介词的用法(基础知识)--初中英语【名校学案+详细解答】

介词的用法(基础知识)--初中英语【名校学案+详细解答】
介词的用法(基础知识)--初中英语【名校学案+详细解答】

介词的用法

【真题再现】

1. —Have you had breakfast?

—No. I got up at half past seven and went to school _________ breakfast.

A. on

B. without

C. as

2. Hainan lies _____ the south of China, and ________ the south of Guangdong, too.

A. in; in

B. to; in

C. to; to

D. in; to

3. Lucy and I are twins, but we’re different _______ each other in many ways.

A. for

B. in

C. of

D. from

4. Lady Gaga is famous ________ her beautiful voice.

A. as

B. with

C. for

5.—How do you communicate with your foreign friends?

—_________ writing e-mails, of course.

A. With

B. By

C. At

D. From

6. —Look at that photo, what a happy family!

— Y es, it’s a photo my family.

A. at

B. for

C. of

D. in

7.—Is your father home?

—No, he is working late ______ the office.

A. on

B. at

C. of

D. to

8. Bill has made great progress ______ the help of his teachers.

A. for

B. with

C. under

【答案与解析】

1.B。由句意可知“早上七点半起床没有吃早饭就去了学校”。without 是介词,意为“没有”后接名词或代词。

2. D。由于海南在中国内部,所以用in,和广东隔海相望所以用to。

3.D。be different from 固定搭配,意为“不同于”。

4. C。be famous for 是固定搭配,意为“因……出名”。

5. B。表示通过某种方式,要用介词by。

6. C。of 这里表示“……的”,a photo of my family意为“家庭的照片”。

7. B。在办公室,表示具体小地点用介词at。

8. B。with the help of 是固定搭配,意为“在……的帮助下”。

【用法讲解】

考试要求:

主要体现在单项选择和完形填空中,涉及的题目多,考查的范围广,主要考查介词的基本意义,意义相近的介词辨析、固定搭配等。

知识总结:

1. 介词的概念

介词是一种虚词,一般用在名词、代词等的前面,用来表示其后面的名词或者相当于名词的词或短语和其他句子成分的关系,在句子中不能单独作句子成分,需和它后面的词共同充当句子成分。介词后面的名词或者相当于名词的词或短语叫介词宾语。可以作介词宾语的

词通常有:

1)名词、代词或从句。

He lives near the school. 他居住在学校附近。

Our teacher was very angry with him. 我们的老师非常生他的气。

2)动名词。

They have a good idea for solving this problem. 他们有一个解决这个问题的好方法。

3)动词不定式(仅限于介词but,except)。

I want nothing except to sleep. 除了睡觉,我什么也不想做。

2. 介词的种类

1)根据结构分类

简单介词:即由一个词构成的单一介词。如:for,at,in,on,of,to等。

复合介词:即由两个词组合在一起的介词,也称合成介词。

如:without,inside,outside,into,within

短语介词:即由短语构成的介词。如:because of,according to,thanks to等。

2)根据意义分类

表示地点的介词:at,behind,beside,around,near,on,by,in front of,across等。

表示时间的介词:about,at,after,before,by,during,in,over,past,since,until 等。

表示原因的介词:for,with,from等。

表示手段和方式的介词:by,in,with等。

表示“除去”的介词:but,except,besides等。

表示其他含义的介词:about (关于,大约), on (关于), without (没有), off (从……离开),

instead of (代替), with (和)等。

3. 介词短语的功能

介词和介词宾语一起构成介词短语。介词短语可以在句子中作下列成分:

1)作表语:

She looks like an actress. 她看上去像演员。

What’s the book about? 这本书是讲什么的?

2)作宾语补足语:

A cold kept him in bed for a week. 感冒使他卧床一周。

I found my mother on the bus. 我发现我妈妈在公交车上。

3)作状语:

I will wait for you until tomorrow. 我等你到明天。

The teacher came into the classroom with a smile on her face.

那位老师面带笑容进了教室。

4)作定语:

A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患难见真情。

4. 中考经常考查的几组介词的用法

1) 时间介词:at/ in/ on

表示具体的时间点(几点钟)前面用介词at。

I usually get up at six in the morning. 我通常在早上六点起床。

注意:

at dinner time 在(吃)晚饭时at night 在夜间at weekends / the weekend 在周末

表示在特定的日子、某月某日、星期几、节日等时间的前面,或者某一天的早上、下午、晚

上的前面用介词on。

We can play football on Sunday. 我们可以在星期天踢足球。

They came to my house on a cold winter morning.

他们在一个寒冷的早晨来到了我家。

表示较长的一段时间段的名词或短语前经常用in,如在早上、下午、晚上;在某月某年等。

I was born in May. 我出生在五月。

They came here in 1998. 他们在1998年来这里的。

What are you going to do in the winter holiday? 寒假你打算做什么?

注意:

表示上午、下午或晚上的名词前一般用介词in,但是具体到某一天的上午、下午或晚上用介词on。in the morning 在上午on Monday morning 在星期一的上午

2)时间介词:for,since

for 和since引导时间状语都有延续之意。for +时间段表示“(延续)……之久”。since +时间点表示从过去某时延续到现在的一段时间。

They have lived in China for ten years. 他们在北京住了十年了。

She has worked here since last year. 从去年起她就在这里工作。

3)时间介词:in,after

in+时间段表示从现在算起一段时间以后,一般用于将来时;after+时间段表示从过去算起一段时间后,一般用于过去时。另外after后也可以接具体时间用于将来时。

He’ll be back in three hours. 他三小时后回来。

He came back after three hours. 三小时后,他回来了。

He’ll be back after 3 o’clock. 他三点后会回来。

4) 方位介词:at,in,on,to

表示在某一点的位置或者具体的位置用at。

We will have a picnic at the foot of mountain. 我们在山脚下举行野餐。

表示在某一个范围之内的方位用介词in。

Shandong lies in the east of China. 山东省在中国的东部。(山东省在中国范围之内)

表示在某一个范围之外的方位用介词to。

Japan lies to the east of China. 日本在中国的东部。(日本在中国范围之外)

表示两者相互接触,强调在同一条线或者同一个平面上用介词on。

Shandong lies on the north of Jiangsu. 山东省在江苏省的北部。(两省接壤)

5) 地点介词:in/on / under/ above / over/ below

表示一个物体在另一个物体的上面用介词on。

There is a book on the desk. 课桌上有一本书。(书在课桌表面上)

表示一个物体在另一个物体的里面用介词in。

There are some dumplings in the bowl. 碗里有一些水饺。(水饺在碗里面)

表示一个物体在另一个物体的下方,用介词under。(一般为正下方)

There is a ball under the chair. 椅子下面有一个球。(球在椅子的下面)

below意思是“在……之下”,所指范围较宽,不一定在某物的正下方。

From the plane, we could see the whole town below us.

从飞机上我们可以看到下面城镇的全貌。

表示一个物体在另一个物体的上方,并非有“垂直之上”的含义,用介词above, 其反义词为below。

His room is above ours. 他的房间在我们的上面。

表示一个物体在另一个物体的正上方用介词over,有时有“覆盖;越过”之意。

His room is over ours. 他的房间就是我们头上的那间。

There is a big bridge over the river. 河上有一座大桥。(桥在河的上面)

6) 方位介词between,among

between是表示在两者之间;among表示在三者或者三者以上之间。

It’s a secret between you and I. 这是我和你之间的秘密。

There is a village among the trees.在树林里面有一个小村庄。

7) 表示工具、手段、材料的in,by,with

in可以和表示某种语言的名词连用表示“用某种语言”; 也可以表示用某种工具或者材料的意思。

Can you answer my question in English?

你能用英语回答我的问题吗?

Don’t write in pencil. Please write in ink.

不要用铅笔写,请用墨水写。

by指使用的方法和手段,by和表示交通工具的名词连用时,中间不用冠词。

My father often goes to work by bus.

我爸爸经常乘坐公共汽车去上班。

He made a living by selling newspapers.

他靠卖报为生。

with表示“借助于某种具体的工具或身体部位”。例如:

We write with our hands. 我们用手写字。

I cut the cake with a knife. 我用刀子切开了蛋糕。

8) 方位介词across,through,past

表示从某一个物体的表面横过、穿过用介词across; 从某一个物体的里面或者一定范围内穿过、横过用介词through; 从旁边经过用past。

They swam across the river. 他们游过了河。

The boys go through the forest quickly. 这些男孩子快速地穿过树林。

They drove past a big supermarket. 他们开车经过一家大超市。

9)except,besides

except表示“除……之外”其后的宾语是被排除在整体之外的。besides表示“除……之外”,其后的宾语是被包括在整体之内的。

All the students took part in the sports meeting except Tom.

除了汤姆以外,其他的同学都参加了运动会。(汤姆没有参加)

We need three more boys besides Tom.

除了汤姆以外,我们还需要三个男同学。(我们也需要汤姆)

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