英语的状语

英语的状语

一、什么叫状语？就是动词的八个状态:时间、地点、原因、状态、目的、结

果、方式、程度.

修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句的句子成份叫状语。例如：

My parents often tell us about their bitter life in the past．我父母经常给我们讲他们过去的苦难生活。

She studies hard．她努力学习。

I am very tired．我非常疲倦。

二、什么可以作状语？

1．副词：Say again．再说一遍。

Suddenly it began to rain．天突然下雨了。

2．介词短语：

Please come here in the evening．请晚上来这儿。

He wrote with a red pencil．他用红铅笔写的。

3．动词不定式（或不定式短语）：

He went to see a film．他看电影去了。

My father was surprised to hear the news．

我父亲听到这个消息，感到惊奇。

4．分词（或分词短语）：

He sat there reading a novel．他坐在那儿看小说。

The students went away laughing．学生们笑着走开了。

5．名词：

Wait a moment．等一会儿。

It can go all day and all night．它能整日整夜地走。

6．从句：

I’ll write to you as soon as I get there．

我一到那儿就给你写信。

He didn’t come because he had to stay at home to finish his home work．他没来，因为他不得不留在家里完成家庭作业。

二、状语的分类：

状语按用途可分为：地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、程度、方式、伴随情况等几类。

1．地点状语：

The students are doing their homework in the classroom．学生们正在教室里做作业。

2．时间状语：

I learned a lot from the peasants when I lived in the countryside．我在农村生活时，向农民学到很多东西。

3．目的状语：

They set out early so that they might arrive on time．他们早点动身，以便准时到达。

4．原因状语：

She will not go home because she has to attend a meeting．因为要开会，

所以她不能回家了。

5．结果状语：

Li Ming studied so hard that he caught up with the others very quickly．李明学习如此努力，结果很快赶上了其他人。

6．程度状语：

I nearly forgot what he had promised．

我几乎忘记了他答应的事。

7．方式状语：

He came singing and dancing．他唱着跳着走过来。

8．条件状语：

If you work hard at English，you will do well in English．如果你努力学习英语，你的英语成绩就会好。

9．让步状语：

He went to school yesterday though he was ill．

昨天他尽管有病，仍上学去了。

10．比较状语：

Lesson Two is not so difficult as Lesson One．

第二课不像第一课那样难。

三、状语的位置：

一般说来状语在句中的位置比较灵活，它可以处于句首、句中或句末。

1．状语位于句首：为了强调状语或者为了使它与上下文紧密衔接，通常把状语放于句首。

Tomorrow I am going swimming．明天我要去游泳。

Here in the cinema house，smoking is not allowed．

在电影院这里不准吸烟的。

2．状语位于句中：状语在句中的位置是：

(1)如果没有助动词，状语就位于动词前面。

I often go to see a film．我经常看电影。

(2)如果动词前有一个或几个助动词，状语位于第一个助动词之后。

He has already had his lunch．他已吃过午饭了。

(3)如果动词是be，状语就放在be动词之后。

He is always at home．他总是在家。

状语从句

一、时间状语从句

（一）不同的引导词

1、普通类从属连词

引导时间状语从句的普通类从属连词有when（当……时），while（在……期间），as（当……，一边……一边……），before（在……之前），after（在……之后），since（从……以来），till/until（直到），whenever（无论何时），as soon as （一……就）等。如：

When I went into the classroom, he was reading. 当我走进教室时，他正在看书。

He read a newspaper as he went along. 他边走边看报纸。

We must strike while the iron is hot. 我们必须趁热打铁。

I will tell you after they leave. 于他们走后我再告诉你。

I told him to come back whenever he wants to. 我告诉他什么时候想回来就回来。

I waited till/until she was back. 我一直等到她回来(from )。

Once time is gone, you will never get it back. 时间一旦失去就再也得不到了

注意：在时间状语从句中，不能用一般将来时、过去将来时态或将来完成时，而要用相应的一般现在时态、一般过去时或现在完成时来代替。如：

I’ll telephone you as soon as I get there. 我一到达那里就打电话给你。She said she would phone me as soon as she got there. 她说她一到达那里就给我电话。

Don’t get off the bus until it has stopped. 等车停稳后才下车。

2、含 time的短语

可引导时间状语从句的 time 短语有every time, each time, (the) next time, (the) last time, by the time, the first time, any time 等。如：

Every time I listen to music, I’ll think of it. 每当我听音乐，我就想起这事。

He didn’t tell me anything the last time I saw him. 上次我见到他时他什么也没告诉我。

Each time she moved her head she let out a moan. 她每转动一下头，就发出一声呻吟。

3、表示“一……就……”

除as soon as外，还有三类：名词型——the moment, the minute, the second, the instant；副词型——immediately, directly, instantly；句式型——no sooner…than…, hardly/scarcely…when…。如：

The moment I saw him I knew that there was no hope. 我一看到他，就知道没有希望了。

I came immediately you called. 你一来电话我就来了。

I had no sooner got home than it began to rain. 我一到家就下起雨来了。如果hardly, scarcely 或no sooner置于句首，句子必须用倒装结构。如：Hardly/Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain.

No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.

二）对几种时间状语从句的理解

1、对before从句的理解

before的本意为“在……之前”，根据具体语境还可理解为“还没来得及/还没有……就……，趁着还没……就……，不知不觉就……，……才……”等。如：I had not sat long before he came back. 我没坐多久他就回来了。

He almost knocked me down before he saw me. 他几乎把我撞倒才看到我。Before I could get in a word, he measured me. 我还来得及插话，他就给我量好了尺寸。

I’ll water the flowers before it gets dark. 我要趁着天还没黑把花浇好水。

Be a pupil before you become a teacher. 先做学生，后做先生。

Time passed quickly and three months went by before she knew it. 时间

过得飞快，她不知不觉就在那里度过了三个月。

I will die before I will betray my country. 我宁可死也不会背叛我的国家。

2、对since从句的理解

1）. since从句的谓语动词是终止性动词照字面意思理解。如：

I’ve been feeling down since I lost my job. 自从失去工作后,我的情绪一直处于低潮。

2）. since从句谓语动词延续性动词，且为现在完成时时，仍然按字面意思理解。如：

She has never come to see me since I have lived in the city. 自从我住到城里，她就一直不来看我。

3）. since从句谓语动词延续性动词，且为一般过去时时，按与字面意思相反的意思理解。如：

I have made great progress since I was ill. 我自病愈以来取得了很大的进步。

4）. since前有ever，或从句谓语动词是be且后接表示人成长过程中的某个阶段或年龄的名词、形容词时，仍然按字面意思理解。如：

I have lived here ever since I was a child. 我从还是个孩子时就一直住在这儿。

3、对till/until从句的理解

1）. 主句为肯定式，主句谓语动词必须为持续性动词，且该动词所表示的动作或状态一直延续到 until / till 从句所表示的时间为止，可译作“（直）

到……”。如：

He waited until/till I returned. 他一直等到我回来。

2）. 主句为否定式（包括含 no, nobody, nothing, never, hardly, little 等否定词的肯定句），若主句谓语动词是非持续性动词，则该动词所表示的动作在until / till 从句表示的时间开始发生。一般先译从句“直到……”，后译主句，not 译成“才”，即“直到……才……”。如：

His mother didn’t leave until/till he was asleep. 直到他睡着了，他母亲才离开。

Nobody can leave until/till the meeting is over. 直到散会才能离开。3）. 主句为否定式，若主句谓语动词是持续性动词，则须根据上下文去理解until/till从句的含义，一般译为“直到……才……”或“没有到……”。如：He didn’t wait until/till I returned. 他没有等到我回来。

She didn’t sleep until/till I returned. 她直到我回来才睡着。

（三）when, while, as的用法区别

三者可表示“当……时候”，区别如下：

1) 若主句表示的是一个短暂性动作，从句表示的是一个持续性动作，三者都可用：

He fell asleep when [while, as] he was reading. 他看书时睡着了。【注】as 用于引出一个持续性动词表示“在……期间”时，其谓语通常只能是那些含有动作(action)和发展(development) 意味的动词，一般不能是那些不用于进行时态的动词(如 be, seem, love, want, agree, see, know, have 等)，所以下面一句中的 while 不能换为 as：

A：I’m going to the post office. 我要去邮局。

B：While you’re there, can you get me some stamps? 当你在邮局时，能帮我买几张邮票吗?

2) 若主、从句表示两个同时进行的持续性动作，且强调主句表示的动作延续到从句所指的整个时间，通常要用 while：

Don’t talk while you’re eating. 吃饭时不要说话。

I kept silent while he was writing. 在他写的时候，我默不作声。

但是，若主从句表示的两个同时进行的动作含有“一边…一边”之意思，通常用 as：

She sang as she went along. 她边走边唱。

3) 若从句是一个短暂性动作，主句是一个持续性动作，可用 as / when 但不用 while：

It was raining hard when [as] we arrived. 我们到达时正下着大雨。

4) 若主从句表示的是两个同时(或几乎同时)发生的短暂性动作，用 as / when：

I thought of it just when [as] you opened your mouth. 就在你要说的时候，我也想到了。

5) 若要表示两个正在发展变化的情况，相当于汉语的“随着”，一般用 as：Things are getting better and better as time goes on. 随着时间的推移，情况越来越好。

As it grew darker, it became colder. 天色越晚，天气越冷。

6) 表示“每当…的时候”(暗示一种规律性)，一般要用 when：

It’s cold when it snows. 下雪时天冷。

He smiles when you praise him. 你夸奖他时他总是笑笑。

7) 若主从句所表示的动作不是同时发生，而是有先后顺序时，一般要用 when：

I will go home when he comes back. 他回来时，我就回家去。

8) when 可用作并列连词，表示“这时(突然)”；while 也可以用作并列连词，表示“而”、“却”(表示对比)；但 as 则没有类似用法：

We were about to start when it began to rain. 我们正要出发，这时天开始下雨了。

He likes coffee, while she likes tea. 他喜欢咖啡，而她却喜欢茶。

9) as 和 when 后均可直接跟一个名词，构成省略句，但 while 一般不这样用：As [When] a boy, he lived in Japan. 他小时候在日本。

10) when 和 while 后可接现在分词、介词短语、形容词等构成省略句，但 as 一般不这样用：

When [While] reading, he fell asleep. 他看书时睡着了。

When [While] in trouble, ask her for help. 遇到麻烦的时候你就去找她帮忙。

二、地点状语从句

（一）引导词

地点状语从句主要用于回答Where?的问题，可以由where (在…的地方)，wherever (无论什么地方)，anywhere (无论何处) 以及everywhere (到处) 等连词来引导。

（二）几个知识点

1、地点状语从句一般置于主句之后

Sit wherever you like. 你爱坐哪儿都可以。

Keep it where you can see it. 把它放在你看得见的地方。

He lives where the climate is mild. 他住在一个气候温暖的地方。

I’ll take you anywhere you like. 你想到哪儿我就带你到哪儿。

You can’t camp where / wherever / anywhere you like these days. 如今你可不能随意在哪儿宿营。

2、根据强调的需要，anywhere, everywhere和wherever也可以 (where则一般不可以) 放在句首。如：

Anywhere she goes, he goes too. 不论她去哪儿，他也去哪儿。

Wherever I am l will be thinking of you. 我不论在哪儿，都会想你的。Everywhere I go, I find the same thing. 不管我走到哪里，我都发现同样情况。

Everywhere Jenny goes she’s mistaken for Princess Diana. 无论詹妮走到什么地方，她都会被误认为是戴安娜公主。

3、where一般表示一个确定的但非特指的地点。如：

The church was built where there had once been a Roman temple. 教堂建在曾一度是罗马神庙的地方。

Next time I hope you’ll go where I tell you to. 下次我希望你去我告诉你去的地方。

wherever, anywhere 和 everywhere 表示“任何地方”。如：

With a special train ticket you can travel wherever / anywhere / everywhere you like in Europe for just over￡100. 你如持有专车票，仅

花一百多一点英镑，就可以到欧洲各地旅行。

4、有些地点状语从句中有的词可以省略。如：

Where possible, they tried to acquire colonies. 只要可能，他们就设法取得殖民地。

Avoid structures of this kind wherever possible. 只要可能，就要避免这种结构。

三、原因状语从句

（一）引导词

引导原因状语从句的从属连词有because(因为), as(由于), since(既然), now(that)(既然), when(既然), seeing (that) (由于，鉴于), considering (that)(考虑到), given (that) (考虑到)等。如：

I do it because I like it. 我做这件事是因为我喜欢。

As it was raining, I stayed at home. 由于下雨，我便呆在家里。

Since you're not interested, I won't tell you about it. 既然你不感兴趣，那我就不告诉你了。

Now that you are well again, you can travel. 既然价钱恢复了健康，你就可以去旅行了。

How can they learn anything when they spend all their spare time watching television? 他们把所有的空闲时间都用来看电视了, 还能学什么东西呢? Seeing that you’re already at the door, I suppose I mus t invite you inside. 鉴于你已到了门口，我想我必须邀请你入内。

Considering he’s only just started, he knows quite a lot about it. 考

虑到他只是刚刚开始, 他对此的了解已经不少了。

She can drive by herself because she has passed her test. 她现在可以独立开车了，因为她已经通过了驾驶考试。

Given that she is interested in children, I am sure teaching is the right career for her. 考虑到她喜欢孩子, 我可以肯定教书是最适合她的职业。

I’m afraid we don’t stock refills for pens like yours because there’s little demand for them. 对不起，我们没有你那种笔的笔芯，因为销路不好。（二）几点注意事项

1. considering 和 given 还可用作介词。如：

Considering his age, the little boy reads very well. 就他的年龄来说，这小孩读得挺好的。

Given her interest in children, I am sure teaching is the right career for her. 考虑到她喜欢孩子, 我可以肯定教书是最适合她的职业。

2. 表示“因为”的连词不能与表示“所以”的 so 连用。如：

译：因为他病了，所以没有出席会议。

误：Because he was ill, so he didn’t at tend the meeting.

正：He didn’t attend the meeting because he was ill.

正：He was ill so he didn’t attend the meeting.

（三）使用because的五个注意事项

1、because 除用于引导原因状语从句外，还可引出表语从句。如：

It is because he is too foolish. 那是因为他太蠢了。

It is because you’re eating too muc h. 那是因为你吃得太多了。

2、汉语可以说“因为……所以……”，但是英语却不能使用because…so…这样的结构。改正的办法是，要么去掉其中的because，使之成为并列句；要么去掉so，使之成为主从复合句。如：

因为他很忙，所以不能来。

误：Because he is very busy, so he can’t come.

正：Because he is very busy, he can’t come.

正：He is very busy, so he can’t come.

3、汉语说“之所以……是因为……”，说成英语通常是The reason (why)…is that… 其中的that最好不用because代替。如：

The reason (why) I’m late is that [because] I missed the bus. 我迟到的原因是因为我没有赶上公共汽车。

4、在 not...because... 这一结构中，not 有时否定主句，有时否定从句，具体视语境而定。一般说来，若 not 否定主句，最好在because 之前用逗号，否则会引起歧义，如下句在没有特定上下文时就有两种解释：

I didn’t go because I was afraid.

a. 我没有去是因为怕。

b. 我不是因为怕才去。

但是若 because 之前有 just 修饰，一般认为 not 是否定从句而不是主句。如：

You shouldn’t get angry just because some people speak ill of you. 你不要因为有人说你坏话而生气。

5、用于复合介词because of，其后可接名词、代词、动名词、what 从句等。

如：

He is here because of you (that). 他为你(那事)而来这里。

We said nothing about it, because of his wife’s being there. 因为他妻子在那儿，我们对此只字未提。

He left the company because of what the boss said at the meeting. 他离开了这家公司，是因为老板在会上讲的话。

但是，because of后不能直接跟that从句或者是没有引导词的从句。如：

由于我的病我不能干这工作。

正：I can’t do the work because of my illness.

正：I can’t do the work because I’m ill.

误：I can’t do the work because of I’m ill.

误：I can’t do the work because of that I’m ill

四、条件状语从句

（一）引导词

引导条件状语从句的从属连词有if, unless (=if…not如果不……，除非), as/so long as(只要), while(=as long as只要), supposing (that)/provided /providing (that)(假如), in case(假使), on condition that(在……的条件下)等。如：

You can learn anything so long as you set your mind to learn it. 用心学本领，总能学到手。

I will go there tomorrow unless it ra ins.(=…if it doesn’t rain)除非下雨，否则我明天要去那儿。

He will do the work providing you pay him. 如果你能付费，他可以做这工作。

In case l forget，please remind me about it. 如果我忘了，请提醒我。We’ll let you use the room on condition that you keep it clean and tidy. 我们可以让你使用这个房间，条件是你把它保持整洁。

（二）注意事项

1、条件状语从句和时间状语从句一样，从句的谓语动词不能用一般将来时态、过去将来时态或将来完成时，而要用相应的一般现在时、一般过去时和现在完成时态来替代。又如：

Tell me in case you get into difficulty. 遇到困难请告诉我。

Supposing he does not come, shall we go without him? 如果他不来，是不是不带他去?

2、若从句谓语用了will 或 would，那 will 或 would 则是表示“愿意”的情态动词。如：

If you will go with me, I’ll wait for you. 如果你愿意等我，我们就帮你做这事儿。

五、目的状语从句

（一）引导词

引导目的状语从句的从属连词有so(以便), that(以便), so that(以便，为了), in order that (为了，以便)；in case(以防，以免), lest(免得，以防), for fear that(以免，惟恐)等。从句中一般含有can, could, may, might, will, would 等情态动词。如：

Bring it closer so (that) I can see it better. 拿近一点以便我看得更清楚。

Let’s take the front seats that we may see more clearly. 咱们坐前排，以便看得清楚点。

I left at 6:00 so that/in order that I could catch the train. 为了赶上火车，我六点就出门了。

I shall write down your telephone number that I may not forget. 我要把你的电话号码写下，以免忘了。

Speak clearly so that they may understand you. 你要讲得清楚，他们才听得懂。

Take the raincoat in case it rains. 带着雨衣, 以防下雨。

Be careful lest you fall from that tree. 要当心, 以免从树上摔下来。He walked fast for fear that he should be late. 他走得很快，以免迟到。She dresses like that so that everyone will notice her. 她那样穿戴是为了引起人们的注意。

I have given him a key so that he can get into the house whenever he likes. 我给了他一把钥匙，以便他随时能进来。

So that I shouldn’t worry, he phoned me on arrival. 为了不让我担心，他一到就给我打了电话。

They risk their lives in order that we may live more safely. 他们冒了生死危险使我们生活得更安全。

（二）注意：

当从句主语与主句主语相同时，可用不定式来表达相同的意思。如：

译：为了通过考试，他学习非常努力。

正：He studies very hard so that(=in order that) he can pass the exam. 正：He studies very hard so as to (=in order to) pass the exam.

六、结果状语从句

（一）引导词

引导结果状语从句的从属连词有so that（以致，结果），so…that, such…that （如此……以至于）等。如：

We arrived early, so that we got good seats. 我们到得很早，因此我们座位很好。

It was so hot that we wanted to go swimming. 天气太热，我们想去游泳。She is so good a teacher (=She is such a good teacher) that all the students like her. 她是那么好的老师，每个学生都喜欢她。

His reactions are so quick (that) no one can match him. 他的反应如此敏捷 (以致) 无人比得上他。

He is such a marvelous joker that you can’t help laughing. 他是一个如此奇妙的诙谐人物，(以致) 弄得你不能不笑。

They are such wonderful players that no one can beat them. 他们都是出色的运动员，没有人能战胜他们。

In his fury he threw the stone tablets upon the ground so that they were broken. 他大怒之下，便把那些石匾扔到地上，摔破了。

My suitcase had become damaged, so that the lid would not stay closed.

我的箱子损坏了，因此盖子关不上了。

Nothing more was heard from him so that we began to wonder if he was dead. 我们再也没有收到过他的信，因此我们开始怀疑他是不是死了。

It was so dark that he couldn’t see the faces of his companions. 天是那样黑，他同伴的脸他都看不见了。

（二）注意：

1. 在口语中 that 常省略。如：

I am so busy I have no time to write a letter. 我是那样忙，写信的时间都没有。

2. 有时主句中还有倒装语序。如：

So bright was the moon that the flowers were bright as by day. 月亮是那样亮，花都像白天时那样鲜艳。

七、让步状语从句

（一）引导词

引导让步状语从句的从属连词有although, though, as, while(虽然), even if/though(即使), whether…or…(不论/不管……还是……) 以及“疑问词+ever”和“no matter+疑问词”等。如：

Although/Though they are poor they are happy. 虽然他们很穷，但很快乐。Though he is very old, he works hard. 尽管他年老了但仍努力工作。

Tired as he was, he sat up late. 他虽然疲倦,可仍然很晚才睡。

While I like the color of the hat, I do not like its shape. 虽然我喜欢这顶帽子的颜色，但我不喜欢它的形状。

I’ll go even if/though it snows. 即使下雪我也要去。

Whether you believe it or not, it is true. 不管你信还是不信，这的确是事实。

However (=No matter how) tired you may be, you must do it today. 不管怎样累, 你也得今天做。

Wherever (=No matter where) I am, I will be thinking of you. 不管我在哪里我都会想到你。

（二）注意：

1. as 作“虽然”解，引导让步状语从句时，从句中的状语、表语或动词必须置于句首，though 引导的让步状语从句，也可将这些成分置于句首，但although 等其它词引导的让步状语从句不能将这些成分前置。如：

Hard as/though they tried (=Although/Though they tried hard), they couldn’t make her change her mind. 尽管他们做了很大努力，却没法让她改变主意。

2. 引导让步状语从句时，若提前的是可数名词单数，要省略不定冠词。如：Child as he is, he knows a lot. 虽然他是孩子，但他却很懂事了。

3. 表示“虽然”的连词不能与表示“但是”的连词 but 连用，但可以 yet 或still 等副词连用。如：

译：虽然当时正下着雨，他还是到那里去了。

误：Though it was raining, but he went there.

正：Though it was raining, he went there.

正：It was raining, but he went there.