单片机设计外文翻译1

外文资料与中文翻译

外文资料：

1 microcontroller features of the development of

technology

SCM has been there since, SCM technology has gone through nearly 20 years of development journey. Throughout the past 20 years of SCM Exhibition history we can see that the SCM technology to the development of the microprocessor (MPU) technology and ultra-large-scale integrated circuit technology for the Exhibition for the pilot to pull a wide range of applications, showing more personality than the microprocessor trend of development：

SCM long life here said the long-life, on the one hand refers to the development of SCM products can be stable and reliable work 10, 20, on the other hand refers to the microprocessor compared to the long life. With the rapid development of semiconductor technology, MPU replacement faster, to 386,486,586 as the representative of the MPU, within a very short time to be out of Bureau, and the traditional microcontroller as 68 HC05, 8051, and so has been 15 years of age, the output is still rising. This is from Its application to the corresponding areas of adaptation, on the other hand is due to such CPU as the core, integrated with more I / O functions SCM module of the new series emerging. It is expected that the successful listing of the relatively young core CPU, also with the The I / O modules of the rich, have a long life cycle. New types of joining the CPU, the SCM team Has grown to the user brings more choice.

8, 16, 32-bit microcontroller common development this is the current SCM technology development trends of the other. For a long time, single - Machine

technology is the development of eight-oriented. As mobile communication, network technology, multimedia technology, and other high-tech products

Access to family, 32-bit microcontroller applications have been developed by leaps and bounds. Motorola 68K for the CPU to the 32 of the 97 SCM August sales of 10 million. That because of the past eight SCM function is growing, more and cheaper 32-bit machine, 16 SCM living space is limited, and 16-bit microcontrollers from the development of both varieties and production, in recent years have substantially more。

Of growth. SCM faster development in the MPU demonstrated by the faster clock frequency is increasing as the hallmark。The. The SCM is different, to enhance SCM anti-disturbance capacity, lower noise and lower clock frequency without sacrifice SCM offerings computing speed is the pursuit of technological development.8051 MCU with some manufacturers to improve the internal when the MCU Sequence, without raising the clock frequency of conditions, to raise a lot faster, Motorola MCU is used Suo Ring of technology or internal frequency technology to the internal bus speed significantly higher than the frequency of the clock generator. 68HC08 microcontroller to 4.9 M with external and internal clock oscillator of 32 M, and 32-bit microcontroller series M68K the use of 32 K external oscillator frequencies Up to 16 MHz internal clock above.

Low-voltage and low power consumption since the mid-1980s, NMOS technology SCM gradually replace the CMOS process, the power to Dropped substantially, with the ultra-large-scale integrated circuit technology from 3 μ m of development to 1.5,1.2,0.8,0.5,0.35。And the realization of nearly 0.2 μ m technology, all designed so that static clock frequency from DC to several trillion optional, so that power consumption declining Motorola recently introduced optional M. CORE in the 1.8 V

voltage to 50 M/48MIPS work at full speed, power is about 20mW. Almost all the SCM has Wait, Stop, and other power-saving operation mode. Allowing the use of the power supply voltage range Increasingly wide. General SCM can be three to 6 V work within the framework of the battery-powered SCM is no longer the need for power - Regulators take measures. SCM low-voltage power supply has been lower limit of 2.7 V to 2.2 V, 1.8V. The single 0.9V power supply Machine has come out.

Low noise and high technology to improve the reliability of the system

MCU-electromagnetic interference ability, so that products can adapt to the adverse For the environment, to meet higher standards of electromagnetic compatibility requirements, the SCM businessmen in the internal circuits to SCM A number of new technical measures. NS such as National Semiconductor's internal COP8 SCM increased anti-EMI circuit, and strengthened "Watchdog" performance. Motorola also introduced a low-noise LN series of SCM.

OTP and mask OTP is a one-time written into the SCM. SCM past that a product is put into operation mask of maturity As the hallmark of the SCM. As we need to mask the production cycle, while OTP-decline Singlechip prices, making In recent years the use of direct OTP completed the final product manufacturers more popular. It compared to mask a short production cycle, the small risk Characteristics. In recent years, OTP type of microcontroller to be significantly higher, to meet this demand in many microcontroller used in the film Programming (In System Programming). OTP programming of the chip can be technical or die Bonding surface paste Technology, welding in the first printing plate, and then leads through the MCU on the programming line, serial data, such as on-chip clock line Machine programming. Resolved the bulk write OTP chip vulnerable to the chip and into

contact with bad problems. So that the bare OTP Tablets are widely used to reduce the cost of the product. Programming line with the I / O line sharing, not to increase the additional pin microcontroller. Some manufacturers have introduced the SCM no longer mask type, for all the ISP functions of the OTP.

OTP MTP to MTP is the challenge for multiple programming mean. Some manufacturers to SCM MTP performance, OTP price launched The SCM, such as ATMEL A VR microcontroller, on-chip using FLASH, for multiple programming. Winbond's production company and 8051-compatible microcontroller also adopted the MTP performance, OTP price. These are the use of the ISP SCM technologies, such as installation Printed circuit board at a later time to download.

2 A wide selection of SCM

SCM Motorola Motorola is the world's largest manufacturers of SCM. All varieties, choice, new products Many of its features, there are eight of 68 HC05 and upgrading of products 68 HC08, 68HC05 have more than 30 series, more than 200 Varieties, production has more than 2 billion. 8 enhanced MCU 68 HC11 has more than 30 varieties, 100 million in annual output Upgrading of products are 68 HC12.

16 crew 68 HC16 has over 10 varieties. 32 SCM 683 XX series also There are dozens of varieties. In recent years, PowerPC, Coldfire, M. CORE as the CPU. DSP module will be assisted as Integrated SCM have also launched. SCM is still the first choice for licensing. Motorola is one of the characteristics of SCM Under the same speed used by the clock frequency than Intel category SCM much lower, thus making high-frequency low noise, interference can Resilient, more suitable for industrial areas and poor environment. Motorola 8-bit microcontrollers past the mask is the main strategy Recently introduced OTP plans to adapt to new trends in the development of SCM, in the 32 on board, M. CORE in performance and power

consumption Are better than the ARM7.

Microchip microcontroller Microship SCM is the fastest growing market share of the SCM. Its main product is 16C Series 8-bit microcontrollers, CPU use RISC architecture, only 33 directives, run faster, and to a low-cost, general SCM prices are below a dollar. Microship SCM not mask products, all OTP devices, Micros hip stressed that the most cost-optimized design, suitable for consumption, low grade, price sensitive products.

Scenix SCM Scenix MCU I / O modules with new I / O modules of the integrated combination of technology and technology is SCM

An indispensable important aspects. In addition to the traditional I / O modules such as parallel I / O, URT, SPI, I2C, A / D, PWM, PLL, DTMF, the new I / O modules emerging, such as USB, CAN, J1850, is the most representative of Motorola 32-bit microcontroller, which integrates a variety of communication protocols, including the I / O modules, and Scenix SCM in I / O modules Handling of the introduction of the Virtual I / O's new concept. adopted the structure of the RISC CPU, the CPU maximum operating frequency of 50MHz. Computational speed close to 50 MIPS. With a powerful CPU, all I / O functions will be able to use software to simulate SCM adopted 20/28-pin package. Offers a wide range of I / O's library for the realization of I / O modules Function. These software modules including the completion of the multi-channel UART, multi-channel A / D, PWM, SPI, DTMF, FSK, LCD Driver And so on, these are often used together hardware module is quite complex.

NEC MCU MCU Zichengtiji to 8-bit microcontrollers 78 K series of the highest yield, but also 16, 32 Monolithic Machine. 16 adopt the octave above SCM technology in order to reduce the clock frequency. Some MCU with built-in

operation System. NEC's sales strategy focused on the customer service and invest considerable technical force to help the customers to develop products

Toshiba Toshiba MCU MCU is characterized by plane from four to 64-wide range.

4 machine in the field of household electrical appliances are still more Big market. Eight major 870-series, 90 series, the MCU allows the use of such slow mode, a 32 K clock When power consumption to 10 μ A number of class. CPU's internal use of multiple registers, making interrupt response and processing more efficient. Toshiba's 32-bit microcontroller using the MIPS 3000A RISC CPU structure, and the VCD, digital cameras, image processing, etc. Market.

Fujitsu Fujitsu MCU has eight, 16 and 32-bit microcontroller, but eight of the 16 aircraft is the CPU core This means that eight planes and 16 aircraft used in the same direction, making development more easily. 8-bit microcontrollers are

well-known MB8900 series, a 16-MB90 series.Fujitsu's focus on services big companies and big customers, to help the development of large customers Products. Epson Epson SCM good at manufacturing company known for liquid crystal displays, the Epson SCM major production for the company Supporting the LCD. SCM is characterized by its LCD driver has done some particularly good. In

low-voltage, low power consumption is also very Characteristics. Currently 0.9

V-powered SCM has been listed in the near future, LCD display of watches category SCM will use 0.5 V power supply.

Class of 8051 MCU first introduced by Intel Corporation of the 8051/31 class SCM is the world's largest amount of several single - One of the machine. As Intel Corporation in embedded applications will focus on 186,386, such as the Pentium class PC compatible Development of high-end chip, the 8051 class SCM primarily by Philips, Samsung and Winbond, and other companies Jiechan. These companies

are

While maintaining compatibility with the 8051 microcontroller on the basis of 8051 to improve the lot of (such as timing characteristics). Improve the speed, descending Lower clock frequency, the relaxation of the supply voltage of the dynamic range, lower product prices.

Zilog microcontroller is Zilog Z8 microcontroller company's products, a multi-accumulator structure, have a stronger will interrupt handling OTP-based products, Z8 microcontroller development tools that can be cheap. Z8 microcontroller to low-cost advantage for low -Client applications, mainly to 18-pin package, ROM for the 0.5 ~ 2 K. Zilog companies have also recently introduced the Z86 series of SCM, The series can be integrated within the DSP units cheap.

NS MCU MCU is COP8 National Semiconductor's products, the company to produce advanced simulation of the circuit Said. Can produce a high level of digital simulation of mixed circuit. COP8 SCM-chip integrated 16-bit A / D, which is in the SCM Rare. COP8 SCM internal use of the anti-EMI circuit, the watchdog circuit in STOP mode and the call SCM Peter methods are unique. In addition, COP8 encryption control procedures also do better.

Samsung Samsung SCM SCM has KS51 and KS57 series four SCM, KS86 and KS88 series of 8-bit microcontrollers, KS 17 Series 16 SCM and KS32, 32-bit microcontrollers.Samsung MCU OTP-1 SP-programming in. Samsung public Secretary for the production of memory chips, the memory market oversupply situation, to get involved in the competition to participate in SCM. Samsung SCM technology in the developed countries to introduce to digest the technical, production compatible with the product, and then to price Georgia advantage to win. For example, in the four aircraft used on the NEC's technology, eight on board the

introduction of Zilog Z8 technology companies, 32 Plane purchase ARM7 core, DEC technology, Toshiba's technology. SCM die of their very competitive price Winbond Winbond MCU is a 8051 class SCM, W78 their series with the standard 8051 compatible, W77 Series - Enhanced 51, 8051 the timing was improved.The same clock frequency speed of 2.5 times, FLASH capacity From 4 K to 64 K, a function of ISP. SCM in four areas Winbond with a 921 series and 741 series of LCD driver. 32K-,Winbond use HP PA-RISC microcontroller technology, low production of the 32-bit RISC MCU.

SCM vendors mentioned above is to enter the Chinese market as part of the SCM vendors, there are many well-known single - Film-makers such as Mitsubishi, Hitachi, TI and other paper does not mention. Overall, a well-known U.S. company's microcontroller technology Are still in the leading position, especially in high-end products, high-performance SCM has introduced new products.The Japanese of SCM in the manufacturing sector has also considerable advantages, is also actively for the home appliances major clients.South Korea and China's Taiwan Bay in the province of some companies to introduce technology to digest the United States on the basis of compatibility with low-priced products to seize the Chinese market.Has yet to a Chinese mainland company in the MCU so vast a place on the market, which can not but China's electronics industry is a tragedy. On the other hand this range, people dazzling variety of SCM, indeed SCM application engineers to provide a great choice. Such a variety of SCM can enter the Chinese market, this On the note of the practical application of our engineers have been able to all types of integrated MCU performance, price and other factors and the With a selection of objects. Than in the past to analyze, Copy foreign products mainly the idea of a considerable improvement. With the growth of China's economic strength,

development of new products in the past the idea that too much emphasis on price new products Development can grade the weakness has improved, attention began to use the most advanced microcontroller development of high-grade products Since the development of means of the current SCM is still based simulator, the company can provide low-cost simulator, to facilitate Technical services and training, compared with the availability of high-performance, low-cost MCU is equally important. The monolithic Manufacturers in the development of tools and technical services also engaged in fierce competition. This competition and the introduction of new single-chip High-tech machines to show the advantages are complementary to each other. As a result of competition for the SCM application engineers to provide a broader Wider choice, and the ultimate beneficiaries of the SCM is the consumer products, because of all walks of life with SCM, This electronic advances in technology led to progress in all walks of life, but also promote the advance of human civilization.

3 The development of battery

In power plants and substations, in order to control, signals, protection, automatic devices, lighting and the exchange of the accident is not power blackouts and other power supply devices, generally are required to have a reliable DC power supply. To this end, power plants and more than 110 kV substation batteries are usually used as a DC power supply, but the power requirements of a high degree of reliability and stability, and its power supply capacity and voltage in the most serious accident to ensure the electrical equipment The reliable work. General substation with two batteries: lead-acid batteries and nickel-cadmium batteries.

Ni-Cd batteries existence of the surface so that alkalization DC system insulation decline in prices, maintenance workload, in some important occasions even need to

configure the double sets of battery defects, and sealed lead-acid batteries to the whole, less maintenance, pollution-free and High-performance characteristics, adapted to the power system no less hungry people on duty to safeguard the needs of small equipment, on behalf of the DC system in the future development trend, as the current system of choice for substation DC battery.

Lead-acid battery is the large-capacity battery the main varieties, after more than 100 years of development and improvement of its low cost, high-voltage, abundant raw materials, manufacturing process is simple and in communications, transport, electricity and other departments have been widely used. However, due to various technical conditions of the restrictions adopted by the charging method failed to follow internal battery of physical and chemical laws, so that the whole process of charging there was a serious charge and a gas phenomenon, charging low efficiency, not because of charge and discharge control Reasonable and damage to the battery of a fairly large proportion. Large number of lead-acid battery charger have a common drawback, that is not very low level of intelligent people understand the changes in charging process, but use in the course of many irregularities, such as long-term status of the charge, the excessive discharge, Current charging and discharging too much, and long-term dissatisfaction with electricity, resulting in battery life be affected, causing great waste. Therefore, the study how to extend battery life, improve efficiency in the use of batteries, design a new smart. lead-acid battery charger is very important.

4 Battery charging method

Constant current charging method: constant current charging that the charge current law is maintained at a constant value of the charge, charging that the adjustment of output voltage devices and battery or change the method of series

resistance and maintain the same charge current strength of the charging method. Constant current charging control method is simple, but because the battery capacity is accepted as the current charge of the process to gradually decline, to the late charge, the battery power capacity by the decline in charge current utilization rate much lower.

Constant Pressure charging method: constant pressure by means charging the battery terminal voltage maintained at a constant value of the charge. Now widely used constant pressure to improve the charging method, current restrictions on the use of constant pressure power charging a way, it is in charge of the entire process of charging power to maintain the same a constant voltage charging method. The rechargeable battery power supply voltage in charge of all time maintain a constant value, with the battery terminal voltage gradually increased, the current gradually reduced. And the constant current charging method, the charging process closer to the best of charge. With a constant voltage charging, the initial battery charging lower EMF, the charge current lot, with the charge, will gradually reduce the current, just simple control system. This method of charging a battery charge can be avoided, but in the initial charge current is too large, the battery life of a great impact on the battery plates and easy to bend, causing the battery scrap. In view of such shortcomings, constant pressure rarely used charge, in charge only low voltage power used in the current.

This method, including two-stage charging law and three-stage charging method.

Second phase of law is in charge at the beginning of a current to charge and scheduled a point after a lower current charge of a charging method. That is, first of all to constant current charge to the scheduled voltage value, then, the constant

voltage to complete the remaining charge. General two-stage conversion between the voltage is the second phase of the constant voltage.

Three-stage charging method means that the charge at the beginning and end a constant current charge, by the middle constant voltage charging. When the current decay is scheduled to duty, from the second stage of transition to the third stage.

Stage of charge because of the comprehensive work on the principle of two ways, has made a good effect, is the manufacturers and users widely used method. But on the three-stage charge of the application of fast charge, for various reasons, be a certain limit.

As lead-acid, nickel lead, nickel-cadmium, nickel hydrogen, lithium-ion batteries, such as their own characteristics, making them in a certain period of time will be widely used. In such circumstances, research institutions and manufacturers in the positive use of the current rapid development of electronic technology, computer-controlled technology development more in line with the laws of rechargeable battery charging equipment and test equipment at the same time, also are actively exploring a meet various types of batteries Charging the needs of

multi-functional smart fast-charging equipment and testing equipment to meet the actual needs of society.

In recent years, through the battery "charge, discharge," the continuous exploration of new technologies, and a number of new battery "charge, discharge," device has been published, widely used in various industrial and mining enterprises, military, railways, ports and other departments.

Various types of rechargeable batteries to meet the needs of multi-functional smart fast-charging equipment and testing equipment already beginning to be widely used at the same time, in order to better meet the needs of battery applications,

research institutions and manufacturers will expand to focus on the small , The area of energy conservation. Such devices are mainly embodied in the use of embedded technology and new devices reduce the size and power equipment, power feedback using detection technology to discharge performance, a waste of electricity use up again, and so on.

中文翻译：

1 单片机技术的发展特点

自单片机出现至今，单片机技术已走过了近20年的发展路程。纵观20年来单片机发展历程可以看出，单片机技术的发展以微处理器(MPU)技术及超大规模集成电路技术的发展为先导，以广泛的应用领域拉动，表现出较微处理器更具个性的发展趋势。

单片机长寿命这里所说的长寿命，一方面指用单片机开发的产品可以稳定可靠地工作十年、二十年，另一方面是指与微处理器相比的长寿命。随着半导体技术的飞速发展，MPU更新换代的速度越来越快，以386、486、586为代表的MPU，很短的时间内就被淘汰出局，而传统的单片机如68HC05、8051等年龄已有15岁，产量仍是上升的。这一方面是由于其对相应应用领域的适应性，另一方面是由于以该类CPU为核心，集成以更多I/O功能模块的新单片机系列层出不穷。可以预见，一些成功上市的相对年轻的CPU核心，也会随着I/O功能模块的不断丰富，有着相当长的生存周期。新的CPU类型的加盟,使单片机队伍不断壮大,给用户带来了更多的选择余地。

8位、16位、32位单片机共同发展，这是当前单片机技术发展的另一动向。长期以来，单片机技术的发展是以8位机为主的。随着移动通讯、网络技术、多媒体技术等高科技产品进入家庭，32位单片机应用得到了长足发展。以Motorola 68K为CPU的32位单片机97年的销售量达8千万枚。过去认为由于8位单片机功能越来越强，32位机越来越便宜，使16位单片机生存空间有限，而16位单片机的发展无论从品种和产量方面，近年来都有较大幅度的增长。

单片机速度越来越快，MPU发展中表现出来的速度越来越快是以时

钟频率越来越高为标志的。而单片机则有所不同，为提高单片机抗干扰能力，降低噪声，降低时钟频率而不牺牲运算速度是单片机技术发展之追求。一些8051单片机兼容厂商改善了单片机的内部时序，在不提高时钟频率的条件下，使运算速度提高了很多，Motorola单片机则使用了琐相环技术或内部倍频技术使内部总线速度大大高于时钟产生器的频率。68HC08单片机使用4.9M外部振荡器而内部时钟达32M，而M68K系列32位单片机使用32K的外部振荡器频率内部时钟可达16MHz以上。

低电压与低功耗自80年代中期以来，NMOS工艺单片机逐渐被CMOS 工艺代替，功耗得以大幅度下降，随着超大规模集成电路技术由3μm工艺发展到1.5、1.2、0.8、0.5、0.35近而实现0.2μm工艺，全静态设计使时钟频率从直流到数十兆任选，都使功耗不断下降。Motorola 最近推出任选的M.CORE 可在1.8V电压下以50M/48MIPS全速工作，功率约为20mW。几乎所有的单片机都有Wait、Stop等省电运行方式。允许使用的电源电压范围也越来越宽。一般单片机都能在3到6V范围内工作，对电池供电的单片机不再需要对电源采取稳压措施。低电压供电的单片机电源下限已由2.7V降至2.2V、1.8V。0.9V供电的单片机已经问世。

低噪声与高可靠性技术为提高单片机系统的抗电磁干扰能力，使产品能适应恶劣的工作环境，满足电磁兼容性方面更高标准的要求，各单片机商家在单片机内部电路中采取了一些新的技术措施。如美国国家半导体NS的COP8单片机内部增加了抗EMI电路，增强了“看门狗”的性能。Motorola也推出了低噪声的LN系列单片机。

OTP与掩膜 OTP是一次性写入的单片机。过去认为一个单片机产品的成熟是以投产掩膜型单片机为标志的。由于掩膜需要一定的生产周期，而OTP型单片机价格不断下降，使得近年来直接使用OTP完成最终产品制造更为流行。它较之掩膜具有生产周期短、风险小的特点。近年来，

OTP型单片机需量大幅度上扬，为适应这种需求许多单片机都采用了在片编程技术(In System Programming)。未编程的OTP芯片可采用裸片Bonding技术或表面贴技术，先焊在印刷板上，然后通过单片机上引出的编程线、串行数据、时钟线等对单片机编程。解决了批量写OTP 芯片时容易出现的芯片与写入器接触不好的问题。使OTP的裸片得以广泛使用，降低了产品的成本。编程线与I/O线共用，不增加单片机的额外引脚。而一些生产厂商推出的单片机不再有掩膜型，全部为有ISP功能的OTP。

MTP向OTP挑战 MTP是可多次编程的意思。一些单片机厂商以MTP 的性能、OTP的价位推出他们的单片机，如ATMEL AVR单片机，片内采用FLASH，可多次编程。华邦公司生产的与8051兼容的单片机也采用了MTP性能，OTP的价位。这些单片机都使用了ISP技术，等安装到印刷线路板上以后再下载程序。

2 单片机的广泛选择

Motorola单片机 Motorola是世界上最大的单片机厂商。品种全、选择余地大、新产品多是其特点，在8位机方面有68HC05和升级产品68HC08，68HC05有三十多个系列，二百多个品种，产量已超过20亿片。8位增强型单片机68HC11也有三十多个品种，年产量在1亿片以上。升级产品有68HC12。16位机68HC16也有十多个品种。32位单片机的683XX 系列也有几十个品种。近年来，以PowerPC、Coldfire、M.CORE 等为CPU。将DSP做为辅助模块集成的单片机也纷纷推出。目前仍是单片机的首选牌品。Motorola单片机特点之一是在同样速度下所用的时钟频率较

Intel类单片机低很多，因而使得高频噪声低，抗干扰能力强,更适合用于工控领域及恶劣的环境。Motorola 8位单片机过去的策略是以掩膜为主的，最近推出OTP计划以适应单片机发展新趋势，在32位机上，

M.CORE在性能和功耗方面都胜过ARM7。

Microchip单片机 Microship单片机是市场份额增长最快的单片机。它的主要产品是16C系列8位单片机，CPU采用RISC结构，仅33

条指令，运行速度快，且以低价位著称，一般单片机价格都在一美元以下。Microship单片机没有掩膜产品，全部是OTP器件，Microship强调节约成本的最优化设计，适于用量大、档次低、价格敏感的产品。

Scenix单片机 Scenix单片机I/O模块有新意 I/O模块的集成与组合技术是单片机技术不可缺少的重要方面。除传统的I/O功能模块如并行I/O、URT、SPI、I2C、A/D、PWM、PLL、DTMF等，新的I/O模块不断出现，如USB、 CAN、J1850，最具代表性的是Motorola32位单片机，它集成了包括各种通讯协议在内的I/O模块，而Scenix单片机在I/O模块的处理上引入了虚拟I/O的新概念。Scenix采用了RISC结构的CPU，使CPU最高工作频率达50MHz。运算速度接近50 MIPS。有了强有力的CPU，各种I/O功能便可以用软件的办法模拟。单片机的封装采用20/28引脚。公司提供各种I/O的库函数，用于实现各种I/O模块的功能。这些用软件完成的模块包括多路UART、多路A/D、PWM、SPI、DTMF、FSK、LCD驱动等，这些都是通常用硬件实现起来也相当复杂的模块。

NEC单片机 NEC单片机自成体系，以8位单片机78K系列产量最高，也有16位、32位单片机。16位以上单片机采用内部倍频技术，以降低外时钟频率。有的单片机采用内置操作系统。NEC的销售策略著重于服务大客户，并投入相当大的技术力量帮助大客户开发产品。

东芝单片机东芝单片机的特点是从4位机到64位机门类齐全。4

位机在家电领域仍有较大的市场。8位机主要有870系列、90系列等，该类单片机允许使用慢模式，采用32K时钟时功耗降至10μA数量级。CPU内部多组寄存器的使用，使得中断响应与处理更加快捷。东芝的32

位单片机采用MIPS 3000A RISC的CPU 结构，面向VCD、数字相机、图象处理等市场。

富士通单片机富士通也有8位、16位和32位单片机，但8位机使用的是16位机的CPU内核。也就是说8位机与16机所用的指令相同，使得开发比较容易。8位单片机有著名的MB8900系列，16位机有MB90系列。富士通公司注重于服务大公司、大客户，帮助大客户开发产品。 Epson单片机 Epson公司以擅长制造液晶显示器著称，故Epson单片机主要为该公司生产的LCD配套。其单片机的特点是LCD驱动部分做得特别好。在低电压、低功耗方面也很有特点。目前0.9V供电的单片机已经上市，不久的将来，LCD显示的手表类单片机将使用0.5V供电。

8051类单片机最早由Intel公司推出的8051/31类单片机也是世界上用量最大的几种单片机之一。由于Intel公司在嵌入式应用方面将重点放在186、386、奔腾等与PC类兼容的高档芯片的开发上，8051类单片机主要由Philips、三星、华邦等公司接产。这些公司都在保持与8051单片机兼容的基础上改善了8051许多特性(如时序特性)。提高了速度、降低了时钟频率，放宽了电源电压的动态范围，降低了产品价格。 Zilog单片机 Z8单片机是Zilog公司的产品，采用多累加器结构，有较强的中断处理能力。产品为OTP型，Z8单片机的开发工具可称价廉物美。Z8单片机以低价位的优势面向低端应用，以18引脚封装为主，ROM为0.5～2K。最近Zilog公司又推出了Z86系列单片机，该系列内部可集成廉价的DSP单元。

NS单片机 COP8单片机是美国国家半导体公司的产品，该公司以生产先进的模拟电路著称。能生产高水平的数字模拟混合电路。COP8单片机片内集成了16位A/D，这是单片机中不多见的。COP8单片机内部使用了抗EMI电路，在看门狗电路以及STOP方式下单片机的唤醒方式上都有

独到之处。此外，COP8的程序加密控制也做得比较好。

三星单片机三星单片机有KS51和KS57系列4位单片机，KS86和KS88系列8位单片机，KS17系列16位单片机和KS32、32位单片机。三星单片机为OTP型1SP在片编程功能。三星公司以生产存储器芯片著称，在存储器市场供大于求的形势下，涉足参与单片机的竞争。三星公司在单片机技术上以引进消化发达国家的技术、生产与之兼容的产品，然后以价格优势取胜。例如在4位机上采用NEC的技术，8位机上引进Zilog 公司Z8的技术，在32位机上购买ARM7内核，还有DEC的技术、东芝的技术等。其单片机裸片的价格相当有竞争力。

华邦单片机华邦单片机属8051类单片机，它们的W78系列与标准的8051兼容，W77系列位增强型51系列，对8051的时序作了改进。同样时钟频率下速度提高2.5倍，FLASH容量从4K到64K，有ISP功能。在4位单片机方面华邦有921系列和带LCD驱动的741系列。在32K机方面，华邦使用惠普公司PA－RISC单片机技术，生产低位的32位RISC 单片机。

以上提到的单片机厂商是进入中国市场的单片机厂商的一部分，还有很多著名的单片机制造商如三菱、日立、TI等本文没有提到。总体上看，美国著名公司的单片机技术仍处在领先的地位，特别是在高端产品方面，高性能的单片机新产品不断推出。而日本在单片机制造业方面有也相当的优势，也在积极争夺家电产品的大客户。韩国及我国台湾省的一些公司在引进消化美国技术的基础上，以低价位的兼容产品抢占中国市场。而至今还没有一家中国大陆的公司能在如此浩大的单片机市场上占有一席之地，这不能不说是我国电子工业的悲哀。另一方面如此琳琅满目、让人眼花缭乱的单片机品种，着实给单片机应用的工程师提供了巨大的选择空间。这么多种单片机能进入中国市场，这一实事就说明了

我们的应用工程师已经能够综合各类单片机的性能、价格等方面的因素并结合应用对象进行选择。较过去以剖析、。复制外国产品为主的思路有了相当的改进。随着我国经济实力的增长，开发新产品的思路上过去那种过多注重价格因素而使新产品开发上不了档次的弱点有所改善，开始注意使用当前最先进的单片机开发高档次的产品。由于单片机的开发手段目前仍以仿真器为主，公司能否提供廉价的仿真器，提供方便的技术服务与培训，较之能否提供高性能、低价位的单片机有着同等的重要性。各单片机厂商在开发工具以及技术服务方面也进行着激烈的竞争。这种竞争与推出新型的单片机以显示高技术方面的优势是相辅相成的。竞争的结果是为单片机应用工程师提供更广阔的选择空间，而最终受益的是单片机产品的消费者，由于单片机对各行各业都有用，这种电子技术的进步导致各行各业的进步，也带动了人类文明的进步。

3 蓄电池的发展

在发电厂和变电所中，为了给控制、信号、保护、自动装置、事故照明和交流不停电电源等装置供电，一般都要求有可靠的直流电源。为此，发电厂和110kV以上的变电所通常用蓄电池作为直流电源，但要求上述电源具有高度的可靠性和稳定性，并且其电源容量和电压能在最严重的事故情况下保证用电设备的可靠工作。变电所一般采用两种蓄电池：铅酸蓄电池和镉镍蓄电池。镉镍蓄电池存在表面碱化使直流系统绝缘下降、价格高、维护工作量大、在某些重要场合甚至需要配置双套蓄电池组的缺点，而铅酸蓄电池以全密封、少维护、无污染和高性能的特点，适应了电力系统无人、少人值班饿对设备少维护的需求，代表了今后直流系统的发展趋势，成为当前变电所直流系统的首选电池。

铅酸蓄电池是目前大容量电池的主要品种, 经过百余年的发展与完善以其成本低、电压高、原材料丰富、制造工艺简单而在通讯、交通、