北京理工大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题附答案和详解

北京理工大学20XX年博士研究生入学考试英语试题

Part ⅠReading Comprehension (40 points)

Directions：In this part there are four passages for you to read. After each passage there are five questions, below each of whom there are four answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the corresponding letter with a pencil on the MA CHINE-SCORING ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.

Passage One

I was introduced to the concept of literacy animator in Oladumi Arigbede's (1994) article on high illiteracy rates among women and school dropout rates among girls. According to Arigbede, literacy animators view their role as assisting in the self-liberating development of people in the world who are struggling for a more meaningful life. Animators are a family of deeply concerned and committed people whose gut-level rejection of mass human pauperization compels them to intervene on the side of the marginalized. Their motivation is not derived from a love of literacy as merely another technical life skill, and they accept that literacy is never culturally or ideologically neutral.

Arigbede writes from her experiences as an animator working with women and men in Nigeria. She believes that literacy animators have to make a clear choice about whose culture and whose ideology will be fostered among those with whom they work. Do literacy educators in the United States consider whether the instruction they pursue conflicts with their students' traditional cultures or community, or fosters illiteracies in learners' first or home languages or dialects and in their orality?

Some approaches to literacy instruction represent an ideology of individualism, control, and competition. Consider, for example, the difference in values conveyed and re presented when students engage in choral reading versus the practice of having one student read out loud to the group. To identify as a literacy animator is to choose the ideology of “sharing, solidarity, love, equity, co-operation with and respect of both nature and other human beings.” Liter acy pedagogy that matches the animator ideology works on maintaining the languages and cultures of millions of minority children who at present are being forced to accept the language and culture of the dominant group. It might lead to assessment that examines the performance outcomes of a

community of literacy learners and the social significance of their uses of literacy, as opposed to measuring what an individual can do as a reader and writer on a standardized test. Shor (1993) describes literacy animators as problem-posing, community-based, dialogic educators. Do our teacher-education text books on reading and language arts promote the idea that teachers should explore problems from a community-based dialogic perspective?

1．A literacy animator is one who ______.

A．struggles for a more meaningful life

B．frees people from poverty and illiteracy

C．is committed to marginalize the illiterate

D．is concerned with what is behind illiteracy

2．The author suggests that literacy educators in the US in a way ______.

A．promote students' home languages

B．force students to accept their culture

C．teach nothing but reading and writing

D．consider literacy as of non-neutral nature

3．Arigbede worked with Nigerians probably to ______.

A．teach American customs and ideology

B．make a choice of culture to be fostered

C．reject the values of the dominant class

D．help maintain Nigerian language and culture

4．According to the author, “choral reading” may represent ______.

A．individualism B．collectivism

C．competition D．immersion

5．Animator ideology emphasizes more on ______.

A．the social function of literacy

B．students' performance in tests

C．the dominant group’s language

D．the attainment of life skills

Passage Two

According to one survey of 12,000 people, about 30 percent of those making New Year's

resolutions say they don't even keep them into February. And only about 1 in 5actually stays on track for six months or more, reports ediets．com, a consumer diet and fitness Web site.

But don't let those odds make you reach for the nearest bag of potato chips. Experts say you can keep those resolutions long term, even if you're struggling now.

“The motivation comes from within, and so when you find that you're declining in your healthy eating program, and then just ask yourself, ‘Is this going to get me the results that I want?',” says Leslie Stewart, a registered dietitian and licensed nutritionist．

“And if you're doing something every day to eat healthy, then that's going to pay off in the long run.”

Stewart advises to use what she calls the 90-10 eating rule.

“If you're eating healthy 90 percent of the time, then 10 percent of the time, you can cut yourself some slack and eat pleasurably.”

She says she believes that “healthy eating is evolution instead of resolution.”

The same principle can be applied to a lagging exercise resolution, too.

Staying motivated is key to long-term success, and reviewing original goals can help strengthen a weakening workout program.

Adding variety to a fitness regime also can prevent you from hanging up those exercise shoes. After a few weeks of well-intentioned workouts, boredom may be creeping you're your routine.

Setting goals too high is another common mistake. “If you're not running a marathon at the end of the month, don't worry,” say Mayo Clinic experts. A too intense workout—and the resulting pain and stiffness—is discouraging and may force most to abandon a pro gram. Starting slowly is key.

But if your goals already have fallen by the wayside，Uria says to start up again immediately.

“A little setback is OK; get back on the horse and ride...drive toward that goal,” he says.

6．According to the author, only about 20% people keeping their resolutions does not necessarily mean that ______.

A．the figure is rather depressing and unexpected as well

B．those who have made their resolution should give up their effort

C．whoever keep their resolutions should start eating potato chips

D．long-term resolutions are not important for those facing troubles

7．What is the idea behind the 90-10 eating rule according to the passage?

A．You should keep eating healthy 90% of the time.

B．You should feel free to eat 10％of the time.

C．You should learn to eat healthy gradually.

D．Sudden change will be more efficient and effective.

8．Which of the following you should avoid to keep yourself interested in exercise?

A．Hanging up your exercise shoes if you feel tired.

B．Keeping boredom away from your daily activity.

C．Making a schedule with too high goals in it.

D．Running a marathon at the beginning of the month.

9．How many suggestions at least have been introduced concerning the exercise resolution?

A．Four. B．Five. C．Six. D．Seven.

10．What is critically important in making long-term resolutions successful?

A．You should be struggling with yourself all the time.

B．You should constantly evaluate the results you want.

C．You should try to keep yourself motivated.

D．You should try your best to diversify your fitness practice.

Passage Three

Our present generation of cultural critics, arriving after the assault of postmodernism and the increasingly widespread commercialization of culture, has been cast adrift, with out any firm basis for judgments. Publications and institutions to support serious criticism, in this view, either no longer exist or are few in number.

Critics today, it is also claimed, are too cozy behind the ivied walls of academe, con tent to employ a prose style that is decipherable only to a handful of the cognoscenti. The deadly dive of university critics into the shallow depths of popular culture, moreover, reveals the unwillingness of these critics to uphold standards. Even if the reasons offered are contradictory, these Jeremiahs huddle around their sad conclusion that serious cultural criticism has fallen into a morass of petty bickering and bloated reputations.

Such narratives of declension, a staple of American intellectual life since the time of the

Puritans, are misplaced, self-serving, and historically inaccurate and difficult to prove. Has the level of criticism declined in the last 50 years? Of course the logic of such an opinion depends on the figures that are being contrasted with one another. Any number of cultural critics thriving today could be invoked to demonstrate that cultural criticism is alive and well.

But many new and thriving venues for criticism and debate exist today, and they are not limited solely to the discussion of literary works. Actually, they became so encrusted with their own certitude and political judgments that they became largely irrelevant. Today the complaint is that literary culture lacks civility. We live in an age of commercialism and spectacle. Writers seek the limelight, and one way to bask in it is to publish reviews that scorch the landscape, with Dale Peck as the fatuous, but not a typical, case in point. Heidi Julavits, in an essay in The Believer, lamented the downfall of serious fiction and reviewing. She surveyed a literary culture that had embraced “snark”, her term for hostile, self-serving reviews.

The snark review, according to Julavits, eschews a serious engagement with literature in favor of a sound-bite approach, an attempt to turn the review into a form of entertainment akin to film reviews or restaurant critiques. A critic found cultural criticism to be in “critical condition.” For him, the postmodern turn to, theory, in its questioning of objectivity, cut the critical, independent ground out from under reviewers. The rise of chain bookstores and blockbuster best sellers demeaned literary culture, making it prey to the commercial values of the market and entertainment.

The criticism does not seem discontinuous. Nor should we forget that civility rarely reigned in the circles of New York intellectuals. The art critic Clement Greenberg physically pummeled the theater critic Lionel Abel after Abel rejected the view that Jean Wahl, the French philosopher, was anti-Semitic. Though Robert Peck has the reputation of a literary hatchet man, so far as I know his blows thus far have all been confined to the printed page.

Cultural criticism has certainly changed over the years. The old days of the critic who wielded unchallenged authority have happily passed. Ours is a more pluralistic age, one not beholden to a narrow literary culture. The democratization of criticism—as in the Amazon system of readers' evaluating books—is a messy affair, as democracy must be. But the solution to the problems of criticism in the present is best not discovered in the musty basements of nostalgia and sentiment for the cultural criticism of a half-century gone. Rather the solution is to recognize, as

John Dewey did almost a century ago, that the problems of democracy demand more democracy, less nostalgia for a golden age that never was, and a spirit of openness to what is new and invigorating in our culture.

11．What is the possible connection between cultural critics and publications and institutions?

A．Cultural critics attack postmodernism and commercialization cherished by publications and institutions.

B．Postmodernism and commercialization are attacked by the serious publications and institutions.

C．Cultural criticism is short of judgments and will not exist without the support of publications and institutions.

D．Publications and institutions show almost no interest in serious cultural criticism.

12．How do the university critics like the serious cultural criticism?

A．Cultural criticism is not serious enough when the articles are written in the cozy prose style.

B．Popular culture is so prevailing that serious critics are not willing to keep to the shallow standards.

C．Serious cultural criticism is full of insignificant quarrels and the public do not real ly trust it.

D．Cultural critics have become so serious as to tell the stories imbued with American intellectual Puritanism.

13．What is the author's opinion of the current complaint about the literary expansion into the other fields?

A．When literary critics discuss issues with political judgments, their views are likely to be meaningless.

B．It is reasonable for writers to seek limelight since we are living in the age of com mercialism.

C．Critics should be encouraged to write and publish poignant articles which would scorch the landscape.

D．It is the critics' responsibility to lament the downfall of serious fiction and reviewing.

14．What does “the snark review” refer to according to Heidi Julavits?

A．Cultural reviews which are unfriendly and selfish.

B．Literary reviews avoiding serious criticism.

C．Entertainment reviews in the film industry.

D．Postmodern reviews independent of objectivity.

15．In order to find a way out the current dilemma for the cultural criticism, the author suggests that ______.

A．we should return to the old days when the critics passed their judgments without challenges

B．pluralism should be held back, reinforcing the unchallenged authority in the literary criticism

C．democratic criticism should not be adopted because it is rather messy as proved in the Amazon system

D．we should encourage more democracy, dismiss nostalgia and cultivate an open attitude

Passage Four

In July, almost unnoticed by the national press, a deadly bird virus arrived on a pheasant farm in Surrey. Experts from the Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) identified Newcastle disease, a virus usually mortal to turkeys and geese but not humans, in a flock of 9,000 pheasant chicks imported from France ahead of the shooting season.

Within hours of the diagnosis, veterinary experts had swung into action, throwing up a 3 km exclusion zone around the farm near Cobham and culling 10,000 birds. The carcasses were burned and premises cleaned to stop the virus escaping. It was four weeks before Defra's Veterinary Exotic Diseases Division felt it was safe for poultry movements in the area to resume．This weekend, with the news that H5N1, a far more deadly bird virus, has reached Turkey, similar emergency plans are being readied by officials from Defra and other agencies. The scenario they are preparing for is that the H5N1 virus, which so far has led to the culling of billions of chickens in south-east Asia and 60 human deaths, will soon arrive on these shores.

What happens next depends on where the outbreak occurs, whether it can be contained and—most important of all—whether it mutates to become infectious between people. So far, only poultry workers or those directly exposed to chicken faeces or blood are thought to be at risk, though direct human-to-human transmission cannot be ruled out. “Every time a new person gets

infected with the virus there is a small chance that person will trigger a pandemic,” said Neil Ferguson, a scientist at Imperial College, who has been running simulations on what might happen were H5N1 to reach Britain. “It's a very small chance, probably 1 in a 1,000, 1 in 10,000 or less. ”

Should diseased birds reach Britain, the first step for veterinary officials would be to contain the outbreak as they did with Newcastle disease. An amber alert would be sounded and samples sent to the Veterinary Laboratory Agency (VLA) in Weybridge, Surrey. If Ian Brown, the head of avian virology there, confirms the cause of death as H5N1, the alert level will be raised to red and a whole series of emergency procedures, from quarantine, restriction of poultry movements to culling, will swing into action. Other agencies, such as the Department of Health, the Health Protection Agency and the Ministry of De fence, would be brought into the loop. In the event that the outbreak cannot be contained, Defra may have to consider mass culling programmes and the possibility of vaccination.

At this point, with the risk of the virus spreading to human populations, the Department of Health would appoint a UK national influenza pandemic committee to coordinate the response of hospital trusts and local authorities. The Civil Contingency Secretariat (CCS) of the Cabinet will also be alerted and Cobra, the emergency committee which coordinates Whitehall's response to terrorism, readied for a possible breakdown in civil order.

The Department of Health's pandemic preparedness plan published in March envisages as many as 54,000 Britons dying in the first few months of a flu pandemic. But in June, CCS officials warned that that could be an underestimate. The more likely figure, they said, was 700,000—projection the Department of Health is expected to take on board when it updates its pandemic preparedness plan later this month.

In the most serious case, officials estimate there would be as many deaths in the 12weeks of an epidemic as there usually are in a year. At the peak of the pandemic, 19,000people would requite hospital beds, prompting councils to requisition schools to accommodate the sick.

To treat the dying, the government would begin drawing down its stockpiles of Tamiflu (药名), an anti-viral drug that treats flu. But with only 14 courses, enough for a quarter of the population, likely to be available, sooner or later rationing would have to be imposed, with health professionals and essential civil servants the first in line. The government would also come under pressure to release stores of its precious flu vaccine. At present there are contingency plans for just

two to three million doses. But there is no guarantee that vaccines which protect against annual human flu strains will also work against H5N1．

The consequences hardly bear thinking about. Earlier this year, in a dress rehearsal in the East Midlands codenamed, Operation Arctic Circle, officials quickly concluded that mass mortuaries would be needed to bury the dead. But no one knows whether, in the event of a pandemic, any of these measures will prove effective. John Avizienius, senior scientific officer at the RSPCA and a member of Defra's avian influenza stakeholder group,said: “All you can do is plan for the worst case scenario.”

The fear is that wild geese moving from western China to Siberia may have spread the virus to several species of ducks and gulls that briefly visit British shores on their annual migration north. These ducks, many of which may not show signs of illness, may be passing on the virus to poultry on British farms.

In the hope that they are not, Defra and the Wildfowl and Wetland announced last week that they would be conducting tests on 11,000 wild birds—three times the normal level. “The risk of avian influenza spreading from eastern Russia to the UK via migrating birds is still low,” said Defra's chief vet, Debby Reynolds. “Howe ver, we have said all along that we must remain on the look out.”

16．What does the “scenario” in Paragraph 2 mean to Turkey?

A．Turkey will be exposed to the nationwide aggression of the deadly virus as the most severely attacked country on these shores.

B．Turkey must kill billions of chicken and other kinds of poultry.

C．Turkey has to be responsible for the arrival of H5N1 on these shores.

D．All the veterinary experts in Turkey will soon swing into action.

17．What is, according to Neil Ferguson, the possible risk of bird flu if one gets infected?

A．Anyone's infection will trigger pandemic though it is probably one in ten thousand.

B．Each time a person gets infected with the virus will cause an enormous pandemic bird flu.

C．The person infected with the virus will do great harm to people around him. D．It is impossible that the virus infection of a certain persons will cause a national bird virus spreading.

18．The change of alert colors from amber to red implies that__.

A．all poultry workers must leave their working places as soon as possible

B．the officials in the Department of Health must call for much more of international assistance

C．the most serious situation of bird flu has appeared

D．the change of the color functions greatly as the weather reports do

19．What are the steps taken by the Department of Health of UK with the risk of the virus spreading to human population?

A．The Department of Health required Civil Contingency Secretariat to publish documents for the pandemic preparedness.

B．The Department of Health required the UK national committee to co-work with hospital trusts and local authorities.

C．The Department of Health required Civil Contingency Secretariat to make a pandemic plan as soon as possible.

D．The Department of Health requires every hospital to store Tamiflu, the precious flu vaccine.

20．British government's fear of the wild geese from western China to Siberia is due to ______.

A．the domestic ducks and gulls infected by the imported geese to Britain

B．the poultry on British farms has been infected by the immigrated wild geese

C．the migration of the wild geese every winter

D．British shores infected by the geese virus

Part ⅡTranslation (40 points)

Section A Directions: Translate the following short paragraphs into Chinese. (20 points) 21．

Everyone has something they are ashamed of, afraid of or that they feel guilty about.Each of us, in our own way, has devised a neat little method of handling our dark side. We may know how to hide it. Few of us know how to heal it. When we refuse to admit what we have done in the past, we block our path to the future. No matter how terrible we think we are, how bad we believe we have been, how low we think we have fallen, we can clean our minds and begin again.

22．

We expend so much energy trying to fix who we are, we rarely get to know our selves. If we

realized how precious the gift of life is, we would not waste a moment trying to improve it. If we really understood how precious we are to the gift of life, we would not waste time trying to fix ourselves.

23．

We cannot draw to us more than we believe we are worth. Everything that happens to us and every choice we make is a reflection of what we believe about who we are. Our inspiration comes from our self-acceptance. Our motivation comes from our self-reliance. When we accept ourselves and rely on ourselves, we feel good about ourselves. When you feel good about something, you believe in it. When you believe in it, it will work for you !

24．

It is of little consequence what your past has been. What matters to you and for you is right now. It is not your concern what others may be saying or doing. When you are taking care of yourself, you have very little time to pay attention to others. People can love you or hate you, ignore you or dote on your every word. No matter what anyone else may think or do or say, it has very little impact on who you really are. It is only in your mind that you build or destroy the esteem for your “self”. Self-esteem begins and ends with you, the self. When you have it, you have it and no one can take it away from you.

Section B

Directions：Translate the following paragraph into English．(20 points)

现在，成千上万的美国人沉湎于对身材苗条的追求之中。他们着迷于节食和锻炼，这不仅仅是因为他们对年轻外表的追求，最近的一项研究表明节食和体育锻炼对身体健康的极端重要性。如同在许多工业技术发达的国家中一样，北美人的生活方式发生了显著的变化。现代化的机器完成了人们曾被迫用手工来完成的体力劳动。小汽车、公共汽车运载着我们飞快地从一地来到另一地。由于无所事事，人们的身体变得十分虚弱并易于生病。为了避免这种状况的发生，成千上万的美国人把更多的时间投入到体育锻炼之中。这种对体育锻炼重要性的认识所产生的结果是显而易见的：公园里到处都是散步和骑自行车的人，体育节目又重新树立了威望，许多公司都为自己的员工提供特殊的运动器材供他们在工作日当中锻炼身体。

Part ⅢWriting (20 points)

Directions：You are to write a composition of no less than 250 words and do your composition neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. Your composition should be based on the following

topic：

What Should Human Do to Preserve the Nature?

北京理工大学20XX年博士研究生入学考试英语试题参考答案与解

析

Part I Reading Comprehension

Passage One

1．B

【解析】本题的四个选项中，只有B项为正确答案。这可从文中第一段的第二句“…literacy animators view their role as assisting in the self-liberating development of people…”推知，即literacy animators认为他们的职责是帮助人们自我解放。A选项是literacy animators 帮助的对象所追求的事情；C选项中is committed to意为“致力于，献身于”，C选项的意思是他们致力于把文盲边缘化，与文章意思相反；D项的意思文章没有提及。

2．A

【解析】本题的四个选项中，只有A项为正确答案。这可从文中第二段的最后一句话推知。本句的结构是：literacy educators(主语)+consider(谓语)+whether(从句引导词)+the instruction(从句主语)+conflicts(从句谓语)…，or fosters(从句谓语)illiteracies in learners’ first or home languages or dialects and in their orality?可见fosters 的主语是instruction“教育、指导”，另外fosters sb．in sth．意为“促进某人在什么方面的发展”，在这里意为“教育是否有利于文盲的本族语或方言的发展”。

3．D

【解析】本题的四个选项中，只有D项为正确答案。这可从文中第二段的内容推知，即第二段提到Arigbede描述了她在Nigeria作为扫盲志士与当地人一起工作的经历。她认为扫盲志士在进行教育的时候，必须选择一种与受教育者相适应的文化和意识形态。扫盲志士的美国式意识形态是否会和学生的传统文化相矛盾，是否能促进学生的本族语言的发展。由此可以推出Arigbede在教Nigerians的时候，可能是在帮助他们保持自己的语言文化。A、C 选项意思明显与文章意思相反，B选项意为选择一种需要发展的文化，虽然意思与文章相符，但是与本题题意不符，所以不选。

4．B

【解析】本题的四个选项中，只有B项为正确答案。这可从文中第三段的内容推知。

作者说有些教学方法体现的是个人主义、控制性和竞争性这样的理念。然后还举例说让学生一起朗读和让一个学生大声地朗读体现的是不同的教学理念。由此可以推出“choral reading”肯定体现的不是individualism和competition。因为大家一起朗读正好体现了集体主义。

5．A

【解析】本题的四个选项中，只有A项为正确答案。这可从文中的“It might lead to assessment that examines the performance outcomes of a community of literacy learners and the social significance of their uses of literacy，as opposed to…”推知，即这里的it指的就是animator ideology，这种教学理念强调的是一个社团里文字学习者的学习效果以及他们会使用文字的社会意义，而不是强调考试。

全文参考译文

我在奥拉杜米·阿吉戈贝德的文章上接触到了扫盲志士这个概念，这篇文章发表于1994年。该文章描述了女人中的高文盲率和女孩中的高辍学率。根据阿吉戈贝德的观点，扫盲志士以帮助世界各地那些为更有意义生活而奋斗人们的自我解放为己任。这些扫盲志士非常热心也很敬业，他们真切地拒绝集体赤贫化，这驱使他们积极参与到对边缘化人们的帮扶工作中。他们的动力不是来自视识字仅仅是人们的一种技术性生活技巧意义上的热爱。他们认为识字水平在文化和意识形态意义上从来不是中性的。

阿吉戈贝德基于她在尼日利亚以扫盲志士身份跟男女一起工作的经历进行写作。她确信，扫盲志士必须在如下方面做出明确选择：在跟自己工作的人们中间培养什么样的文化和意识形态。美国的文化教育工作者们是否想到过，他们实行的教育是否跟学生的传统文化或共性相冲突；是否在学习者的第一语言或母语或方言，以及其口语形态方面对文盲者有所促进?

有些文化教育手段饱含个体主义、控制和竞争这样的理念。例如，让学生参加合唱班和让一个学生面对群体大声朗诵，其传达和表现的价值是不同的。成为一个合格的扫盲志士就是选择了“分享、团结、爱、平等、尊重并与自然和其他人合作”等思想意识。适合扫盲志士思想意识的文化教学法，会存续几百万少数民族孩子的语言和文化，而目前这些孩子被迫接受统治者群体的语言和文化。这样可以评估一个扫盲地区的总体成效和使用文字的社会意义，而不是在一个标准化考试中对某一个体作为读者和作者的所做所为进行测评。肖(1993)将扫盲志士描述为问题启发式、基于共性式、对话式的教育者。我们关于阅读和语言艺术的教师教育教材，提升了教师应从一种基于共性的对话或视角来探讨问题的理念吗?

长难例句分析

【难句1解析】Animators are a family of deeply concerned and committed people whose gut-level rejection of mass human pauperization compels them to intervene on the side of the marginalized．

句中的主体结构是animators are family whose rejection compels them，其余的都是修饰成分。

【难句2解析】Do literacy educators in the United States consider whether the instruction they pursue conflicts with their students’ traditional cultures or community，or fosters illiteracies in learners’ first or home languages or dialects and in their orality?

句中的主体结构是educators consider that whether the instruction conflicts or fosters，其余的都是修饰成分。

第一个or连接cultures和community，第二个or连接conflicts和fosters，第三个or 连接的是first和home，第四个or连接的是languages和dialects，这四个or地位不同。

【难句3解析】Literacy pedagogy that matches the animator ideology works on maintaining the languages and cultures of millions of minority children who at present are being forced to accept the language and culture of the dominant group．

句中主句是pedagogy works on，后面是动名词短语做宾语。动名词短语里还有个复杂的定语从句修饰minority children。

Passage Two

6．D

【解析】本题的四个选项中，只有D项为正确答案。这可从文中的内容推知，即本文为那些想成功地坚持长期的减肥方案，却又苦于无法实现的人提出了几种建议。

7．C

【解析】本题的四个选项中，只有C项为正确答案。这可从文中第7段的“She says she believes that ‘healthy eating is evolution instead of resolution．’”推知，即作者的意思是说健康的饮食习惯是逐渐养成的，evolution本来是进化的意思，在这里是逐步发展的意思。A、B 选项是90-10 eating rule的字面意思，不是隐含意义，D选项与文章的意思正好相反。

8．C

【解析】本题的四个选项中，只有C项为正确答案。这可从文中第十一段的开头推知，即C选项与题目所问的“为了保持你对运动的兴趣，你应该避免出现以下哪一种情况?”相符。

A、D都是作者为了说明问题举出的例子，不具有概括性，首先排除。B选项说应该使你的

日常活动变得有意思，题目问的是应该避免出现什么情况，所以B选项不对。

9．A

【解析】本题的四个选项中，只有A项为正确答案。这可从文中作者提出的建议推知，即“①The same principle can be applied to a lagging exercise resolution，too．②Staying motivated is key to long-term success，and reviewing original goals can help strengthen a weakening workout program．③Adding variety to a fitness regime also can prevent you from hanging up those exercise shoes．④Setting goals too high is another common mistake．”。这与题目所问的“作者针对运动健美方案至少提出了几项建议?”相符。

10．C

【解析】本题的四个选项中，只有C项为正确答案。这可从文中第九段的开头推知，即保持减肥的热情是成功地坚持减肥方案的关键性因素。题目中的critically important就是极其重要的意思。D选项只是保持减肥热情的一种有效的方法之一，概括得不全面，所以不选。

全文参考译文

据一家关于消费者饮食和健康的网站(ediet．com)报道，它对12 000人进行了调查访问，结果表明：大约30％的人在新年期间下决心节食，但没有坚持到2月份就结束了。只有约l ／5的人实际上坚持了半年或半年以上。

但不要因为这些小笑话就让你心灰意冷。专家说，执行这些计划需要放眼未来，即使你现在正处于努力之中。

莱斯利(一个注册美食家和专业营养学家)说：“吃饭的欲望是身体的本能需求，因此当你发现你的健康饮食情况恶化时，就问问自己：‘这样下去能达到我想要的目标吗?’”

“如果你每天都为健康饮食做一些努力，会一辈子受益。”

莱斯利建议采用她的90／10饮食法。

“如果抽出90％的时间吃健康性的节制食物，剩余的10％随便，你就会既减了肥又吃得好。”

她说她相信“健康的进食是一个渐进过程而不是决心”。

同样的原则也适用于拖拖拉拉的健身计划。

毅力是坚持到最后胜利和成功的关键。审视初始目标可有助于强化一个被弱化的计划。

把健身计划安排得丰富多彩，可以防止你把那些健身器材束之高阁。精心设置的单调计划实施一周之后，厌倦就会渐渐袭来。

目标定得太高是一个常见的错误。Mayo诊所的专家说：“如果你不是要在月末参加一个马拉松比赛，就不用那么着急。”一个强度很大的计划——导致痛苦和发僵的后果——会让人丧气，使得大部分人放弃目标。慢慢起步才是关键。

但如果目标已经被搁置，尤瑞亚说可以马上行动起来。

他说：“有点停顿是可以的，回去重新上马……奔向原定目标。”

长难例句分析

【难句1解析】And only about 1in 5 actually stays on track for six months or more．

本句中的1和5不是指单独的人，而是指5个人中只有1个，即1／5。

【难句2解析】…“healthy eating is evolution instead of resolution．”

这里运用了英语的谐音法。evolution和resolution具有相类似的发音但是意思不同，在这里作为反义语来进行对比。

【难句3解析】But if your goals already have fallen by the wayside，Uria says to start up again immediately．

句中的Uria says是插入语。

Passage Three

11．D

【解析】本题的四个选项中，只有D项为正确答案。这可从文中第一段的最后一句“Publications and institutions to support serious criticism，in this view，either no longer exist or are few in number．”推知，即支持严肃文学批评的出版物以及机构不仅存在的时间不长，而且为数不多，由此可以看出出版物以及机构对严肃文学批评几乎没什么兴趣。这与题目所问的“文学批评与出版物以及机构之间有什么关系?”相符。

12．C

【解析】本题的四个选项中，只有C项为正确答案。这可从文中第二段的最后一句“…Jeremiahs huddle around their sad conclusion that serious cultural criticism has fallen into a morass of petty bickering and bloated reputations．”推知，即他们认为严肃的文学批评已经陷入堕落之中。这与题目所问的“大学的批评家对严肃的文学批评的看法是什么?”相符。

13．C

【解析】本题的四个选项中，只有C项为正确答案。这可从文中的“…one way to bask in it is to publish reviews that scorch the landscape，…”推知。A选项说“…their views are likely to be meaningless”，文章中用的单词是relevant，所以此项不对。B选项的意思文章虽然有所提

及，但是作者并没有说“因为我们这个时代是一个商业化的社会，作家追求焦点效应，把自己变成众目注视之焦点就是合理的”，所以不对。对于D选项，哀叹小说和评论的衰败的人是Heidi Julavits，所以不对。

14．A

【解析】本题的四个选项中，只有A项为正确答案。这可从文中第四段的最后一句“She surveyed a literary culture that had embraced ‘snark'，her term for hostile，self-serving reviews．”推知，此句中的She指的就是Heidi Julavits，此句中的hostile，self-serving与A选项中的unfriendly，selfish的意思正好相对应。

15．D

【解析】本题的四个选项中，只有D项为正确答案。这可从文中最后一段的最后一句推知。D项意为“我们应该鼓励民主，摒弃怀旧式的手法，采取开放的态度”，这与题目所问的“作者提出了什么建议来使得文学批判走出当前两难的困境”相符。A项意为“我们应该回到以前”，B项说“应该抑制多元主义”，C项说“不应采用民主的批评方式”，这些意思均与文章最后一段描述的信息意思相反，所以排除。

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我们时代的文化批评，受到后现代主义以及日益广泛的文化商业化的冲击后变得没了根基，连最基本的评判标准都没有。从这个角度来看，支持严肃批评的刊物和机构要么不复存在，要么寥寥无几。

也有人说，现在的批评家在学院里待得太舒服了，只满足于使用只有极少数专家才能理解的某种文章风格。大学校园里的批评家则拼命扎进浅薄的流行文学中，表明这些批评家根本就不想提高自己的水准。即便是给出的理由彼此矛盾，这些悲观主义者们也都没有脱离一个令人遗憾的结论：严肃的文学批评陷入了轻薄的口水战和膨胀的名誉战的泥沼。

对文学批评衰退的这样的描述，是自清教徒时期以来的美国知识分子生活的主题。这些描述是错位的、自我开脱的，以历史角度而言也是不准确的和难以证明的。在前50年里批评的水平下降了吗?当然这样一个观点的逻辑，取决于彼此比较的那些数字。关于今天盛行的文化批评的任何数字，都表明文化批评是生机勃勃、发展良好的。

但是现今存在许多新的、生机勃勃的批评、争鸣领域，它们不仅限于对文学作品的评论。事实上它们对自己的确信及其政治判断隐藏得如此之深，以至于彼此基本上没有关联。现在有人抱怨纯文学缺乏文化。我们生活在一个商业化和公开展示的时代。作者要寻找聚光灯，达到这一目的、引人注目的方式是发表大煞风景的评论，戴尔·派克就是愚蠢的例子，但还

算不上典型。海蒂·朱拉维茨在《信仰者》撰文哀悼严肃小说和评论的没落。她把那种敌意的、自我服务的评论比喻为“蛇鲨”，并考察了拥抱“蛇鲨”的文学作品。

按朱拉维茨的说法，“蛇鲨”类评论为了吸引眼球，避开了对文学作品的认真严肃、简明精悍的评论范式，采取了跟电影评论和餐馆批评相类似的娱乐化风格。一个评论家发现，文化批评处于“临界条件”下，在他看来，后现代理论以“怀疑批评客体”的方式，把评论人的批评跟与其不可分离的坚实基础隔开了。连锁书店和一鸣惊人畅销书的兴起，拉低了文学作品的水平，使作品追逐市场价值和娱乐价值。

批评没有中断。我们不要忘记纽约知识分子圈子独享的那种矜持。艺术评论家Clem-ent Greenberg在戏剧评论家莱昂纳尔·奥贝尔拒绝“法国哲学家让·瓦尔是反犹太人的”这个观点以后，竟对奥贝尔大打出手。虽然罗伯特·派克以文学作品孵化人而传为美谈，但就我所知，他对自己的吹捧迄今也仅限于印刷物。

文化批评当然随着时间历经变化。以无可挑战的权威口吻进行批评的时代已成为幸福的过去。我们的时代是个多元化的时代，不要局限于少数狭隘的文学形式或作品。按照真正民主的要求来看，批评的民主化——就像亚马逊那个“读者评价书籍”的制度——是一团糟。但是，要解决批评现在存在的问题，其良策最好不要抱着对半个世纪前的文学批评的怀旧情愫在发霉的墙脚下寻找。解决方案应该像约翰·杜威在将近一个世纪前所认可的那样，确定：民主的问题需要更多的民主来解决，不要怀念并未有过的黄金时代，对新事物和鼓舞我们文化的事物采取开放、通融的态度。

长难例句分析

【难句1解析】

Critics today, it is also claimed, are too cozy behind the ivied walls of academe, content to employ a prose style that is decipherable only to a handful of the cognoscenti.

句中的“too…to”形式是具有否定意味的“太……而不能……”。本句中的结构是：too cozy and too content to employ。

【难句2解析】Such narratives of declension，a staple of American intellectual life since the time of the Puritans，are misplaced，self-serving，and historically inaccurate and difficult to prove．句中的a staple是Such narratives的同位语。由since引导了一个原因状语，后面是列举。最后两项用and连接。

【难句3解析】The old days of the critic who wielded unchallenged authority have happily passed．

句中的wielded是动词，后面的unchallenged是过去分词做定语修饰authority。

Passage Four

16．A

【解析】本题的四个选项中，只有A项为正确答案，意为“土耳其将面临致命病毒在全国范围内的大肆攻击，成为海岸沿线受攻击最重的国家”。这可从文中的“This weekend…The scenario…will soon arrive on these shores．”推知，即scenario是一种尚未出现的现象。在文章的第九段最后一句也出现了scenario这个词。

17．D

【解析】本题的四个选项中，只有D项为正确答案。这可从文中的“‘Every time a new person gets infected with the virus there is a small chance that person will trigger a pandemic，’said Neil Ferguson…”推知，即Neil Ferguson认为，即使有人感染了这种病毒，也不会使此疾病大规模流行。四个选项中A、B、C均表达了会大规模流行的意思。

18．C

【解析】本题的四个选项中，只有C项为正确答案。这可从文中的“the alert l evel will be raised to red and a whole series of emergency procedures，…Other agencies，such as the Department of Health，the Health Protection Agency and the Ministry of Defence，would be brought into the loop．”推知，即红色警报的等级非常高，国家的卫生部、健康防护署甚至国防部都要联合起来进行疫情防御工作。其他选项的意思文章没有提及。

19．B

【解析】本题的四个选项中，只有B项为正确答案。这可从文中的“…with the risk of the virus spreading to human populations，the Department of Health would appoint a UK national influenza pandemic committee to coordinate the response of hospital trusts and local authorities．”推知，appoint，coordinate与B选项中的required，co-work的意思分别相对应。其他选项的意思均与文章意思不符。

20．C

【解析】本题的四个选项中，只有C项为正确答案。这可从文中的“The fear is that wild geese moving from western China to Siberia may have spread the virus to several species of ducks and gulls that briefly visit British shores on their annual migration north．”推知，即英国政府是担心向北迁徙的野鹅会把病毒从中国西部和西伯利亚带到英国来。而且文章提到，从此路过的duck只是有可能会把病毒传染给英国农场的家禽，而A、B、D选项都是说已经传染了，

所以不对。

全文参考译文

在7月份，全国媒体都没有注意到，一种致命的鸟类病毒降临到了萨里的野鸡场。环境、食品及乡村事务部(Defra)的专家确认它为新城堡病毒，其对火鸡和鹅是致命性的，对人类还不是。它是在狩猎季节之前从法国进口的9 000只野鸡幼鸡身上发现的。

在确诊后的几个小时内，兽医专家采取了行动：在科巴姆附近的农场周围划定了3 000米的隔离带，选择性捕杀了10 000只鸟，将其尸体用火烧掉，对农舍做了清理，以防止病毒蔓延。四周后，环境、食品及乡村事务部的动物外来疾病研究所感到这里的家禽可安全地恢复活动了。这个周末随着一种更加致命的鸟类病毒——H5N1病毒已传到土耳其的消息，Defra和其他部门的官员准备好了类似的紧急计划。他们为之准备应对的情形是：H5N1这种在东南亚地区导致几十亿只小鸡和60个成人死亡的病毒，即将来到这些沿海地区。

以后的进展取决于这种病毒在什么地方爆发，是否能控制住，并且最重要的是是否会变异而在人群中传播。到目前为止，人们认为只有从事家禽工作的工人或那些直接接触小鸡粪便和血液的人有被感染的危险，尽管不能排除人和人之间直接传染的可能。“每一次有新的人被病毒感染，引发全国性蔓延的可能性就稍稍增加了一点。”尼尔·弗格森——帝国大学的一位科学家这样说，他正在模拟如果H5N1病毒传至英国会发生什么情况。“这个概率很小，可能是1/1 000、1/10 000，甚至更小。”

一旦染病的鸟来到英国，动物防疫方面的官员所做的第一步是像对待新城堡病毒那样控制住始发地点，发出黄色警报，将样本送到萨里郡韦布里奇的动物防疫实验室办事处。如果伊恩·布朗——那里的鸟类病毒权威确认死因是H5N1，就发出红色警报并采取一系列应急措施，从鸟类检疫、限制家禽活动到选择性捕杀、掩埋等。其他部门例如卫生部、健康防护署和国防部都将参与进来。如果爆发地点不能控制，环境、食品及乡村事务部可能要考虑对鸟类进行集体屠杀和接种疫苗的可能性。

此时，因为有病毒传染到人群中去的危险，卫生部会任命一个英国国家流感委员会来协调各家医院和地方政府机构的反应。内阁的民事突发事件秘书处也会进入警戒状态，协调白金汉宫对恐怖主义反应的眼镜蛇应急委员会也为国内秩序中的可能突发事件做好预案。

在3月份出版的卫生部预防全国性传染病报告中，预测全国性禽流感的第一个月期间有54 000英国人濒临死亡。但在5月份，民事突发事件秘书处(CCS)的官员说这是个保守数字，更真实的数字应该是700 000人左右。这一预计数字在卫生部本月晚些时候更新的流行性传染病防控计划中将会采用。