工程起重机中英文翻译对照

To gain a certificate of competency for a cabin controlled bridge or gantry crane you must pass an

assessment for a Bridge and gantry crane certificate conducted by an assessor registered by the Workcover

Authority.

Before taking the assessment you must obtain a log book and learn the competencies required to pass the

assessment. Applicants must be at least 18 years old to gain a certificate.

It is illegal to operate a cabin controlled bridge or gantry crane without a Bridge and gantry crane

certificate or a log book (under the supervision of a certificated driver).

A cabin controlled bridge or gantry crane driver must know:

●how to safely operate a bridge or gantry crane

●how to detect any mechanical faults

●about slinging loads,sheaves and drums,rope terminations,anchors and

attachments

It is the responsibility of the applicant to make sure that a bridge or gantry crane of the correct class is

available for the assessment at their workplace or has permission to use a crane at another location.

If you operate this type of crane and sling loads in connection with the operation of this type of crane you

will require a Dogging certificate in addition to being competent in its operation. See A guide for dogging

available from the WorkCover Authority.

桥梁合格证书

起重机和龙门起重机

为了获得一个龙门式起重机的合格证书，你必须通过操作龙门起重机进行评估，然后由劳保局注册管理局评估而得到的证书。

此证书的申请要经过上机操作和笔试两个科目进行考核。申请者必须年满18岁才能获得证书。

对于非法的，不是正式的桥梁和龙门式起重机有效文件和证书受上级管理机构的监督。一个龙门门式起重机的操作者或设计者必须知道：

●如何安全地操作一桥或门式起重机

●如何发现任何机械故障

●关于吊索载荷，滑轮和鼓，绳子终端，锚和附件等相关知识

申请人的责任，根据操作规范和操作流程正确安全的施工，对工作场所认真严谨的评估，经审核后在安全地点安装起重机。

如果在操作过程中出现负重过载或其他意外情况而引起的工伤事件要严格按照工伤保

险管理局规定处理。

TYPES OF BRIDGE AND GANTRY CRANES

Bridge and gantry cranes can be:

●pendant controlled

●cabin controlled

●remote controlled

Most bridge and gantry cranes are controlled by a pendant push button control suspended from the

crane structure.

Cabin controls are used for a wide range of applications particularly where it is not possible to have a kept away from the intense heat of the molten steel transported by the cranes.

Bridge cranes

Bridge cranes are commonly used inside factories for a wide range of jobs. They run on overhead rails

usually attached to opposing factory walls.

桥梁和龙门起重机的类型

桥式和门式起重机可以是：

●挂件控制。

●机舱控制。

●遥控。

桥式和门式起重机大部分是由一个控制按钮控制吊灯的悬浮

起重机结构。

机舱控制被用于广泛的应用，在机舱内可以安全的从事高温等困难和危险的操作

桥式起重机

桥式起重机常用厂房内的工作范围广。他们架空轨道上运行通常与工厂围墙相连。Gantry cranes

Gantry cranes have two upright supports (portals) which move along two ground based rails. The height

of the portals depends on the maximum hook height. Gantry cranes are used in factories and in outdoor

storage yards such as railway and shipping storage areas.

龙门起重机

龙门起重机有两个铁轨支撑，并且能在铁轨方向上移动

货物的起升高度取决于最大起升高度。龙门起重机用于工厂和室外

如铁路和航运贮存区堆场等场所

Semi-portal cranes

Semi-portal cranes have a single portal running on a ground based rail while the other end is attached to an overhead rail. They are usually used where there is an outdoor storage yard running parallel t o an enclosed factory.

半门座起重机

半门座起重机有一个单一的运行轨道，而另一端与高架铁路连接。他们通常用在封闭工厂的工作场所。

Container handling cranes

Container handling cranes can be either a bridge or a gantry crane. They are used to handle containers at shipping and railway terminals .they have a special lifting frame called a spreader ,which attaches to the

container by ‘twist locks’.

集装箱装卸起重机

集装箱装卸起重机可以是桥梁或门式起重机。它们被用来处理在集装箱航运和铁路枢纽等场所的货物装卸。他们有一个特殊的起重架称为吊具，可连接到集装箱的'扭锁'。

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3. FEATURES OF BRIDGE OR GANTRY CRANES

The bridge

Each crane has a ‘bridge’which extends across the crane structure from rail to rail. It sits on an end

carriage that has a set of track wheels which run on a rail on either side of the building.

Working load limit

The working load limit (WLL) can be found printed on the bridge. It is the responsibility of the driver to know the WLL of the crane. In many cranes this will be printed as the safe working load (SWL).

特点：桥或门式起重机

桥式起重机

每个起重机有一个'桥梁'的跨越式起重机结构延伸至轨到轨。它坐落在一月底

运输，有一个车轮的轨道上的任一侧铁路建设组运行。

工作负荷极限

工作负荷限制（WLL）的可印上桥。这是司机的责任

知道起重机WLL的。在许多起重机这将印制成安全工作负荷（声功率级）。

Long travel

‘Long travel’is the direction of travel of the bridge along the rails.

Cross travel

‘Cross travel’is the movement of the ‘crab’(see below) from one side of the bridge to the other. The crab

The ‘crab’is the ‘cross travel unit’from which the hook is lowered and raised. The ‘crab’houses the hoist sits on rails attached to the bridge. The power for the ‘crab’comes from a bus bar or cable on the bridge structure.

The hook block

The 'hook block' is used for raising and lowering the hook. It can be single or multi-roped.

The sheaves

The rope from the drum runs through the sheaves of the hook block and crap, and over an equalising sheave(where fitted). The rule of thumb is that the diameter of a sheave must be about 20 times the diameter of the rope.

The depth of an open sheave must be 1.5 times the diameter of the rope.

Where the rope is contained in the sheave the minimum depth of the sheave must qual the diameter of the rope.

The driver must make sure that any sheave showing signs of wear could damage the rope which is replaced and squeaking sheaves are inspected and greased repaired.

The control cabinet

The control cabinet, which is mounted on the crane, has an all motion isolation switch and contains the contactors.

The resistor banks

The resistor banks are usually located on the bridge or in a well ventilated area. They dissipate heat from the unused electrical current.

Live wires-collector gear-bus bars

There are two types of power supply-AC and DC. Each is usually supplied by collector gear from live wires or insulated bus bars running alongside the crane and runway.

The main isolating switch

The main isolating switch is usually a lockable switch using either a key or a padlock, for isolating the crane from the power source. It is used for maintenance or in an emergency .

It is usually located near the ladder to the service platform or the crane cabin.

Look for a switch with a bright yellow background with black writing.

Buffer stops

Buffer stops are fitted to absorb the impact from a collision at either end so the long travel.

Earth wire

The earth wire' connection takes any electrical leak to earth. It must be vivisible and near to the permanent wiring connection to the bus bar.

The cabin

The cabin is attached to the underside of the crane, bridge or crab and contains the controls.

The pendant control

The hand-held 'pendant control' is usually suspended from the bridge on a strainer wire which can be moved from one side of the crane to the other. The controls are nomally push button.

Pendant controls usually have:

north- south

east-west

up-down(hoist movement)

emergency stop.

They may also have a creep speed control.

The directional compass

Each crane must have a directional compass under the bridge of the crane. The compass helps pendant control drivers with the pendant directional controls. Note: The compass is aligned with the crane reveal directions, not magnetic or grid north.

4. CONTROLS

Cabin controls

Most modern cranes have joysticks to control the movement of the hoist , the long travel and the cross travel movement and the raising and lowering of the hook.

Remote controls

Remote controls are usually worn on a belt around the waist. When using a remote control it is important to be in a position to review the load and the travel path.

Remote controls can be either infra red or radio controlled. Both infra red and radio controlled remote controls have a limited range.

lnfra red controls must be pointed towards the crane during operation or the crane will stop.

5. HOIST LIMIT SWITCHES

Limit switches prevent over-winding and over-lowering of the hook block. The upper limit prevents

the hook block coming into contact with the rope drum and sheaves.

The lower limit will keep two full turns of rope on the drum when the hook is in its lowest working position, and may prevent the hook making contact with the ground. Limit swithes must be tested by the driver before the beginning of each shift.

大车运行

大车运行是沿地面铁轨的铺行方向。

前后行程

小车运行'是的小车或电葫芦从一桥侧（见下文）向其他部位运动。

小车连接挂钩可以控制其下降和提升。在'电葫芦内有电机，齿轮箱，绳鼓，限位开关，齿轮箱

齿轮箱位于桥梁悬杆上。电葫芦'的力量来自电机带动钢丝绳

桥梁结构。

滑轮组

滑轮组是用于提高和降低挂钩。它可以是单一或多重拉拢。

该滑轮

钢丝绳通过卷筒滚动使吊钩在滑轮上带动货物的运行，有时还通过一个平衡滑轮（如装有）。通常情况下是，一个滑轮的直径必须约20倍的钢丝绳直径。

一个开放滑轮深度必须在1.5倍的钢丝绳直径。

凡在滑轮绳载有关于滑轮最小深度必须资格赛绳子的直径。

驱动程序必须确保任何滑轮磨损迹象显示可能会破坏该被替换，squeaking滑轮的检查和润滑修复绳。

控制柜

该control内阁，这是对起重机安装，有一个所有运动隔离开关，并包含接触。

该电阻银行

该电阻银行通常是在桥上或located在通风良好的area. They消散没有用到的电流热。带电的电线集电极齿轮母线

有两种电源供应器AC和DC类型。每个通常由集热器由带电的电线或绝缘母线和跑道旁边的起重机行走机构。

主要孤立的转型

主要孤立的转型是一个锁定开关通常使用一个键或挂锁从隔离电源起重机。它用于维修或紧急情况。

它通常位于附近的服务平台或起重机客梯。

寻找一个有明亮的黄色背景黑色文字开关。

缓冲站

站均设有缓冲吸收因碰撞两端的影响，以便长期旅行。

地线

接地线，连接到地球采取任何电气泄漏。它必须是可见的，靠近永久接线连接母线。

机舱

机舱内连接的起重机，桥梁或蟹底部，包含的管制。

该挂件控制

这些控制按钮'通常是控制钢丝上的负载可从一个起重机一端移动到其他部位暂停。

吊坠控制通常有：

南北

东西方

上下（提升运动）

紧急停止。

他们可能也有一个控制上爬的速度l。

定向罗盘

每个起重机必须有一个下桥起重机定向罗盘。指南针帮助挂件方向控制与控制驱动程序。注：指南针是与起重机方向一致，无磁性或不指北方。

4。监控

机舱控制

大多数现代起重机操纵杆来控制升降运动，旅行和长十字旅游运动和提高，并降低了钩。遥控器

遥控器通常是戴在腰带周围。当使用远程控制重要的是要在一个位置，审查负载和移动路径。

遥控器可以是红外线或无线电控制。两个红外线和无线电控制的远程控制有一个有限的范围内。

lnfra红色控制必须指出在操作过程中对起重机或吊车将停止。

5。葫芦限位开关

限位开关防止过度绕组和过度的吊钩下降。上限阻止

吊钩接触到鼓，滑轮的绳子。

下限将继续在两个完全旋转鼓绳钩时，其最低工作位置，并可以防止钩正与地面接触。极限swithes必须经过的司机之前，在每个班次开始

Gantry crane，as a major machinery which were used in material handling，is very

popular and applied in every walk of life．Its lifting capacity is from ones to tens even

to hundreds tons，they are used in many industries，such as machinery manufacture，metallurgy,steel making and containerized shipment．

The traditional design method of crane is mainly the routine safety factor method．While the reliability design method which is based on the Probability and Mathematical Statistics is more reasonable than the routine safety factor method．It makes the structure most appropriate．The lesser part dimensional，volume and weight are achieved and the raw or unprocessed materials and process time are saved．It also makes the designed parts have predictable life expectancy and failure probability．It is vital to do the reliability analysis and optimizition of gantry cranes．

The paper gives an outline of the basic thought of finite element and FEM(Finite Element Methodl software ANSYS．The rationale of the FEM modal analysis is introduced in major．There are three reliability analysis methods：Monte Carlo Simulation,Response Surface Method and Sensitivity-based Approach．And，the foundations of mathematics and computational procedure about the reliability are introduced in details．The basic theory and method of Reliability&Optimization Designing are given．

Combining晰tll the practice based on the theories，the main research methods and contents are included in this paper as follows：

1．The finite element model of gantry crane is built up on the platform of finite element analysis software ANSYS．Static analysis and modal analysis are carried out．111e previous four natural mode shape is obtained．The intensity,rigidity and

台equency are verified whether they comply with the requirement of specification according to the Crane’S Design Manual．

2．The fundamental theory of reliability analysis are drawn into the fmite element．

A gantry crane is taken as research obj ect．Three important steps of reliability analysis in the FEM are described in details．They are generation of model file，reliability analysis step，post—processing and result extraction．

3．In the reliability analysis module which are offered in the ANSYS，APDL is

used to build the parameterized modeling of the main girder．Input variable and output variable which are analyzed are chosen．A series of reliability analysis files and result extraction analysis files are compiled．At the same time，statistical analysis and trend analysis are analyzed to the results。

4．Reliability index is calculated，and optimization design is exercised based on

the reliability．That is to say,The reliability demand is combined、析tll the constraint 龙门起重机作为物料搬运机械中最主要的一种，在各行各业中得到广泛的

应用，其起重范围可以从几吨到几十吨甚至几百吨，装备着机械制造、冶金、

钢铁、码头集装箱装运等行业。

传统的起重机设计方法以安全系数法为主，而以概率论和数理统计理论为

基础的可靠性设计方法比常规的安全系数法更合理，该方法能得到所要求的恰

如其分的设计，能得到较小的零件尺寸、体积和重量，从而节省原材料、加工

时间，可以使所设计的零件具有可预测的寿命和失效概率。因此，对龙门起重

机结构进行可靠性分析并进行优化是非常必要的。

文章对有限元的基本思想和有限元分析软件ANSYS进行了简单介绍，重点

介绍了有限元模态分析理论基础，三种可靠性分析的方法：蒙特卡罗法、响应面法、基于敏感性的分析方法。同时，详细介绍了计算可靠度的数学基础，计算方法，以及可靠性(优化)设计的基本理论与方法。

在理论基础上与实践结合，本文主要研究方法和内容包括：

1．以有限元分析软件ANSYS为平台，建立了龙门起重机的有限元模型，从

静力学分析入手，接着进行模态分析得出前四阶振型图，按照有关起重机设计手册验证了强度，刚度以及频率的大小是否符合规范要求。

2．在有限元基础上，引入可靠性分析基本理论，以一台龙门起重机主梁结

构为研究对象，详细描述了在有限元中进行可靠性分析的三个重要步骤：模型文件的生成、可靠性分析阶段、后处理和结果的提取。

3．在ANSYS中提供的可靠性分析模块中，采用APDL进行主梁的参数化建模，选择分析的输入和输出变量，编写一系列可靠性分析文件及提取分析结果文件，并对结果做了统计分析和趋势分析。

4．进行了可靠性指标计算，并在可靠性基础上进行优化设计，即把可靠度

要求，或者结合在优化问题的约束条件内，或者结合到优化问题的目标函数内，运用优化方法，得出产品参数的最优解。本文把优化数学模型应用到箱型主梁结构中，得到了优化后的圆整解。