) reasonable, was brought up by Professor Li yesterday.
6. I still remember the teachers and the school that ______________(be) talked of yesterday evening.
7. All we need _________(be) a small piece of land where we can plant various kinds of fruit trees throughout the
growing seasons of the year.
8. The famous musician, as well as his students, ____________(invite) to perform at the opening ceremony of the
2012 Taipei Flower Expo.
9. Generally, students’ inner motivation with high expectations from others _________(be) essential to their
development.
10. All the scientific evidence _______(show) that increasing use of chemicals in farming _____ (be)damaging our
health.
11. The basketball coach, as well as his team, __________(be) interviewed shortly after the match for their
outstanding performance.
12. One-third of the country __________(be) covered with trees and the majority of the citizens _________(be) black
people.
13.It is reported that many a new house ____________(build) at present in the disaster area.
14.The fact that so many people still smoke in public places ______________ (suggest) that we may need a
nationwide campaign to raise awareness of the risks of smoking.
15. Saving money ___________ (be) what you need to do before you walk out of the difficulty.
二、改错题
1. My friend Ann, together with me, are going to have a picnic.
2. Our group is all going to visit the chimps in the forest.
3. Three years in a strange country seem like a long time.
4. The number of people dying of cancer have been increasing.
5. The old is taken good care of in this country.
6. The professor and writer are going to make a speech at the conference.
7. Katia, like many other Russian girls, are nice and lively.
8. More than one worker have been fired.
9. Both he and his wife enjoys tennis.
10. The father as well as his three children go skating every Sunday afternoon.
11. There are a pen, a knife and several books on the desk.
12. Going to the west maybe bring more benefits.
13. For example, 80% of emails on the Internet is in English.
14. What may surprise you are that I’m going to the US in July for a summer camp!
15. Neither its cause nor its cure were understood.
16. A pair of sunglasses were sent to me as a present by Tom.
17. The Smiths goes to the zoo every Saturday.
18. We are going to visit the Great Wall which are one of the most popular tourist spots in Beijng.
19. On the boards were written, “Welcome”
20. Not only Jane and Mary but also the teacher are tired of examinations.
第二讲 基本句型的转换与扩大 主谓一致(一)
基本句型的转换与扩大 （1）基本句型都是陈述句、肯定句和主动句，这些句型可以转换为疑问句、否定句和被动句。 the tourists have arrived. Have the tourists arrived? The tourists have not arrived. She gave him some money. Did she give him any money? She didn’t give him any money? He was given some money. Some money was given to him （2）句型扩大的语法手段之一是分句的并列。Eg: He was a handicapped child, but he persevered in his studies, and later he become a well-known scholar. He didn’t like us, and everyone knew it, but no one admitted it. （3）句型扩大的另一种语法手段是增加修饰成分和使用从属分句。也就是说利用从属分句来使思想表达复杂化。 The African people have long been our class friends in fighting against hegemonism霸权主义and power politics. The janitor staggered down the stairway, stunned by the bizarre noises and gasping for air. （4）增加的修饰成分还可以再被其他结构（如从属分句）所修饰。 The janitor staggered down the stairway, stunned by the bizarre noises he had just heard upstairs and gasping for air as he hesitantly held on to the banister栏杆.. 注意；有时，分句的并列和从属还可以同时并用。并列与从属两种手段同时并用的结果，往往会产生更加复杂的句子。Eg; When reports came into London Zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London, they were not taken seriously, but, as the evidence began to accumulate, experts from the Zoo felt obliged to investigate, for the descriptions given by people who claimed to have seen the puma were extraordinarily similar. 又例如： Furthermore , he is not only critical of the work of others, of his own, since he knows that man is the least reliable of scientific instruments 科学仪表and that a number of factors tend to disturb impartial 不偏不倚的，公正的and objective investigation. 主谓一致（一） “一致”指句子成分之间或词语之间在语法形式上的协调一致关系。主谓一致指主语和谓语动词之间在人称和“数”的方面的一致关系。这又叫做“主动一致”（subject-verb concord）. 一、指导原则 主语和谓语动词一致的关系常为三种不同的原则所支配 1、语法一致主谓之间的一致关系主要表现在数的形式上，即用作主语的名词词组中心词 和谓语动词在单复数形式上的一致。
主谓一致(二)
主谓一致 （一）单数名词与谓语动词的一致 1.表示集体的词： Army, class, audience, club, committee, company, crowd, family, group, government, organization, party, personnel, public, staff, team, union, crew. 2.表示成员的词： Cattle, folk, people, police, poultry Machinery, clothing, luggage, furniture, equipment, jewelry Clothes, works, goods, contents, the Olympics games Some of, plenty of, a lot of, lots of, most of, the rest of, all of, half of, part of, the remainder of 1.the public( )the best judge because the public always( )their thoughts.（B） A.are; express B.is;express C.is;expresses D.are;expresses
2.I think class one( ) to win because class one( )all football lovers.(A) A.is likely; are B. are likely; are C. is likely; is D. are likely; is 3.while my family( ) a small one, every one of us( ) different hobbies.(A) A.is; have B.are; has C.is; has D.are; have 4.cattle( )well in the country market at present, according to the evening news.（A） A. sell B. sells C. is being sold D. will be sold 5. people who( )peace( )seeing a steady situation to seeing an unrest state. A.love; prefers B. love; prefer C.loved; prefer D.love;prefers 6. all the furniture in my office( )made in Hong Kong. A. is B. are C.were D.had been 7.every means( ) to prevent the water from( ). A. are used; polluting B. get used; pllution C. is used; polluted D. has been used; being polluted 8. all possible means( )to save the wounded soldier. A. have been tired B. is to be tried C. has been tried D. are trying
张琮逻辑英语第二讲 助动词的形式与作用
助动词的形式与作用 概述：英语常用的助动词(auxiliary verb)有shall，will，should，would，be，have，do等。助动词一般无词义，不能单独作谓语动词。助动词在句中的作用，在于帮助（谓语动词）构成各种时态、语态、语气、否定和疑问结构等。如： China has entered a great new era. 中国已进入了一个伟大的新时期。(帮助构成完成时态) Some boys are playing on the grass. 一些男孩正在草地上玩。 (帮助构成进行时态) Mother is written by Gorky. 《母亲》是高尔基写的。 (帮助构成被动语态) We Shall have the football match if it does not rain.如果不下雨，我们就赛足球。(帮助构成将来时态和否定结构) Do you see my point? 你明白我的意思吗?(帮助构成疑问结构) [注]在否定结构中，not须放在助动词后面。 看完这段之后，希望各位记住一个概念，助动词的作用是：帮助谓语动词实现各种功能，这是核心中核心。 为了便于理解与记忆，个人认为可以把助动词分成两类： 1、专职助动词： shall(should), will(would),can(could),may(might),must, ought to等；（因这些动词只能作助动词使用，没有其它用途。）看见这些动词之后，就可以直接期待其后会出现“谓语动词”了。这也可用于我们判断句子结构，简单不出错。 2、兼职助动词：be, have, do, dare, need等。（这些动词既可以用作助动词，也可用作谓语动词，助动词并不是他们唯一的作用。） 先讲第一类，专职助动词（情态动词）的用法。 情态动词的用法很多都是相同的，不必一项项学，我们先把这些相同的作用归纳到一起。 1、shall、will可用于表达一般将来时；这个就不多作说明了； 2、都可忽略主语的人称和数，不必采取相应的变化。 3、一般情况下，后面都需加动词原形。 （2、3）例：I/He/She/They can swim. 4、表示推测，表可能：may, can, must。
主谓一致(二)
第三讲主谓一致（二） 3.1 以并列结构作主语的主谓一致问题 （1）由“and / both…and”连接的并列主语 ①如果意义为复数，谓语动词用复数。理解 ②如果不是指两个或两个以上的人或物，而是表示单数意义，则动词用单数。（请给出更多的例子，如刀叉，黄油和面包之类）。 ③省略结构形似单数，而意义为复数，随后的动词用复数。理解 ④当“and”连接的并列名词词组带有“each , every , many a”等限定词时，随后的动词通常用单数。理解 （2）由“or , nor , either…or , neither…nor , not only…but also”连接的并列结构作主语，随后的动词形式通常按照“就近原则”处理。（小字部分的①不太懂，应该如何分辨什么时候是非正式语体） （3）当主语后面有“as much as , rather than , more than , no less than”等引导的从属结构时，随后的动词形式依主语本身的单复数而定。理解 （4）当主语后面跟有由“as well as , in addition to , with , along with, together with , except”等引导的词组时，其后的动词形式也取决于主体本身的形式。理解 3.2 以表示数量概念的名词词组作主语的主谓一致问题 （1）以表示确定数量的名词词组作主语 ①如果数量概念被看作整体，动词用单数，反之则复数。理解 ②如果作主语的名词词组是由“分数或百分数+ of-词组”构成，其动词形式依“of-”词组中名词类别而定。理解 ③两数相减或相除，动词用单数；相加或相乘，动词用单复数均可。理解 ④如果主语由“one in / one out of + 复数名词”构成，在正式语体中动词用单数，在非正式语体中，动词也可按“就近原则”用复数。（什么时候是非正式语体） （2）以表示非确定数量的名词词组作主语 ①如果主语是“all of… , some of… , none of… , half of… , most of…”等表示非确定数量的名词词组，其后的动词形式依“of-”词组中的名词类别而定。理解 ②如果主语是由“lots of . heaps of , loads of , scads of , plenty of + 名词”构成，表示“许许多多”等概念时，随后动词的单复数形式也以“of-”词组中名词类别定。理解 ③如果主语是由“a portion of , a series of , a pile of , a panel of + 名词”构成，不管名词类别为何，动词通常用单数。理解 ④如果主语是由“限定词+ kind / type / sort of + 名词”构成，随后的动词形式的三条规则。理解 ⑤如果主语是由“many a + 名词”或“more than one + 名词”构成，其意义虽属多数，但随后的动词仍遵循“语法一致”原则，用单数。理解 ⑥如果主语由“an average of / a majority of + 复数名词”构成，而且明确表示多数个体概念，随后的动词用复数，反之则用单数。（什么叫多数个体概念） 3.3 其他方面的主谓一致问题 （1）以名词性分句作主语的主谓一致问题 ①由“wh-”词引导的名词性分句作主语，其后的动词通常用单数。理解 ②两个由“and”连接的并列名词性分句作主语，如果主语表示两件事情，动词用复数。如何看其表示的是不是两件事情。 ③在以“what-”分句作主语的SVC结构中，如果主句补语是复数名词，主句谓语动词可用复数。如果不是SVC结构，其余结构情况如何。
主谓一致和倒装
1. E-mail, as well as telephones, ____ an important part in daily communication. A. is playing B. have played C. are playing D. play 2. What the teacher and the students want to say ____ either of the countries ____ beautiful. A. are, are B. is , is C. are , is D. is, a re 3. How close parents are to their children ___ a strong effect on the character of the children. A. have B. has C. having D. to have 4. The assistant and graduate student ____ check the exercise books. A. help B. helping C. helps D. to help 5. Each soldier and sailor ____ given a gun. A. were B. was C. have been D. are 6. A doctor, together with two nurses, __ sent to that faraway mountain village to help the sick people. A. have B. have been C. has D. has been 7. George is one of the brightest students who ____ from New York University. A. is graduated B. has graduated C. have graduated D. had graduated. 8. He has the only one of the candidates who ____ able to carry out his campaign pledge. A. have been B. has been C. were D. was 9. ____ to blame for many troubles you have encountered. A. It is not I who am B. It is not me who am C. It is not I that is D. I am not the person who am 10. She ate bread and butter for breakfast, and ____ here favourite food. A. they are B. which are C. it is D. which is 11. More than one example ____ necessary to make the students understand this rule clearly. A. should be B. is C. are D. have been 12. Many a student and teacher _____ making a careful study of ____ own problems. A. are, their B. are, his C. is , their D. is, his 13. Two hundred miles ____ a long distance to cover in two hours even by fast car. A. are B. is C. have D. had 14. Many a boy ___ tried , but few ___ succeeded. A. have, have B. have ,has C. has, has D. has , have 15. My family _____ very interested in playing bowls, which ____ very much in fashion now. A. is, is B. are, are C. is, are D. are, is 16. Here is a message of importance to every man and woman who _____. A. votes B. vote C. voting D. are voting 17. In order to set up industries, trained manpower, as well as sufficient capital, ____. A. is needed B. are needed C. needs D. need 18. It is not I but you who ____ the first to run to the goal in that competition. A. is B. was C. are D. is going to 19. According to the schedule, three-fourths of the dam ____ to be finished by the end of this year. A. had B. have C. are D.has 20. I who ____ your close friend, will try by best to help you. A. be B. am C. is D. are 21. Brain told you that there wasn’t anyone in the room at that time, ____? A. was there B. wasn’t there C. didn’t he D. did he 22. Only in this way ____ to make improvement in the operating system.
主谓一致补短 (2)
主谓一致 Fill in the blanks 一、谓语动词在人称和数上必须和主语一致 1．The results of the experiment______(show/shows) that you have all made good progress. 2．Between the two buildings______(stand/stands) a monument. 二、动名词，不定式或者从句做主语时，谓语动词一般要用单数 1．Growing vegetables ______(need/needs) constant watering. 2．That we have made brilliant achievements (is/are) an iron fact. 三、由and 并列的两个名词做主语时，如果表示的是一个同一概念或者单数概念，谓语动词用单数，否则用复数 1．The iron and steel industry_______(is/are) very important. 2．The teacher and poet often _______(give/gives) lectures around the city. 3. The teacher and the poet ______(is/are) good friends in the city. 如果主语是单数，即使后面跟着由with, together with, as well as, like, but, except等引起的短语，谓语动词与第一个主语保持一致(就前一致) 1．An iron and steel works, with some satellite factories, （is/are) to be built here. 2．A scientist, together with some assistants, ______(was/were) sent to the flooded area to help in the work. 3．The teacher as well as the students________(is/are) going to visit the exhibition. 五、each 和由some, any, no, every构成的复合代词都看作单数 1．Each of us _______(has/have)something to say about the subject. （注意如果是we each 就不一样了） 2．Just a minute, someone______(is/are) talking with manager. 六、what, which, who, some, more, most, all等代词是单数或是复数要依据意思来定 1．Which_____(is/are) your rooms? 2．What we need______(is/are) more practice. 3．What he left me_______(is/are)but a few old books. 4．All but you_____(was/were) here just now. 七、none指不可数名词时为单数，指可数名词时为单复皆可，主要取决于说话人头脑中联想到的是单数还是复数 1．None of the books _______(is/are) easy for us. 2．None of the information______(is/are) useful.
主谓一致,倒装
一．主谓一致（指主语和谓语动词在…人称?和…数?方面的一致关系。）主谓一致遵循以下三条原则（形合，意合，就近） 1．形合（主单→谓单；主复→谓复） ★1．由and或both……and连接的并列成分作主语时，谓语动词用复数e.g. Both milk and coffee are on sale in Walmart supermarket. Ru Hua and Wang Xiaohu are a couple. ◆注：⑴and连接的并列主语如果指的是同一人、同一事物或同一概念(and 后无冠词)，谓语动词用单数。 e.g. The teacher and writer has come. Bread and butter is the breakfast of the western people. and所连接的表示同一概念的短语有：a horse and cart马车, a knife and fork刀叉, bread and butter涂有黄油的面包 ⑵由and连接的并列单数主语之前如果分别由each, every, no 修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。 e.g. In our country every boy and every girl has the right to receive education. ★2. 用one, every one, each one, any one, each, either, neither 等+ of +复数名词/人称代词作主语时，谓语用单数。 e.g. Neither of his parents is a doctor. They are both teachers. Every one of the students is studying hard. ◆注：(1)“both of +复数名词/人称代词”作主语时，谓语用复数。Both of them are students. (2) none作主语时如果指人或可数的物，表数目，谓语动词用单复数形式皆可；如果指不可数名词，表量，谓语动词用单数。e.g. None of that money on the table is mine. None of us is/are interested in your new subject. (3)在定语从句中主语是关系代词who , that , which , 谓语动词的数应与先行词的数一致。 但在“one of +复数名词+ who/that/which”引导的定语从句中，从句谓语的单复数取决于one前是否有the （only）、the very。如果有，从句的谓语动词用单数，如没有the only就用复数形式。 He was one of the students who were late for school . ★3. each, either, neither, another, the other 和由some, any, no, every + thing/ one/ body构成的复合不定代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 e.g. There is something wrong with my computer. Everyone is ready for the big dinner. I have two sisters. One is a doctor, the other is a nurse. ◆注：each作同位语，谓语动词仍与主语一致。 They each have a book. ★4. 不定式/动名词（短语）作主语，谓语用单数。 e.g. Doing morning exercises is good for your health. To teach is to learn. 如果多个非谓语动词连在一起表达同一概念，谓语动词用单数形式；如果表达不同概念，谓语动词用复数。 e.g. To go to bed early and to rise early is a good habit. To work and to live are two different things but they are always together. ★5.all/most/ part /some/none/half/plenty/a lot/lots/the rest/分数/百分 数+of+ n. 等短语作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于of后面的名词的数。此名词可数，则谓语用复数；此名词不可数，则谓语用单数。All of the work has been finished. Part of the work has been done by us . Let?s eat the food fi rst. The rest is going to be given to them. ★6. 成双成套的词如glasses, shoes, trousers, chopsticks, scissors ，socks等作主语时，谓语动词用复数。 ◆注：如果这类名词前用了a pair /two pairs等修饰，则谓语与pair 的单复数一致。The shoes in the shop are beautiful. A pair of shoes was sold out this morning. ★7．由“a/this kind of, many kinds of”或…n. + of this kind?，以及由与kind 意义相似的type, sort 等词构成的类似短语作主语时，谓语与of前的名词保持一致。A kind of bird has been discovered by them.Machines of this kind are very useful. ★8. a number of后面加复数名词或代词，谓语用复数形式；但the number of后面加复数名词或代词时，其谓语用单数。 The number of the students in our school is over 20 thousand. A number of students are coming to our school to learn English. ★9. 倒装句中谓语单复数要看其后面的主语。 There comes the bus. Between the two buildings is a supermarket. ★10. 主语后面跟有with ，together with ，along with ，as well as ，but ,except, besides, like ，including, rather than, in addition to等引导的介词短语+其它名词时，谓语动词与前面的主语一致。 The women with two children is my aunt . Everyone here, including children and old people, is for the plan. Mary, along with her boyfriend, goes climbing every Sunday. 2．意合（主语表单数概念→谓语单数；主语表复数概念→谓语复数） ★1. 主语表事物的总称，若指有生命的集合体，如people, police, staff，cattle, crew等作主语时，谓语动词要用复数。The police are looking for the missing boy. 主语表事物的总称，若指无生命的集合体，如traffic, clothing, fruit, equipment等作主语时，谓语动词要用单数。 ★2. 复数形式、单数意义的名词作主语 (1)有些词形似复数，实为单数，其作主语时谓语用单数. 常见的有： 抽象名词news ，学科名词maths，physics ，politics，报纸、杂志名The New York Times,专有名词James, the United States等 The United States was founded in 1776. The New York Times sells well all over the United States . ◆但clothes, goods(货物), works(著作)，the Olympics等词或短语 作主语时，谓语用复数。 The Olympics are held every four years. (2) 表时间、距离、价格、度量衡等的名词或短语作主语时，应将 它们看作一整体，谓语用单数。Ten years is a long time. Five million dollars is a lot of money. ★3. “the +形容词”表一类人（如the poor ，the rich ，the young，the old ，the dead ，the sick，the brave 等）作主语，谓语用复数； 1
二、主谓一致(Subject-VerbConcord)
二、主谓一致( Subject-Verb Concord ) 主谓一致的问题看上去似乎很简单，其实使用起来却不是那么容易，有时候甚至很复杂。这是因为在不同情况下，处理这一问题所依据的原则各不相同。就其在现代语法中的基本原则而言，通常有三个不同角度的着眼点：1、语法一致2、意义一致3、就近原则。 主谓一致的原则是指，主语和谓语从语法形式上取得一致：主语是单数形式，谓语也采取单数形式；主语是复数形式，谓语亦采取复数形式。例如： A grammar book helps you learn something about the rules of a language.（主语是单数形式，谓语也采取单数形式）语法书帮助你学习语言的某些规则。 Grammar books help you learn something about the rules of a language.（主语是复数形式，谓语也采取复数形式）语法书帮助你学习语言的某些规则。 主语和谓语从语法形式上取得一致的问题远不只上述的那么简单，有许多方面的情况需要去具体地对待： #不定式、动名词、以及从句作主语时应看作单数，谓语动和不可数名词并不是一尘不变的。英文中的很多词都是一词多义，名词词用单数。例如： Reading often means learning .读书常意味是学习。 To read English aloud every morning does you a lot of good.每天早晨朗读英语有许多好处。 What he said has been recorded .他说的话已被录音了。 ## 不定代词one, every, each, everybody, everyone, one of, no one, nothing, nobody, someone, somebody, either, neither, many a 等作主语或是修饰主语时应看作单数，谓语动词用单数。例如： Neither of my sisters likes sports .我的妹妹中没人喜欢运动。 Many a student takes a walk on campus after dinner.许多学生晚饭后常在校园里散步。Every boy and girl shows great interest in extra-curriculum activities .每个男孩和女孩对课外活动都表现出很大的兴趣。 ### 表示国家、机构、事件、作品等名称的专有名词作主语时应看作单数，谓语动词用单数。例如： One Thousand And One Nights tells people lots of mysterious bits of folklore .《一千零一夜》给人们讲了许多神秘的民间传说。 The United States is leading the world in science and technology .美国常在世界科技方面领先。 The United Nations play an important role in the international affairs .联合国在国际事务中起着重要作用。 #### a portion, a series of, a kind of, the number of等与名词构成名词短语作主语时应看作单数，谓语动词用单数。例如： A series of high technology products has been laid out in the exhibition. 一系列高科技产品已在展览上展出。 The number of printing mistakes in some recent books often surprises people even to death.近来一些书籍里印刷错误的数量让人吃惊得要命。 A substantial portion of the reports is missing .这些报告都没有提及实质问题。 A kind of rose in the garden smells very pleasant.这座花园里有一种玫瑰香气怡人。##### 由some, several, both, few, many, a number of 等词修饰主语、或是由它们自身作主语时应看作复数，谓语动词用复数。另外，由and连接两个主语时，谓语一般用复数。例如：
主谓一致(2)
主谓一致 1．语法形式上的一致。主语为单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式；主语为复数形式，谓语动词也用复数形式。 如： Jane and Mary look healthy and strong. The number of mistakes was surprising. 2．意义上一致 1) 主语形式虽为单数，但意义为复数，谓语动词用复数。单数形式表示复数意义的词有people, police, cattle, militia等。 如：The crowd were running for their lives. 2)主语形式为复数而意义上却是单数，谓语动词用单数。形复意单的单词有news, works(工厂)和一些以-ics 结尾的学科名称，如physics, politics, mathematics等。 如：The news was very exciting. 3．就近原则。即谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。如用连词or, either…or, neither...nor, not only…but also等连接的并列主语，如果一个是单数，一个是复数，谓语动词与靠近它的主语一致。 如：Either your students or Mr. Wang knows this. 4．应注意的几个问题 A) 名词作主语 1) 某些集体名词(如family, team等)作主语时，如果作为一个整体看待，谓语动词用单数形式；如果就其中一个个成员来说，谓语动词用复数形式。这类名词有：audience, class, club, committee, company, crew, crowd, enemy, government, group, party, public, team, etc. 如：The whole family are watching TV. His family is going to have a long journey. 名词population一词的使用情况跟上述类似。 如：The population in China is very large, and eighty percent of the population in China are farmers. “a group(crowd)of+复数名词”等短语之后的谓语动词也同样可用单数或复数，前者强调整体，后者强调各个部分。 2) 某些集体名词(如people, police, cattle, militia等)只当复数看待，谓语动词必须用复数。 如：The police are searching for him. 3) 单、复数同形的名词作主语时，谓语动词应根据意义决定单、复数。 如：A sheep is over there. Some sheep are over there. 4) 名词所有格之后的名词被省略的情况一般只指商店、工场、住宅等，作主语时，动词一般用单数。如：My Uncle\'s is not far from here. The doctor\'s is on the side of the street. 常见的省略名词有：the baker’s, the barber’s, the carpenter’s, the Zhang’s. 表示店铺的名词一般作集体名词看待，但用作主语时，谓语动词往往用复数。 如：Richardson’s have a lot of leather goods to sell. 5) 当名词词组中心词为表示度量、距离、金额、时间、书名等复数名词时，往往能够根据意义一致的原则，把这些复数名词看作一个整体，谓语用单数形式。 如：Five minutes is enough to do this exercise. The Selected Poems of Li Bai was published long ago. Three years has passed. 6)不定代词each, every, no所修饰的名词即使以and或逗号连接成多个并列主语，谓语动词仍用单数形式。如：Each boy and each girl wants to serve the people in the future.
英语中的主谓一致
英语主谓一致 一般说来，谓语必须与主语在人称和数上保持一致，即主谓一致。主谓一致涉及三个方面：语法上一致，意义上一致，就近一致。 一、语法上一致 1 不可数名词、动名词、不定式、从句等做主语时，谓语通常用单数。 Much milk is offered to him. Reading aloud is very important in learning English. To nod one’s head means agreement.What they said is true. 2 and连接主语时，注意以下几点： 1）由and, both…and 连接两个单数名词谓语用复数，但当and连接的两个名词指同一个人，同一物，同一事，同一概念时谓语用单数。 Both bread and butter were served for breakfast in this hotel. The teacher and writer is going to give us a talk. 2) 凡是由each…and each…,every…and every… ,no…and no…, many a… and many a…连接名词作主语时谓语用单数。 Each man and each woman has a chance to be raised in our company. No boy and no girl doesn’t go to school at the age of seven in this village. 3) 由and 连接的前置并列修饰语+不可数名词做主语时，谓语用复数。 Good and bad meat in the market are sold out. 4) 不可数名词+并列修饰语作主语时，谓语用单数。 Beer from the USA and Germany is much better that from Britain. 5) 凡由and连接两个带the(a或物主代词)的单数可数名词，谓语用复数，如果只有前一个名词带the(a 或物主代词)则谓语用单数。 The professor and the writer have published a few new books on radio. The tenth and last chapter is written by a young man. 6)由and 连接的第二个名词短语表示否定或带有状语时，谓语的单复数与第一个名词一致。 The teacher, and perhaps his students too, is likely to be present. 7)What 从句的并列式作主语时，并列完整式常用复数，缩略式常用单数。 What he says and what he thinks have nothing to do with me. What I say and do is my own affair. 8) 由and 连接的两个疑问代词、不定式、动名词作主语时，根据意义一致的原则确定单复数。 When and where to build the new factory ________yet.(MET1991) A is not decided B are not decided C has not decided D have not decided 3 主语+介词（短语）：with, except, as well as, no less than, rather than, more than, over, besides, together with, like, including, in addition to等连接的名词时，谓语以介词（短语）前的主语为准，不受介词后的名词影响。 The man with hs daughters and sons is watching TV. The girls as well as the teacher are dancing. 考例：1）E-mail, as well as telephones,______ an important role in our daily life(1999上海) A playing B play C plays D have played 2) A library with five thousand books_______ to the nation as a gift.(MET 1990) A is offered B has offered C are offered D have offered 4 不定代词either, each, one, another, anyone, anybody , no one, nobody, some one, somebody, anything, nothing, something, everything, everyone, everybody, neither等作主语时，谓语用单数，none做主语时，谓语单复数均可。There is nothing wrong with the machine. Either of the shirts fits me very well. None of the farmers has (have)been abroad. 5 many a (an) +名词和more than one +名词做主语时谓语用单数。 Many an apple is in the basket. More than one stamp has been collected by her.