基于美国当代英语语料库的词汇典型搭配教学_王健燕

基于美国当代英语语料库的词汇典型搭配教学_王健燕
基于美国当代英语语料库的词汇典型搭配教学_王健燕

文章编号:2095-0365(2011)01-0097-05

基于美国当代英语语料库的

词汇典型搭配教学

王健燕

(桂林理工大学外国语学院,广西 桂林 541004)

摘 要:词汇教学是语言教学的基础,而词汇的真实意义和用法需要通过其典型搭配得以揭示。在语言课堂内,教师可以充分利用美国当代英语语料库典型搭配检索功能来开展词汇

教学活动,帮助指导学习者掌握词汇的语境意义,从而在语言产出方面最大程度接近本族语者的语言使用标准。

关键词:美国当代英语语料库;典型搭配;词汇教学 中图分类号:G 633;H 319 文献标识码:A

一、典型搭配与词汇教学

词汇是任何语言体系的核心基础,能否准确恰当地使用词汇是作为衡量英语学习者语言产出能力的重要尺度之一。有实证研究显示:词汇知识和词汇能力是其它语言能力得以发展的前提,词汇学习应处于语言学习的中心地位,作用最为关键[1]

。针对词汇教学,不少学者明确指出了搭配(collo catio n)的重要意义 如果学习者能够掌握大量的词汇搭配,那么在语言交际中就能将其作为预制模块,而不需要每次都对词语进行重新组合。

搭配(co llocation)一词最早由英国语言学家Firth 在1969年确立,然而在此之前他就曾经提到过 可以通过与之搭配的词而知晓一个词的意义 [2]。词与词之间有些搭配是比较典型的,比如financial burden 而非econom ic burden,com mit 总和m urder,suicide 等词连用,这一类典型搭配(typical collocatio ns)是在长期的语言习惯基础上逐步固定下来的,成为构成词汇意义的一种重要方式和手段。换一句话说,典型的词汇搭配可以从搭配的概率及共现频率方面来确定,词汇搭

配的典型性取决于搭配的概率属性。一般而言,词汇搭配按组合自由度的高低可以分为自由搭配(free collo catio ns )、半受限制的搭配(sem-i re -stricted collo catio ns)和受限制的搭配(r estr icted co llocations,例如成语hit the sack)三种类型,而中间一类,即半受限制的搭配给学习者造成的困难最大,因为学习者可创造很多的组合,而这些组合往往受到母语的影响,学习者很可能自我创造出不恰当的组合,从而造成交际障碍[3]。

国外学者普遍认为,语言知识的获得和语言能力的提高是通过扩大学生的词块、提高词汇搭配能力和有效地掌握最基本词汇和语言结构而实现的。国内研究者对于词汇的典型搭配也提出过类似的见解: 选择和使用典型的词语搭配是区别本族语者自然流利的语言输出和非本族语者标记语言的重要特征 [4]。而段士平的实证研究则揭示出学生在词汇习得过程中, 词汇组块 策略运用偏低,搭配知识掌握不足,导致词汇深度习得中出现 高原现象 ,产出性词汇滞后于接受性词汇,学生产出能力低下[5]。因此,典型搭配教学应当作为词汇教学的一部分,掌握词汇的典型搭配,可以帮助学习者在语言交流中提取这些预置词语

收稿日期:2010-10-11

作者简介:王健燕(1980-),女,讲师,研究方向:英语教育教学。

第5卷 第1期 石家庄铁道大学学报(社会科学版) V ol.5 N o.12011年3月 JOU RNA L OF SHIJIAZHU ANG T IEDAO U NIV ERSIT Y(SOCIA L SCIENCE) M ar.2011

组块,使词汇产出更趋于本族语者的言语表达标准,从而最大程度地实现语言的准确性和流利程度。

二、美国当代英语语料库

语料库是按照一定的语言原则,运用随机抽样的方法,收集自然出现的连续的语言,运用文本或话语片段而建成的具有一定容量的大型电子文本库。语料库有三个基本特点:

(1)语料库中存放的是在语言的实际使用中真实出现过的语言材料;

(2)语料库是以电子计算机为载体承载语言知识的基础资源;

(3)真实语料需要经过加工(分析和处理),才能成为有用的资源。

语料库语言学的发展为语言研究开辟了一个新的领域,词汇搭配及其在语言产生、语言理解和语言学习中的重要作用无疑处于该领域的中心地位。计算机对于语料库中所收集到的大量真实情况下使用的语言,能够快捷准确地检索词义以及词的用法分布,这一点对学习者的词汇习得有着重要启示。可以说, 语料库不仅能为语言学习提供丰富的学习材料、学习方法,而且能传达先进的学习技术和学习理念 [6]。目前许多包括英语以及其他语言在内的大型通用、专门用途语料库已在互联网上作为免费资源公开发布,对外语教学与科研领域的发展起到积极促进作用,其中,美国当代英语语料库COCA(Corpus of Co ntempora-r y A merican Eng lish)就是一个很好的例证。

美国当代英语语料库是美国Brigham Young Univer sity的Mark Davies教授开发的美国最新当代英语语料库,是唯一一个大规模的美国英语平衡语料库。COCA具备了一个成功语料库的三项最基本条件:规模(size)、速度(speed)和词性标注(annotatio n)[7]。目前COCA网络语料库收集到的真实文本数据涵盖4亿词汇、时间跨自1990年;自2008年语料库发布以来,使用人群包括语言学家、教师、翻译以及其他相关科研人员。语料库数据平均分布在口语、小说、畅销杂志、报纸和学术期刊等五大类型领域,并且仍在不断更新中。美国当代英语语料库的网络界面可以就关键词和短语的模糊或准确词形、词根、词性、任意组合等进行自定义搜索;最关键的一点在于,它能允许使用者搜索在关键词(或词组)10个词范围内的词语搭配情况,并且搜索结果将按照搭配的共现频率高低依次排列(排列越靠前则搭配越典型),以方便检索者对该词(或词组)的典型搭配有一个清晰直观的了解。

三、美国英语语料库检索及语料的教学运用

在实际课堂教学中,为了能让学习者理解新学词汇的使用语境和使用规则,教师可以充分利用英语语料库的搭配检索功能罗列相关词汇的一些高频搭配,帮助学习者有针对性地记忆单词并掌握其真实语境下的典型用法。在接下来的论述中,笔者将以美国当代英语语料库为检索工具,结合大学英语教材 新世纪大学英语综合教程 第2册中的一些单词为代表。Unit3中,g enuine,vet-eran,bleak,manual;U nit4中,ample,uneasy;U-nit6中,hum ble,exper tise;Unit7中,unpara-l leled,assess。解释说明该语料库的检索方法以及检索结果如何在词汇教学活动中使用。

在进入COCA网站(http://w w w.american-corpus.or g/)之后,页面左侧可见定义检索栏(如图1),首先在 DISPLAY 选项中选择 LIST ,意味着检索出来的搭配词将以直观的列表形式、按实际语言交际中的共现频率高低顺序依次排列,排序在前的便是被检索词的典型搭配。随后在 WORD(S) 框中可以输入要查询的关键词(如: genuine),在 COLLOCAT ES 对话框中选择以genuine为中心其左4个词和右4个词范围内的搭配情况 如果不限定搭配词的词性,则系统直接以星号(*)泛指所有词进行检索,或者可以按需要在 POS LIST 中选择具体条件来限定所考查搭配词的词性(例如代码:[nn*]、[v*]、[j *]、[r*]等;具体可参阅该语料库网络使用教程)。在此教学活动中一般无需详细对比词汇使用场合的不同,因此可以在 SECTIONS 下均选择 IGNORE ;如果勾中 SECTIONS 右边的 SH OW 选项,则检索结果将以数字说明每一搭配分别在COCA口语、小说、杂志、报纸和学术期刊五个子语料库中的各自分布情况。完成上述自定义设置之后,点击 SERACH ,系统便可开始自动检索。

因篇幅所限,直接从上述词汇的检索结果中挑选出一些具备词义代表性的典型搭配,显示在表1中。

98石家庄铁道大学学报(社会科学版) 第5卷

图1 COCA页面检索栏表1 词义相关的典型搭配

genuine~co ncer n;~interest;~ar ticle uneasy ~feeling;~relatio nship; ~silence;~peace

veteran (the Wo rld)War(II/I)~;

Vietnam~;~teacher s;~play ers

humble

~beg inning s;~o rig io ns;

(in one's)~opinio n;~pie

bleak ~future;~picture;~outlook;

~prospects

expertise

technical~;(o ne's)area(of)~;

know ledge(and)~

manual ~labo r;~transmission;~recount;

owner's~

unparalleled

~o ppor tunity;~(in the)histo ry;

~po wer

ample ~evidence;~opportunity;~room;

~space

assess

~(the)impact;~damag e;

~ef fects;~(the)situation

因为检索的词段限定在4词范围以内,所以检索到的搭配词不一定紧挨着被检索词。在上表中,括号内的文字是在检索结果基础上再次点击搭配词,然后观测语境例句(KWIC)后总结出来的真正完整搭配。教师在安排词汇教学内容时可以使用不同形式帮助学生认识和了解这些典型搭配、真正掌握所学单词的语境意义。

根据表1中这些典型搭配的检索结果,教师可按照学习者特点和自身教学需要来设计课堂词汇教学活动,笔者就此提供两种可行方案以供参考:

形式一:

Please choose the appr opr iate w o rds to fin-ish the fo llow ing collocations.

(请选择恰当的词完成下列常用短语搭配形式)

manual;genuine;veter an;bleak

1._________interest;_________concern;____ _____article

2.the Wo rld War II________;Vietnam______ __;________teacher s;_______play ers

3._________future;_________pictur e;______ ___outlook;________prospects

4._________labor;_________tr ansm issio n;__ _______recount;ow ner's________

在活动之前,教师要向学生说明该活动的目的是为了帮助学习者了解目标词的惯用法和高频搭配,并引导学习者思考这些典型用语的语境意义。比如在第2题中,前两个搭配是veteran的基本意义,而后两例则是veteran的引申含义;第3题中的bleak future也是取其隐喻之意。通过这类练习,学习者对目标词的使用和意义范围能

99

第1期 王健燕:基于美国当代英语语料库的词汇典型搭配教学

有更清晰的认识,从而促进其词汇语用能力。

形式二:

Please conclude the ty pical co llocations of the w ord"humble"based on your observ ation and try to find o ut their meanings.

(观察下列各例,请总结humble一词的典型搭配情况)

Michael had his hum ble beg inning s here in a basem ent.H e and his four o lder bro thers

I can not say.#Of the humble beginnings fro m w hich my father built his fam e

Fro m its humble beginnings in a small o ffice near Washington Square Par k in New York's The fact that he rose from humble orig ins, a log cabin to the White H ouse

an uncomm only beautiful w om an,an ac-tress of hum ble o rigins w ho m anaged to ensnare

w hether yo u cam e from humble origins and no body ev er heard of y ou

afford-w hich meant,in her humble opinion, far to o m any of the educated idio ts

built alm ost entirely-and il-l advisedly,in my hum ble opinion,not that anybody has asked

I g ot my butt kicked for the first tim e.I ate

a piece of hum ble pie.H e's eag er to bounce

many dir ect w o rds fo r the U nited States to eat a bit o f humble pie.But they have to be 这一任务的完成要求学习者具备一定的语言敏感性。通过对一系列句子的观察,学习者要能找到目标词与他词的共现规律,在此基础上总结出该词的典型搭配形式,然后根据上下文进一步尝试推断这些固定短语的语境意义。这一活动的优点在于它有可能帮助学生发现一些教材中没有提到而被忽视的语言现象 其中包括一些不能按字面意思推断、约定俗成的习语。比如上述第9和第10例中所提到的humble pie,可以用来喻指 屈辱,丢脸 ,而且多见to eat o ne's humble pie 的表达形式。

在此需要特别指出的是,教师在设计第二种形式的搭配练习时,应当注意到COCA检索结果的语境例句并不一定都是完整而有逻辑的句子,这是因为受到页面显示词数的限制所致。因此,教师在活动开始之前需向学生解释清楚,或者预先挑选、修改部分例句以方便学生对词汇搭配现象观察总结。如有条件,教师甚至可以指导学生在多媒体教室或语言实验室里亲自对网络语料库进行即时检索和语料分析。

上述仅是建议在课堂环境内利用美国英语语料库进行词汇典型搭配教学时可采用的两种简便易行的操作模式。教师在实际教学实践过程中可以根据所教对象、教学课时和课程内容等要素,合理安排词汇搭配教学活动;充分发挥想象力和创造力,灵活使用英语语料库资源来揭示词汇的使用规则和语境意义,帮助语言学习者更好的了解和使用语言。

四、结论

语料库应用于教学的研究在我国的兴起源自20世纪70年代末80年代初,一直以来,英语语料库为英语教学的各个方面提供了大量真实可信的语言资源。英语在我国是作为外语的一门学科,目前教学现状存在着师生比例不理想、教学资源不充足、语言环境欠缺等不足。反映真实语言使用的英语语料库能缩短语言课堂与实际交际直接的差距,帮助使用者发现容易被忽略的语言规律、了解各种语域变体的特点、准确理解词语在各种场合的运用。

对于学习者来说,英语语料库能从词汇典型搭配方面帮助他们了解词汇的语境意义,提高词汇产出能力,进而在词汇基础上促进其各方面综合语言能力的提升。而对于语言教师而言,英语作为母语的语料库资源可以更好地辅助语言课堂活动的开展,并以真实可信的语言例证来帮助其指导学习者的语言产出更加接近本族语者的语言使用标准。

参考文献:

[1]黄若妤.语料库指引的词汇教学CIV I模式建构[J].外

语电化教学,2008(12):52-57.[2]F irth,J.R.Papers in L inguistics1934-1951[M].

Ox fo rd:O xfo rd U niversity P ress,1957:12.

100石家庄铁道大学学报(社会科学版) 第5卷

[3]N esselhauf,Nadja.T he use o f co llocations by ad -vanced learners of Eng lish and some im plications for teaching [J].A pplied L inguistics,2003,24/2:223-242.

[4]段士平.词汇学习策略对词汇能力的影响 一项基

于网络环境的词汇习得状况的实证研究[J].西安外国语大学学报,2008(4):77-80.

[5]孙梅梅.语料库在网络学习资源库建设中的应用[J].软件导刊:教育技术,2010(2):84-86.

[6]Dav ies,M ar k.T he advantag e o f using relatio nal data -bases fo r lar ge cor po ra speed,advanced queries,and unlimited annotatio n[J].Inter nat ional Jour nal of Co r -pus L inguistics,2005(10):301.

Teaching Vocabulary Through Typical Collocations Based on Corpus of Contemporary American English

WANG Jian -yan

(E nglish Dept.of Gu ilin University of Techn ology,Guilin 541004,C hina)

Abstract:ocabulary teaching is the basis o f lang uage teaching ,and the m eaning and usag e of a w ord can be revealed by its collocation w ith other w or https://www.360docs.net/doc/d011410541.html,ng uag e teachers are advised to m ake full use of the Corpus of Contem po rar y American Eng lish to find out som e typical co llocations of a w o rd so as to help students understand better its meaning in context and help them as w ell w ith their language use in co mmunication w ith native speaker s.

Key words:the Co rpus o f Contem por ary American Eng lish (COCA);ty pical collocations;vocabu -lary teaching (上接第96页)个落后的层次上。 [1]

参考文献:

[1]辜正坤.中西诗比较鉴赏与翻译理论[M ].北京:清华

大学出版社,2003.

[2]周可希.译边草[M ].上海:百家出版社,2001.[3]胡建峰.字趣[M ].上海:学林出版社,2004.

[4]程永生.描写交际翻译学[M ].合肥:安徽大学出版社,

2001.

[5]金隄.等效翻译探索(增订版)[M ].北京:中国对外翻

译出版公司,1998.

[6]黄杲昕.从柔巴依到砍特伯雷-英语诗汉译研究[M ].武汉:湖北教育出版社,1999.

[7]魏志成.英汉语比较导论[M ].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2003.

[8]冯庆华.实用翻译教程(英汉互译)[M ].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2002.

Translatablility of Poem Translation from Logopoeia

ZH AO Jian -x ia

(Shijiazh uang Institute of T echnology,Sh ijiaz huang 050228,Ch ina)

Abstract: Plural Co mplem entarism o f T ranslatio n Standard proposed by M r.Gu Zhengkun,ex -erts great influence o n the translatio n field.T he pr esent paper ado pts the theory and explores from the perspective o f logo poeia the Chinese characters advantag e over the Eng lish lang uag e in poem transla -tion.

Key words:logo poeia;translatable factors;untranslatable factor

101

第1期 王健燕:基于美国当代英语语料库的词汇典型搭配教学

2018年北航外国语言学及应用语言学(050211)考试科目、招生人数、参考书目、复习指导---新祥旭考研

2018年北航外国语言学及应用语言学(050211)考试科目、招生人数、 参考书目、复习指导 一、招生信息 所属学院:外国语学院 招生人数:22 所属门类代码、名称:文学[05] 所属一级学科代码、名称:外国语言文学[0502] 二、研究方向: 01 二语习得 02 认知语言学 03 社会语言学 04 翻译理论与实践 05 语料库语言学 06 理论语言学 三、初试考试科目: ①101思想政治理论 ②202俄语或243日语二外或244德语二外或245法语二外 ③721基础英语 ④821英语语言文学 四、参考书目 721基础英语 《英语国家概况》外语教学与研究出版社 《当代英国概况》(修订版)上海外语教育出版社 《当代美国概况》上海外语教育出版社出版的 821英语语言文学

《The Study of Language》外语教学与研究出版社(2002年) 《语言学教程》(第四版)北京大学出版社(2011年) 《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》清华大学出版社(2008年) 《英汉互译实用教程》武汉大学出版社(2003年) 《英国文学简史》河南人民出版社(1993年) 《英国文学选读》上海译文出版社(1981年) 《美国文学简史》南开大学出版社(2004年) 《美国文学选读》南开大学出版社(2002年) 五、复习指导 1、参考书的阅读方法 (1)目录法:先通读各本参考书的目录,对于知识体系有着初步了解,了解书的内在逻辑结构,然后再去深入研读书的内容。 (2)体系法:为自己所学的知识建立起框架,否则知识内容浩繁,容易遗忘,最好能够闭上眼睛的时候,眼前出现完整的知识体系。 (3)问题法:将自己所学的知识总结成问题写出来,每章的主标题和副标题都是很好的出题素材。尽可能把所有的知识要点都能够整理成问题。 2、学习笔记的整理方法 (1)第一遍学习教材的时候,做笔记主要是归纳主要内容,最好可以整理出知识框架记到笔记本上,同时记下重要知识点,如假设条件,公式,结论,缺陷等。记笔记的过程可以强迫自己对所学内容进行整理,并用自己的语言表达出来,有效地加深印象。第一遍学习记笔记的工作量较大可能影响复习进度,但是切记第一遍学习要夯实基础,不能一味地追求速度。第一遍要以稳、细为主,而记笔记能够帮助考生有效地达到以上两个要求。并且在后期逐步脱离教材以后,笔记是一个很方便携带的知识宝典,可以方便随时查阅相关的知识点。 (2)第一遍的学习笔记和书本知识比较相近,且以基本知识点为主。第二遍学习的时候可以结合第一遍的笔记查漏补缺,记下自己生疏的或者是任何觉得重要的知识点。再到后期做题的时候注意记下典型题目和错题。 (3)做笔记要注意分类和编排,便于查询。可以在不同的阶段使用大小合适的不同的笔记本。也可以使用统一的笔记本但是要注意各项内容不要混杂在以前,不利于以后的查阅。同时注意

修辞分析~布什在911事件后的演讲中英文对照

布什在911事件后的演讲 Good evening. 晚上好, Today, our fellow citizens, our way of life, our very freedom came under attack in a series of deliberate and deadly terrorist acts. The victims were in airplanes or in their offices. Secretaries, business men and women, military and federal workers. Moms and dads. Friends and neighbors. Thousands of lives were suddenly ended by evil, despicable acts of terror. 今天,我们的同胞、我们的生活及我们珍视的自由受到了恐怖主义分子的蓄意攻击。许多被劫持的乘客、正在办公的工作人员都不幸遇难,他们可能是:秘书文员、商人、妇女、军方或联邦政府工作人员、为人父母、你们的亲朋好友或邻居。数千人在恐怖分子的卑劣和罪恶行径下突然间失掉了宝贵的生命。 The pictures of airplanes flying into buildings, fires burning, huge structures collapsing, have filled us with disbelief, terrible sadness and a quiet, unyielding anger. These acts of mass murder were intended to frighten our nation into chaos and retreat. But they have failed. Our country is strong. 面对飞机撞毁、熊熊大火、楼房倒塌等图片,我们无法相信眼前的惨状,感到无比的悲哀和愤怒。恐怖分子的大屠戮的行为旨在将我们的国家引向混乱和倒退。但他们的阴谋不会得逞,我们的国家依然强大。 A great people has been moved to defend a great nation. Terrorist attacks can shake the foundations of our biggest buildings, but they cannot touch the foundation of America. These acts shatter steel, but they cannot dent the steel of American resolve. 伟大的美国人民已被动员起来保卫自己的国家。恐怖主义分子的袭击可以震撼我们的建筑,但他们无法动摇我们牢固的国家基础。这些行径可以粉碎钢铁,但它们无法挫伤美国人民捍卫国家的决心。 America was targeted for attack because we're the brightest beacon for freedom and

现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter

现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料c h a p t e r 文件管理序列号:[K8UY-K9IO69-O6M243-OL889-F88688]

Chapter 9 Changes in Word Meaning 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning 9.2 Four Tendencies in Semantic Change 9.3 Semantic Development or Change Resulting from the Figurative Use of Words Definition: Change of meaning refers to the alteration of the meaning of existing words, as well as the addition of new meaning to established words. 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning A.Historical cause 历史原因 It often happens that though a word retains its original form ,its meaning has changed because the object which it denotes has changed . *Changes of meaning because of increased knowledge of the object described are common in the history of science. Eg. pencil ==is from a Latin word meaning “a little tail” or “a fine brush”, like our Chinese “pen”毛笔.Later, when it was made of wood and graphite ,it was still called a “pencil”. atom ==It was borrowed though Latin and French from Greek arouos,invisible. Thus atom meant originally “an particle too small to be divided”. This meaning is now out-of-date, because scientist have found out that atom can be split.

商务英语词汇与翻译

Unit 1 外资企业foreign enterprise 合资企业joint venture 合作企业cooperative enterprise 龙头企业 a locomotive 国有企业state-owned enterprise 私营企业privately-owned enterprise 荣誉企业honorable enterprise 优质企业qualified enterprise 一级企业class A enterprise 跨国公司multinational company 母公司parent company 子公司subsidiary company 总公司head office 分公司branch office 代表处representative offices 上市公司listed company 私人股份有限公司private limited company 拳头产品core product 环保产品environment-friendly product 专业生产经营specialize in, engage in, handle a range of business including… 占地面积cover an area of… 年产量with an annual output 具有自营进出口权being entitled to self-import and self-export rights 奉行坚持..原则;以..宗旨,在…方针指 导下 abide by the principles of …, adhere to the aims of…, based on the motto of the company 产品销往products have been distributed to 获得奖项rank the titles 通过ISO9000 质量认证 be granted the Certificate of ISO9000 International Quality System unit 2 ?维持升幅to an increase sustain) ?到达最高点to reach a peak ?保持不变to remain constant/ stable ?降到最低点to bottom out ?正值…之际on the occasion of ?代表on the behalf of ?承蒙盛情邀请at the gracious invitation of ?年会annual meeting ?商界的朋友们friends from the business community ?marketing presentation营销报告会 ?sales representative 销售代表 ?sales record 销售记录 ?customers’satisfaction顾客满意度 ?manufacturer 生产商 ?retailer 零售商 ?merchant wholesaler 批发商 ?commission agent 佣金代理商 ?facilitating agent 服务代理商 ?经销渠道distribution channel ?营销目标marketing objective ?战略营销strategic marketing ?目标市场target market ?潜在的风险和potential threats and opportunities ?可控因素controllable components ?销售业绩sales performance Unit 3 1、Business relations and cooperation business connections business cooperation technological cooperation scope of cooperation mutually beneficial relations close relationship to cement / continue / enlarge / promote / improve / maintain / interrupt / restore / speed up / reactivate business relationship to reach an agreement to make a deal 2、Investment a heavy /a long-term/ a profitable/ a safe and sure investment foreign direct investment (FDI) portfolio investment investment environment investment intent/ partner exclusively foreign-owne enterprise joint venture cooperative enterprise equity joint venture contractual joint venture 3、Form of Trade merchandise exports and imports service exports and imports bilateral trade leasing trade processing with supplied material processing with imported materials processing with supplied sample assembling with supplied parts 4、Describing products genuine article imitation low-priced goods low quality goods inferior goods superior quality unfinished products top grade goods showy goods high-tech products durable consumer goods modern and elegant in fashion complete in specifications sophisticated technology attractive and durable skillful manufacture 5、Credit commercial credit trade reputation

最新英语词汇学期末复习资料资料

1、选择题(2 ×15=30) 2、填空题(2×5=10 ) 3、搭配题(1×10=10) 4、名词解释题(4×5=20) 5、问题回答(5×3=15) 6、论述题(第39题7分,第40题8分) 选择题: 1. Which of the following is an initialism ? D. UN 2. The following are all nominal suffixes EXCEPT A. –ful . 3.Both English and B. Danish belong to the Germantic branch of the Indo-European language family. 4.Affixes added to the end of words to indicate grammatik relationships are known as C. inflectional morphemes. 5.Motiation accounts for the connection between word-form and C.its meaning. 6.Ambiguity often arises due to polysemy and C.homonymy. 7.Affixes attached to other morphemes to create new words are known as B .derivational affixes. 8.The semantic unity of idioms is reflected in the A.illogical relationship between the literal meaning of each word and the meaning of the idiom as in rain cats and dogs. https://www.360docs.net/doc/d011410541.html,ually a small number of languages have been designated official languages for an organization’s activities ,for example, the UN was established with five official languages English, French, A.Spanish Russian, and Chinese.中英俄法西

英语词汇学课本与译文

Introduction 绪论 0.1 The nature and Domain of English lexicology 英语词汇学的定义及研究范围 Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words. 词汇学是语言学的一个分支,研究词汇的起源和意义。 English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages. 英语词汇学研究英语词汇的形态结构、词的对应及其语义结构、词义关系、词的历史演变、词的构成及词的用法等。 English lexicology is a theoretically-oriented course. 英语词汇学是一门理论性课程。 It is chiefly concerned with the basic theories of words in general and of English words in particular. 该课程主要论述词汇学的基本理论,特别是英语词汇的理论知识。 However, it is a practical course as well, for in the discussion, we shall inevitably deal with copious stocks of words and idioms, and study a great many usage examples. 但是,英语词汇学也是一门实践性课程,在该书的论述中,我们将遇到大量的词汇和习语,学习大量词汇用法实例。 Naturally, there will be a large quantity of practice involved. 当然,同时还要接触到大量的词汇练习。 0.2 Its Relation to Other Disciplines 英语词汇学与其它学科的关系 English lexicology itself is a subbranch of linguistics. 英语词汇学是语言学的一个分支。 But it embraces other academic disciplines, such as morphology, semantics, etymology, stylistics, lexicography. 但它却与其他学科相关,如形态学、语义学、词源学、文体学和词典学等。 Each of them has been established as a discipline in its own right. 而这些学科都各成一门学科。 Morphology is the branch of grammar which studies the structure or forms of words, primarily through the use of morpheme construct. 形态学是语法学的一个分支,主要通过运用词素(形位)结构研究词的结构或形式。 This is one of the major concerns of lexicology, for we shall discuss the inflections of words and word-formation and examine how morphemes are combined to form words and words to form sentences. 这是词汇学研究的主要内容之一,因为研究词汇就必需讨论的屈折变化和构词法,考察词素如何构成词、词如何构成句子。 Etymology is traditionally used for the study of the origins and history of the form and meaning of words. 词源学研究词的形式和意义的起源及其历史变化。 Modern English is derived from the languages of early Germanic tribes with a fairly small vocabulary. 现代英语源于词汇量颇小的古日尔曼语。 We shall study how this small vocabulary has grown into a huge modern English vocabulary and explain the changes that have taken place in the forms and meanings of words. 我们将研究这门词汇量很小的语言是如何发展成为词汇量庞大的现代英语,并解释英语词汇的形式和意义是如何变化的。 Stylistics is the study of style. 文体学研究文体。 It is concerned with the user’s choices of linguistic elements in a particular context for special effects. 主要对语用者在特定语境中如何选择语言要素(即如何选择用词、句型等)以达到特定的表达效果进行观察研究。 Among the areas of study: lexis, phonology, syntax, graphology, we shall concentrate on lexis, exploring the stylistic values of words. 在文体学所研究的词汇、音系学、句法学和书写法范围中,我们主要研究词汇,探讨词汇的文体价值。Lexicography shares with lexicology the same problems: the form, meaning, origins and usages of words, but they have a pragmatic difference. 词典学和词汇学探讨同样的问题:词汇的形式、意义、词汇的起源及用法,但两者在语用上还有差异。 A lexicographer’s task is to record the language as it is used so as to present the genuine picture of words to the reader, providing authoritative reference, whereas the student of lexicology is to acquire the knowledge and information of lexis so as to increase their lexical awareness and capacity of language use. 词典学家的任务是实录词汇的用法并把词汇用法的真实情形呈现给读者,为其提供权威性的参考;而词汇学家则是研究词汇的知识和信息,以增强读者对词汇的了解和语言的使用能力。 Though English lexicology has a wide coverage of academic areas, our task is definite and consistent. 英语词汇学的研究范围很大,但我们的任务是明确而系统的。 That is to study English words in different aspects and from different angles. 即从不同角度研究英语词汇的各个方面。0.3 Method of Study 英语词汇学的研究方法 There are generally two approaches to the study of words, namely synchronic and diachronic. 一般来说,词汇研究有两种

英语词汇学教案

英语词汇学讲义 第一章英语词汇学简介(A Brief Introduction to English Lexicology) 教学目的: ●了解英语词汇学研究的现状及地位 ●掌握及分类 ●了解英语词汇学的研究范围和研究方法 ●了解学习英语词汇学的目的及意义 教学重点: ●英语词汇学的定义 ●英语词汇学的研究范围 教学难点: ●英语词汇学研究滞后的原因 ●英语词汇学的定义及研究范围 教学方法:理论讲解为主,课堂讨论为辅 教学步骤: 课程导入:(10 分钟) Discussion: What do you think lexicology mainly studies? 教学讲练内容:(80分钟) 1.1英语词汇学研究的现状及地位 1828 Noah Webster “lexicology”第一次出现 20c初没有受到足够的重视 1980s以前前苏联和中国有所研究 1980s中期以后西方语言学家开始重视英语词汇学研究,专著陆续问世,并开始把词汇研究与其它学科的研究联系到一起 词汇学研究没有受到重视的原因: 醉汉找钱的故事(David Crystal 为Jean Tournier 的英语词汇学概论写的序言中提及),说明西方语言学家避重就轻,因为在语言的三个要素中,语音体系和语法体系比较简单,易于归纳,便于研究,容易出成果;而词汇体系比较庞杂,不易归纳和研究,也不容易出成果。实际课堂教学中,很少有教师会系统地讲授词汇学的理论(因为词汇学理论本身就是滞后的),而学生在外语学习中最大的难点之一就在于如何学习和掌握词汇。从实际需要的角度出发,词汇学研究引起西方语言学家重视也是迟早的事情。此外,电脑应用的发展和普及以及语料库的形成为分析词汇的特征和总结词汇的规律性的原则创造了有利条件,在词汇体系的研究方面出现新的突破是指日可待的事情。 现在词汇学被看作是语言分析的一个层面。语言分析的五分法(词汇学lexicology、音位学phonemics、形态学morphology、句法学syntax和语义学semantics)与传统的三分法(音位学、句法学和语义学)相比,最大的不同在于重视了词汇的作用,充分肯定了词汇学的地位。当然,我们在使用语言的时候,总是不由自主地同时涉及所有的层面,所以,语言分析的五个层面虽然可以分别进行,但是不能忽视它们的相互联系和相互作用。 1.2词汇学的定义及分类 Routledge Dictionary of Language and linguistics by Hadumod bussmann 承认了词汇学在语言学中的地位,但是把侧重点放在词汇的语义学上面。 The Oxford Companion to the English Language by Tom McArthur

英语词汇学知识点归纳

英语词汇学知识点归纳 Standardization of sany group #QS8QHH-HHGX8Q8-GNHHJ8-HHMHGN#

English Lexicology(英语词汇学) Lexicology(词汇学): is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words. The Nature and Scope of English lexicology: English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages. The subjects that English Lexicology correlated with and extent to: English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology(形态学), semantics(语义学), etymology(词源学),stylistics(文体论) and lexicography(词典学) The reason for a student to study English lexicology: According to the textbook, English Lexicology will definitely be beneficial for students of English. A good knowledge of morphological structures of English words and rules of word-formation will help learners develop their personal vocabulary and consciously increase their word power. The information of the historical development and the principles of classification will give them a deeper understanding of word-meaning and enable them to organize, classify and store words more effectively. The understanding and their sense relations will gradually raise their awareness of meaning and usage, and enable them use words more accurately and appropriately. A working knowledge of dictionaries will improve their skills of using reference books and raise their problem-solving ability and efficiency of individual study. Chapter 1--Basic concepts of words and vocabulary Word(词的定义): A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentence Sound and meaning(声音与意义): almost arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself” Sound and form(读音和形式):不统一的四个原因(1)the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each other (2)the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years(3)some of the difference were creates by the early scribes(4)the borrowings is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary Vocabulary(词汇): all the words in a language make up its vocabulary Classification of English Words: By use frequency:basic word stock&nonbasic vocabulary By notion:content words&functional words By origin:native words&borrowed words The basic word stock(基本词汇): is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language. Though it constitute a small percentage of the EV, it is the most important part of vocabulary. The Fundamental Features of the Basic Word Stock(基本词汇的特征): 1)All-National character(全民通用性most important) 2)Stability(相对稳定性) 3)Productivity(多产性) 4)Polysemy(多义性) 5)Collocability(可搭配性) 没有上述特征的words:(1)Terminology(术语) (2)Jargon(行话) (3)slang(俚语) (4)Argot(暗语)(5)Dialectal words(方言) (6) Archaisms(古语) (7) Neologisms(新词语):Neologisms means newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings.(email) Content words/notional words实词(cloud, run walk, never, five, frequently) and functional words/empty words虚词(on, of, and, be, but) Native Words and Borrowed Words Native words(本族语词): known as Anglo-Saxon words (50,000-60,000), are words brought to Britain in the 5th century by the Germanic tribes. (mainstream of the basic word-stocks).Two other features:(1)neutral in style (2)frequent in use

2020年4月全国英语词汇学自考试题及答案解析

全国2019年4月高等教育自学考试 英语词汇学试题 课程代码:00832 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket. (30%) 1. There are ______ major classes of compounds. A. two B. for C. three D. five 2. Which of the following statements is NOT true? A. Connotative meaning refers to associations suggested by the conceptual meaning. B. Stylistic meaning accounts for the formality of the word concerned. C. Affective meaning is universal to all men alike. D. Denotative meaning can always be found in the dictionary. 3. After the invading Germanic tribes settled down in Britain, their language almost totally blotted out ______. A. Old English B. Middle English C. Anglo-Saxon D. Celtic 4. The idiom “Jack of all trades”results from ______. A. addition B. position-shifting C. dismembering D. shortening 5. ______ are those that cannot occur as separate words without adding other morphemes. A. Free roots B. Free morphemes C. Bound morphemes D. Meaningful units 6. The major factors that promote the growth of modern English are ______. A. the growth of science and technology B. economic and political changes C. the influence of other cultures and languages D. all the above 7. Since the beginning of this century, ______ has become even more important for the expansion of English vocabulary. A. word-formation B. borrowing C. semantic change D. both B and C 8. Which of the following characteristics of the basic word stock is the most important? A. Stability B. Collocability. C. Productivity. D. National character. 1

语料库的应用(最终)

语料库的应用 语料库方法广泛应用于语言学理论研究、军事等领域。当代语料库语言学(以语料库方法为取向的研究语言的分支就被称为语料库语言学)已是高歌猛进,日新月异,新的语料库更是层出不穷,经过科学选材和标注,具有适当规模的语料库能够反映和记录语言的实际使用情况,人们通过语料库观察和把握语言事实,分析和研究语言系统的规律,极大地方便了语言研究者。 军事语料库对信息化条件下的军事斗争具备潜在价值,积极开展军事语料库的研究和建设实践活动,并把研究成果转化到实战之中。和平时期对信息化高科技武器的建设不可小视,对战场态势的综合信息捕捉、把握和利用的能力建设至关重要,但对身边已有的各类信息的综合收集和利用也同样不可忽视。军事语料库的建设正是针对实现信息化战争中争夺与占有信息资源、获取不对称的战争中的信息掌握和信息利用的不对称优势。 【一】、语料库成为语言学理论研究的基础资源 语料库是计算语言学的基础。语料库对应的英文是corpus,复数形式为corpora。这个词既可以指语料也可以表示语料库。英国语言学专家戴维?克里斯特尔认为,语料库“指收集的一批语言学数据,或为书面文本或为言语录音的转写,可用作语言学描写的出发点,也

可作为验证语言假说的手段。计算机语料库是一大批机器可读文本的结集。各种为不同目的而建立的语料库可以应用在词汇、语法、语义、语用、语体研究,社会语言学研究,口语研究,词典编纂,语言教学以及自然语言处理、人工智能、机器翻译、言语识别与合成等领域。 起初语料库主要用于语言学研究,而且建成的语料库多为通用语料库,服务的研究领域主要集中于词典编纂、词语搭配与结构、基于平行语料库的英汉互译、文学作品和作家语言风格的研究以及基于语料库的外语教学研究等。随着研究的不断深入,各种专业领域语料库也相继建立,语料库的应用研究逐渐扩大到其他学科。 我国在语料库的应用上还处于起步阶段,在计算语言学和语言信息处理领域,语料库主要用来为统计语言模型提供语言特征信息和概率数据,在语言研究的其他领域,多使用语料的检索和频率统计结果。 目前国外已建成且较有影响的主要为以下的语料库:美国:布朗大学的今日美国英语标准语料库(The Brown University Standard Corpusof Present Day American English)、兰卡斯特一奥斯陆/卑尔根语料库(The Lancast-er-Oslo/Bergen (LOB) Corpus)、英语语库(TheBank of English)、英国国家语料库(The BritishNational Corpus(BNC、伦敦一隆德语料库(Lon-don -Lund Corpus(LLC》、美国传统中介语料(American Heritage Intermediate(AHI) Corpus)以及英语国际语料库(The Intemational Corpus ofEnglish(ICE》等。

相关文档
最新文档