国际经济学作业答案-第六章学习资料
Chapter 6 Economies of Scale, Imperfect Competition, and International Trade
Multiple Choice Questions
1. External economies of scale arise when the cost per unit
(a) rises as the industry grows larger.
(b) falls as the industry grows larger rises as the average firm grows larger.
(c) falls as the average firm grows larger.
(d) remains constant.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: B
2. Internal economies of scale arise when the cost per unit
(a) rises as the industry grows larger.
(b) falls as the industry grows larger.
(c) rises as the average firm grows larger.
(d) falls as the average firm grows larger.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: D
3. External economies of scale
(a) may be associated with a perfectly competitive industry.
(b) cannot be associated with a perfectly competitive industry.
(c) tends to result in one huge monopoly.
(d) tends to result in large profits for each firm.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: A
4. Internal economies of scale
(a) may be associated with a perfectly competitive industry.
(b) cannot be associated with a perfectly competitive industry.
(c) are associated only with sophisticated products such as aircraft.
(d) cannot form the basis for international trade.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: B
5. A monopolistic firm
(a) can sell as much as it wants for any price it determines in the market.
(b) cannot determine the price, which is determined by consumer demand.
(c) will never sell a product whose demand is inelastic at the quantity sold.
(d) cannot sell additional quantity unless it raises the price on each unit.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: C
6. Monopolistic competition is associated with
(a) cut-throat price competition.
(b) product differentiation.
(c) explicit consideration at firm level of the feedback effects of other firms’ pr icing decisions.
(d) high profit margins.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: B
7. The most common market structure is
(a) perfect competition.
(b) monopolistic competition.
(c) small-group oligopoly.
(d) perfectly vertical integration.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: C
8. Modeling trade in monopolistic industries is problematic because
(a) there is no one generally accepted model of oligopoly behavior.
(b) there are no models of oligopoly behavior.
(c) it is difficult to find an oligopoly in the real world.
(d) collusion among oligopolists makes usable data rare.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: A
9. Where there are economies of scale, the scale of production possible in a country is constrained by
(a) the size of the country.
(b) the size of the trading partner’s country.
(c) the size of the domestic market.
(d) the size of the domestic plus the foreign market.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: D
10. Where there are economies of scale, an increase in the size of the market will
(a) increase the number of firms and raise the price per unit.
(b) decrease the number of firms and raise the price per unit.
(c) increase the number of firms and lower the price per unit.
(d) decrease the number of firms and lower the price per unit.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: C
11. The simultaneous export and import of widgets by the United States is an example of
(a) increasing returns to scale.
(b) imperfect competition.
(c) intra-industry trade.
(d) inter-industry trade.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: C
12. If output more than doubles when all inputs are doubled, production is said to occur under
conditions of
(a) increasing returns to scale.
(b) imperfect competition.
(c) intra-industry trade.
(d) inter-industry trade.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: A
13. Intra-industry trade can be explained in part by
(a) transportation costs within and between countries.
(b) problems of data aggregation and categorization.
(c) increasing returns to scale.
(d) All of the above.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: D
14. If some industries exhibit internal (firm specific) increasing returns to scale in each country, we
should not expect to see
(a) intra-industry trade between countries.
(b) perfect competition in these industries.
(c) inter-industry trade between countries.
(d) high levels of specialization in both countries.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: B
15. Intra-industry trade is most common in the trade patterns of
(a) developing countries of Asia and Africa.
(b) industrial countries of Western Europe.
(c) all countries.
(d) North-South trade.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: B
16. International trade based on scale economies is likely to be associated with
(a) Ricardian comparative advantage.
(b) comparative advantage associated with Heckscher-Ohlin factor-proportions.
(c) comparative advantage based on quality and service.
(d) comparative advantage based on diminishing returns.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: E
17. International trade based on external scale economies in both countries is likely to be carried out
by a
(a) relatively large number of price competing firms.
(b) relatively small number of price competing firms.
(c) relatively small number of competing oligopolists.
(d) monopoly firms in each country/industry.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: A
18. International trade based solely on internal scale economies in both countries is likely to be carried
out by a
(a) relatively large number of price competing firms.
(b) relatively small number of price competing firms.
(c) relatively small number of competing oligopolists.
(d) monopoly firms in each country/industry.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: D
19. A monopoly firm engaged in international trade will
(a) equate average to local costs.
(b) equate marginal costs with foreign marginal revenues.
(c) equate marginal costs with the highest price the market will bear.
(d) equate marginal costs with marginal revenues in both domestic and in foreign markets.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: D
20. A monopoly firm will maximize profits by
(a) charging the same price in domestic and in foreign markets.
(b) producing where the marginal revenue is higher in foreign markets.
(c) producing where the marginal revenue is higher in the domestic market.
(d) equating the marginal revenues in domestic and foreign markets.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: D
21. A firm in monopolistic competition
(a) earns positive monopoly profits because each sells a differentiated product.
(b) earns positive oligopoly profits because each firm sells a differentiated product.
(c) earns zero economic profits because it is in perfectly or pure competition.
(d) earns zero economic profits because of free entry.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: D
22. The larger the number of firms in a monopolistic competition situation,
(a) the larger are that country’s exports.
(b) the higher is the price charged.
(c) the fewer varieties are sold.
(d) the lower is the price charged.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: D
23. The monopolistic competition model is one in which there is/are
(a) a monopoly.
(b) perfect competition.
(c) economies of scale.
(d) government intervention in the market.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: C
24. In industries in which there are scale economies, the variety of goods that a country can produce is
constrained by
(a) the size of the labor force.
(b) anti-trust legislation.
(c) the size of the market.
(d) the fixed cost.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: C
25. An industry is characterized by scale economies, and exists in two countries. Should these two
countries engage in trade such that the combined market is supplied by one country’s industry, then
(a) consumers in both countries would suffer higher prices and fewer varieties.
(b) consumers in the importing country would suffer higher prices and fewer varieties.
(c) consumers in the exporting country would suffer higher prices and fewer varieties.
(d) consumers in both countries would enjoy fewer varieties available but lower prices.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: E
26. An industry is characterized by scale economies and exists in two countries. In order for consumers
of its products to enjoy both lower prices and more variety of choice,
(a) each country’s marginal cost must equal that of the other country.
(b) the marginal cost of this industry must equal marginal revenue in the other.
(c) the monopoly must lower prices in order to sell more.
(d) the two countries must engage in international trade one with the other.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: D
27. A product is produced in a monopolistically competitive industry with scale economies. If this
industry exists in two countries, and these two countries engage in trade one with the other, then we would expect
(a) the country in which the price of the product is lower will export the product.
(b) the country with a relative abundance of the factor of production in which production of the
product is intensive will export this product.
(c) each of the countries will export different varieties of the product to the other.
(d) neither country will export this product since there is no comparative advantage.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: C
28. The reason why one country may export a product which is produced with positive scale
economies is
(a) its labor productivity will tend to be higher.
(b) it enjoys a relative abundance of the factor intensely used in the product’s production.
(c) its demand is biased in favor of the product.
(d) its demand is biased against the product.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: E
29. Two countries engaged in trade in products with no scale economies, produced under conditions of
perfect competition, are likely to be engaged in
(a) monopolistic competition.
(b) inter-industry trade.
(c) intra-industry trade.
(d) Heckscher-Ohlin trade.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: B
30. Two countries engaged in trade in products with scale economies, produced under conditions of
monopolistic competition, are likely to be engaged in
(a) price competition.
(b) inter-industry trade.
(c) intra-industry trade.
(d) Heckscher-Ohlinean trade.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: C
31. History and accident determine the details of trade involving
(a) Ricardian and Classical comparative advantage.
(b) Heckscher-Ohlin model consideration.
(c) taste reversals.
(d) scale economies.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: D
32. We often observe intra-industry North-South trade in “computers and related devices.” This is
due to
(a) classification and aggregation ambiguities.
(b) monopolistic competition.
(c) specific factors issues.
(d) scale economies.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: A
33. We often observe “pseudo-intra-industry trade” between the United States and Mexico. Actually,
such trade is consistent with
(a) oligopolistic markets.
(b) comparative advantage associated with Heckscher-Ohlin model.
(c) optimal tariff issues.
(d) huge sucking sound.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: B
34. Intra-industry trade will tend to dominate trade flows when which of the following exists?
(a) Large differences between relative country factor availabilities
(b) Small differences between relative country factor availabilities
(c) Homogeneous products that cannot be differentiated
(d) Constant cost industries
(e) None of the above.
Answer: B
35. The most common form of price discrimination in international trade is
(a) non-tariff barriers.
(b) Voluntary Export Restraints.
(c) dumping.
(d) preferential trade arrangements.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: C
Essay Questions
1. Why is it that if an industry were operating under conditions of domestic internal scale economies
(applies to firm in the country)—then the resultant equilibrium cannot be consistent with the pure competition model?
Answer: Because once one firm became bigger than another, or if one firm began the industry, then no other firm would be able to match its per unit cost, so that they would be driven out of
the industry.
2. Is it possible that if positive scale economies characterize an industry, that its equilibrium may be
consistent with purely competitive conditions? Explain how this could happen.
Answer: Yes. If the scale economies were external to the firm, then there is no reason why the firms may not be in perfect competition.
3. If a scale economy is the dominant technological factor defining or establishing comparative
advantage, then the underlying facts explaining why a particular country dominates world markets in some product may be pure chance, or historical accident. Explain, and compare this with the answer you would give for the Heckscher-Ohlin model of comparative advantage.
Answer: This statement is true, since the reason the seller is a monopolist may be that it happened to have been the first to produce this product in this country. It may have no connection to
any supply or demand related factors; nor to any natural or man-made availability. This is
all exactly the opposite of the Heckscher-Ohlin Neo-Classical model’s explanation of the
determinants of comparative advantage.
4. It is possible that trade based on external scale economies may leave a country worse off than it
would have been without trade. Explain how this could happen.
Answer: One answer is that the terms of trade effects may dominate any other factors.
5. If scale economies were not only external to firms, but were also external to individual countries.
That is, the larger the worldwide industry (regardless of where firms or plants are located), the
cheaper would be the per-unit cost of production. Describe what world trade would look like in this case.
Answer: Presumably each country would specialize in some component of the final product. This would result in much observed intra-industry trade.
6. Why are increasing returns to scale and fixed costs important in models of international trade and
monopolistic competition?
Answer: There are many answers. Three of these are
(a) Increasing returns to scale, and high fixed costs may be inconsistent with perfect
competition. In such a case, the initial autarkic state may be a suboptimal equilibrium.
For example, relative prices may not equal marginal rates of transformation. It follows
from this that a change in output compositions associated with trade may result in a
national welfare for one or both trading countries that is inferior to that associated
with the initial autarkic conditions. Hence no “gains from trade.”
(b) In a case of increasing scale economies at the firm or plant level, the determination of
which product will be exported by which country is ex-ante indeterminate. Therefore,
deriving clear implications concerning the effects of trade on income distributions
such as may be derived from the Samuelson-Stolper Theorem is no longer generally
possible.
(c) Market structures containing positive scale economies and imperfect competition may
allow for “two-way trade,” or intra-industry trade. As in b. above, the various
theorems derivable from the Heckscher-Ohlin model concerning directions of trade
and income distributions are no longer generally applicable.
7. Explain why it may be argued that the relative importance of the intra-industry component of world
trade is likely to lessen economic strife or confrontation (a la Stolper-Samuelson) associated with commercial policy within countries in which overall trade is expanding?
Answer: In the case of the Neo-Classical H-O model, the expansion of trade will tend to increase the incomes of those factors in which the exports are relatively intense. This may create
situations in which unskilled lab or’s already relatively low relative incomes would worsen
in a country such as the U.S., hence heating up “class warfare.” In the case of intra-
industry trade, the expanding exports will tend to be in relatively fragmented subsets of
products (“brands”). S uch export expansion will have no determinant or systematic
tendency to affect relative factor returns in any deterministic manner.
8. Explain why positive economies of scale in one (of two) sectors may establish a comparative
advantage for the large (as compared to the small) country in the production of the commodity
which exhibits positive scale economies.
Answer: In the case of the H-O model, the actual size of the country is irrelevant in the
determination of the direction of trade (though it may affect the equilibrium terms of
trade). When positive scale economies apply to the production of one product, the country
that can devote more resources (in absolute terms) will be able to sell that product cheaper,
and therefore will be more likely to gain a “revealed” comparative advantage in that
product. This will be the country with more factors (both labor and capital)—the larger
country.
Quantitative/Graphing Problems
1. The figure above represents the demand and cost functions facing a Brazilian Steel producing
monopolist. If it were unable to export, and was constrained by its domestic market, what quantity would it sell at what price?
Answer: It would sell 5 (million tons) at a price of $8/ton.
2. Now the monopolist discovers that it can export as much as it likes of its steel at the world price of
$5/ton. It will therefore expand for-export production up to the point where its marginal cost equals $5. How much steel will the monopolist sell, and at what price?
Answer: It would sell 10 million tons at $5/ton.
3. Given the opportunity to sell at world prices, the marginal (opportunity) cost of selling a ton
domestically is what?
Answer: $5/ton.
4. While selling exports it would also maximize its domestic sales by equating its marginal
(opportunity) cost to its marginal revenue of $5. How much steel would the firm sell domestically, and at what price?
Answer: 4 million tons at $10/ton.
5. The Brazilian firm is charging its foreign (U.S.) customers one half the price it is charging its
domestic customers. Is this good or bad for the real income or economic welfare of the
United States? Is the Brazilian firm engaged in dumping? Is this predatory behavior on the part
of the Brazilian steel company?
Answer: Good. Yes, if you define dumping as selling abroad at a price lower than domestically. No, if by dumping you mean selling below marginal cost. No—this is not being done in order
to capture market shares, but rather is “mere” static profit maximization behavior, as is
expected of any self-respecting monopolist.
6. The following Table describes the labor-input coefficients needed to produce one Widget in England
and Portugal. Both countries are identical in size, tastes, technology. This technology is described in the table below:
To Produce This Many Widgets, Or This Many Apples Labor-Hour Requirements
1 3
2 5
3 6
4 7
5 8
6 9
7 10
Let us assume that each country has 10 labor-hours available. Further, consumers always consume an equal amount of apples and widgets.
(a) How of each product will be produced in England under autarky? 2 widgets and 2 apples.
(b) Judging from autarky conditions, which country has a comparative advantage in widgets?
(c) If England (completely) specialized in widgets, how many widgets would be produced, and how
many apples?
(d) If the world terms of trade were established at 3.5 widgets 3.5 Apples, which country would
enjoy gains from trade (as compared to The autarky solution?)
(e) If Portugal were to completely specialize in widgets, how would the answers to c and d change?
(f) What would the production possibility curve look like in each country?
Answers: (a) 2 widgets and 2 apples
(b) None
(c) 7 widgets in England and 7 apples in Portugal
(d) both would gain from trade. Instead of consuming 2 widgets and 2 apples, they would
each consume 3.5 widgets and 3.5 apples.
(e) Same numbers as c, except that the countries will each be assigned a different product.
Exactly the same answer for d.
(f) convex to the origin.
国际经济学作业答案-第六章
Chapter 6 Economies of Scale, Imperfect Competition, a n d I n t e r n a t i o n a l T r a d e ?Multiple Choice Questions 1. External economies of scale arise when the cost per unit (a) rises as the industry grows larger. (b) falls as the industry grows larger rises as the average firm grows larger. (c) falls as the average firm grows larger. (d) remains constant. (e) None of the above. Answer: B 2. Internal economies of scale arise when the cost per unit (a) rises as the industry grows larger. (b) falls as the industry grows larger. (c) rises as the average firm grows larger. (d) falls as the average firm grows larger. (e) None of the above. Answer: D 3. External economies of scale (a) may be associated with a perfectly competitive industry. (b) cannot be associated with a perfectly competitive industry. (c) tends to result in one huge monopoly. (d) tends to result in large profits for each firm. (e) None of the above. Answer: A 4. Internal economies of scale (a) may be associated with a perfectly competitive industry. (b) cannot be associated with a perfectly competitive industry. (c) are associated only with sophisticated products such as aircraft. (d) cannot form the basis for international trade. (e) None of the above. Answer: B
国际经济学作业答案第一章
Chapter 1 Introduction Multiple Choice Questions Historians of economic thought often describe ___________ written by _______ and published in __________ as the first real exposition of an economic model. “Of the Balance of Trade,” David Hume, 1776 “Wealth of Nations,” David Hume, 1758 “Wealth of Nations,” Adam Smith, 1758 “Wealth of Nations,” Adam Smith, 1776 “Of the Balance of Trade,” David Hume, 1758 Answer: E From 1959 to 2000, the U.S. economy roughly tripled in size. U.S. imports roughly tripled in size. the share of US Trade in the economy roughly tripled in size. U.S. Imports roughly tripled as compared to U.S. exports. U.S. exports roughly tripled in size. Answer: C The United States is less dependent on trade than most other countries because the United States is a relatively large country. the United States is a “Superpower.” the military power of the United States makes it less dependent on anything. the United States invests in many other countries. many countries invest in the United States. Answer: A Ancient theories of international economics from the 18th and 19th Centuries are: not relevant to current policy analysis. are only of moderate relevance in today’s modern international economy. are highly relevant in today’s modern internationa l economy. are the only theories that actually relevant to modern international economy. are not well understood by modern mathematically oriented theorists. Answer: C
国际经济学第6章
第六章：规模经济，不完全竞争和国际贸易 1.外部规模经济指的是每单位成本： A．随行业扩大而增加 B．随行业扩大而降低 C．随平均每家公司扩大而降低 D．保存不变 E．以上都不是 答案：B 2. 内部规模经济指的是每单位成本： A．随行业扩大而增加 B．随行业扩大而降低 C．随每家公司扩大而增加 D．随每家公司扩大而降低 E．以上都不是 答案：D 3.外部规模经济 A可能和一个完全竞争行业相联系 B．与完全竞争行业无关 C．将导致一个大的垄断 D．将导致每个厂家都得到利润 E．以上都不是 答案：A 4.内部规模经济 A可能和一个完全竞争行业相联系 B．与完全竞争行业无关 C．只和尖端的产品相联系，例如飞机 D．不能产生国际贸易 E，以上都不是 答案：B 5.一个垄断者 A．可以在市场上按照他决定的价格出售产品 B．不能决定价格，价格由消费者需求决定 C．当产品供应量很大，无需求弹性时，不可能出售产品D．不可能出售额外的量除非提高每一单位的价格 E以上都不是 答案:C 6.垄断竞争和什么联系 A．激烈的价格竞争 B．产品差异化 C．明确考虑其他企业的价格决策对本企业的反馈影响
D．高利润边际 E．以上都不是 答案：B 7．当存在规模经济时，一个国家生产规模可能被什么限制 A．国家的规模大小 B．贸易国的规模大小 C．国内市场的规模大小 D．国内和国外市场的大小 E．以上都不是 答案:D 8.当存在规模经济，市场规模的增大将会 A．增加厂家的数量和单位产品的价格 B．减少厂家的数量和增加单位产品的价格 C．增加厂家的数量和降低单位产品的价格 D．降低厂家的数量和降低单位产品价格 E．以上都不是 答案：C 9.美国同时进口和出口一种产品是一下那个例子 A．增加规模报酬 B．不完全竞争 C．行业内贸易 D．行业间贸易 E．以上都不是 答案：C 10.当投入增加一倍时如果产量要增加超过一倍，这种生产在什么条件下发生A．规模报酬递增 B．不完全竞争 C．行业内贸易 D．行业间贸易 E．以上都不是 答案A 11行业内贸易可以被部分解释为 A国家之间没有运输费用的交易 B．数据集合和范畴的问题 C．规模报酬递增 D．以上都是 E．以上都不是 答案：C
国际经济学作业答案
C h a p t e r7I n t e r n a t i o n a l F a c t o r M o v e m e n t s Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the following differs in its essential analytical framework (a) I nternational trade in goods (b) I nternational conflict resolution (c) I nternational trade in services (d) I nternational trade in factors of production (e) I nternational borrowing and lending Answer: B 2. The slope of the production function measures (a) t he physical increase in output as country grows. (b) t he dollar-value increase in output as a country grows. (c) t he increase in number of workers as immigration proceeds. (d) t he marginal product of labor. (e) t he marginal product of capital.
Answer: D 3. International free labor mobility will under all circumstances (a) i ncrease total world output. (b) i mprove the economic welfare of everyone. (c) i mprove the economic welfare of workers everywhere. (d) i mprove the economic welfare of landlords (or capital owners) everywhere. (e) N one of the above. Answer: E 4. If the world attained a perfect Heckscher-Ohlin model equilibrium with trade, then (a) w orkers in the labor abundant country would migrate to the capital abundant country. (b) w orkers in the labor abundant country would wish to migrate to the capital abundant country. (c) w orkers in the labor abundant country would have no desire to migrate to the capital abundant country.
国际经济学课后答案解析
第一章绪论 1、列举出体现当前国际经济学问题的一些重要事件，他们为什么重要？他们都是怎么影响中国与欧、美、日的经济和政治关系的？当前的国际金融危机最能体现国际经济学问题，其深刻地影响了世界各国的金融、实体经济、政治等领域，也影响了各国之间的关系因此显得尤为重要；其对中国与欧、美、日的政治和经济关系的影响为：减少中国对上述国家的出口，影响中国外汇储备，贸易摩擦加剧，经济联系加强，因而也会导致中国与上述国家在政治上的对话与合作。 2、我们如何评价一国与他国之间的相互依赖程度？我们可以通过一国的对外贸易依存度来评价该国与他国之间的相互依赖程度，也可以通过其他方式来评价比如一国政府政策的溢出效应和回震效应以及对外贸易对国民生活水平的影响。 3、国际贸易理论及国际贸易政策研究的内容是什么？为什么说他们是国际经济学的微观方面?国际贸易理论分析贸易的基础和所得，国际贸易政策考察贸易限制和新保护主义的原因和效果。国际贸易理论和政策是国际经济学的微观方面，因为他们把国家看作基本单位，并研究单个商品的（相对）价格。 4、什么是外汇交易市场及国际收支平衡表？调节国际收支平衡意味着什么？为什么说他们是国际经济学的宏观方面？什么是宏观开放经济学及国际金融？外汇交易市场描述一国货币与他国货币交换的框架，国际收支平衡表测度了一国与外部世界交易的总收入与总支出的情况。调节国际收支平衡意味着调节一国与外部世界交易出现的不均衡（赤字或盈余）；由于国际收支平衡表涉及总收入和总支出，调节政策影响国家收入水平和价格总指数，因而他们是国际经济学的宏观方面；外汇交易及国际收支平衡调节涉及总收入和总支出，调整政策影响国家收入水平和价格总指数，这些内容被称为宏观开放经济学或国际金融。 5、浏览报刊并做下列题目：（1）找出5条有关国际经济学的新闻（2）每条新闻对中国经济的重要性或影响（3）每条新闻对你个人有何影响 A (1) 国际金融危机: 影响中国整体经济,降低出口、增加失业、经济减速等 (2) 美国大选：影响中美未来经济政治关系 (3) 石油价格持续下跌：影响中国的能源价格及相关产业 (4) 可口可乐收购汇源被商务部否决：《反垄断法》的第一次实施，加强经济法治 (5) 各国政府经济刺激方案：对中国经济产生外部性效应B 以上5条新闻对个人影响为：影响个人消费水平和就业前景 第二章比较优势理论 1、重商主义者的贸易观点如何？他们的国家财富概念与现在有何不同？重商主义者主张政府应当竭尽所能孤立出口，不主张甚至限制商品（尤其是奢侈类消费品）。重商主义者认为国家富强的方法是尽量使出口大于进口，而出超的结果是金银等贵重金属流入，而一个国家拥有越多的金银，就越富有越强大。现在认为一个国家生产力即生产商品的能力越高则一国越富强 2、亚当.斯密主张的贸易基础和贸易模式分别是什么？贸易所得是如何产生的？斯密倡导什么样的国际贸易基础？他认为政府在经济生活中的适当功能是什么？亚当.斯密主张的贸易基础是绝对优势；贸易模式为两国通过专门生产自己有绝对优势的产品并用其中一部分来交换器有绝对劣势的商品。通过生产绝对优势商品并交换，资源可以被最有效的使用，而且两种商品的产出会有很大的增长，通过交换就会消费比以前更多的商品从而产生了贸易所得；斯密倡导自由贸易，主张自由放任也就是政府尽可能少干涉经济
[VIP专享]国际经济学(第四版)
国际经济学 名词： 1、国际经济学：是经济的一般理论在国际经济范围中的延伸和应用，是以经济学的一般理论为基础来研究国际经济活动与国际经济关系的经济学分支学科，是整个经济学体系的有机组成部分。主要研究对象有国际贸易理论与政策、国际收支、外汇理论、生产要素的国际流动、跨国公司、经济发展、经济一体化、开放经济的宏观调节、经济全球化与国际经济秩序研究等。 2、绝对利益:在某一种商品上，一个经济在劳动生产率上占有绝对优势，或其生产所耗费的劳动成本绝对低于另一经济，若各个经济都从事自己占有绝对优势商品的生产，继而进行交换，那么双方都可以通过交换得到绝对的利益，从而整个世界也可以获得分工的好处。 3、比较利益:甲国在生产任何产品时成本均低于乙国，劳动生产率均高于乙国，处于绝对优势，两个国家间进行贸易的可能性依然存在，因为两国劳动生产率之间的差距，并不是在任何产品上都一样。这样，处于绝对优势的国家集中生产本国国内具有最大优势的产品，处于绝对劣势的国家停止生产在本国国内处于最大劣势的产品，通过自由交换，双方都可节约社会劳动，增加产品的消费。世界也因而增加产量，提高劳动生产率。 4、国际分工:即各国之间的劳动分工,生产的国际专业化。它是国际贸易的基础,是社会分工从国内向国外延伸的结果。各国对于分工方式的选择以及分工的变化,反映了彼此之间经济发展水平的差异及各国经济联系的程度。主要有产业间、产业内、垂直、水平以及不同要素密集度之间的分工等类型。 5、贸易乘数:在开放的条件下，对外贸易的增长可以使国民经济成倍增加，对外贸易乘数研究一国对外贸易与国民收入、就业之间的互相影响，描述了在开放经济体系内部出口促进经济增长的动态过程。公式为： dY＝[l/(dM/dY)] dX。（2003） 6、一价定律:在完全竞争的市场上，相同的交易产品或金融资产经过汇率调整后，在世界范围内其交易成本一定是相等的。这个定律在经济中是通过诸如购买力平价、利息平价、远期汇率等经济关系表现出来的。 7、贸易创造与贸易转移:关税同盟成员国产品从生产成本较高的国内生产转向成本较低的关税同盟中贸易对象国生产，本国从贸易对象国进口的一种过程和现象。的部分进口产品从过去进口自较低生产成本国(非成员国)转向从较高生产成本国(成员国)进口的过程和现象。 8、流动借贷:国际金融中决定汇率的理论——国际借贷说中的重要概念，指国际借贷中形成了借贷关系并且进入了实际支付的那种债权、债务关系，它对国际收支的平衡从而对汇率的走向有着重要的决定性影响。 9、固定借贷:国际金融中决定汇率的理论——国际借贷说中的重要概念，指国际借贷中形成了借贷关系但尚未进入实际支付的那种债权债务关系。它对国际收支从而对汇率的走向无实质决定性作用，有时甚至会产生相反的现象，即债务存在时汇率反而走高。 10、边际进口倾向：国际贸易理论中的一个重要概念，指每一单位增量国民收入中，用于进行进口的比重。通常在公式中用m来表示。边际进口倾向大,则每一单位增量国民收入中用于进口的比重大，乘数效应对于经济的刺激作用就会较小,反之则较大。 11、外汇倾销:利用本国货币对外贬值的机会,向外倾销商品和争夺市场的行为称外汇倾销。这是因为本国货币贬值后，出口商品用外国货币表示价格降低，提高了该国商品在国际市场上的竞争力，有利于扩大出口；而因本国货币贬值，进口商品的价格上涨，削弱了进口商品的竞争力，限制了进口。外汇倾销需要一定的条件，主要是本国货币对外贬值速度要快于对内贬值以及对方不进行报复等。 12、幼稚产业:具有比较利益的产业处于幼稚状态，经过保护使之发展，具有现实的比较利益。（1）穆勒标准：某种产业由于技术不足、生产率低下，成本高于国际市场，无法竞争，在保护下，能够在自由贸易下获利，自我投资发展，即为幼稚产业。（2）巴斯塔布尔标准：保护、扶植幼稚产业所需的社会成本不能超过该产业将来利润的现值总和，符合条件即为幼稚产业。（3）肯普标准：除了穆—巴标准的内容外，应考虑产业在被保护时期内的外部效应，如某种技术可为其他产业所获得，因而使得本产业利润无法增加，将来利润无法补偿投资成本，国家应该予以保护。 13、外汇：是货币行政当局以银行存款、财政部库券、长短期政府证券等形式保有的在国际收支逆差时可以用作支付使用的国际支付手段或债权。 14、汇率：是本国货币与其他货币之间的比价关系，是外汇在市场中的价格。从不同角度出发，汇率有多种表
国际经济学作业答案第六章
Economi es of Scal e, I mper f ect Compet i t i on, Chapter 6 a n d I n t e r n a t i o n a l Multiple Choice Questions 1.External economies of scale arise when the cost per unit (a)rises as the industry grows larger. (b)falls as the industry grows larger rises as the average firm grows larger. (c)falls as the average firm grows larger. (d)remains constant. (e)None of the above. Answer: B 2.Internal economies of scale arise when the cost per unit (a)rises as the industry grows larger. (b)falls as the industry grows larger. (c)rises as the average firm grows larger. (d)falls as the average firm grows larger. (e)None of the above. Answer: D 3.External economies of scale (a)may be associated with a perfectly competitive industry. (b)cannot be associated with a perfectly competitive industry. (c)tends to result in one huge monopoly. (d)tends to result in large profits for each firm. (e)None of the above. Answer: A 4.Internal economies of scale (a)may be associated with a perfectly competitive industry. (b)cannot be associated with a perfectly competitive industry. (c)are associated only with sophisticated products such as aircraft. (d)cannot form the basis for international trade. (e)None of the above. Answer: B
国际经济学答案中文版(人大版)
Chapter 2 Chapter 12 1. 正如题目中所说的，GNP只包括最终产品和服务的价值的原因是为了避免重复计算。如果从GNP中减掉中间产品进口并加上中间产品出 口，那么就可以避免重复计算。以卖给丰田公司和通用汽车的美国钢铁为例，卖给通用汽车的钢铁由于其价值已经包含在美国生产的汽车 中，因此不应再计入美国GNP；由于丰田的产值计入日本GNP，卖给丰田的钢铁的价值不再以成品形态计入（日本）国民收入账户。日本 的GNP则应扣除这些钢铁的价值，因为这是美国生产要素的报酬。 2. 等式2可以写成CA = (S p - I) + (T - G)，更高的进口壁垒对私人储蓄，投资及预算赤字几乎没有影响。若这些变量没有受影响，那么征收的关税或进口配额无助于改善经常项目账户收支状况（赤字）。但是贸易壁垒对经常账户的影响是柄双刃剑，例如，收关税保护的行 业的投资上升会恶化经常账户（有时关税确实被证明是正当的，因其为国内落后行业升级技术装备提供了机会）。另一方面，由于关税导 致的进口半产品成本上升，某些行业的投资可能下降。一般来说，永久性关税和临时性关税具有不同的效果。问题的关键在于，预测关税 以何种方式影响经常账户需要从一般均衡，也就是宏观经济角度分析。 3.（a）购买德国股票借记美国金融账户；由于开支票减少了他在瑞士银行的付款要求权，所以当他用瑞士银行的账户开出的支票支付时， 则贷记金融账户。在该案例中，美国人用持有的一种外国资产换取了另一种外国资产。 （b）购买股票借记美国金融账户，贷记则发生于德国售股者将美国支票存入德国银行而该银行又把钱借给德国进口商（贷记美国经常账 户）或购买美国资产的公司或个人（贷记美国金融账户）。德国银行的某些行为最终将贷记美国国际收支账户。 （c）法国政府通过出售美国资产，即它在美国银行的美元，干预外汇市场，因此借记美国金融账户。法国公民购买美元后，如购买美国 商品，则贷记美国经常账户；如购买美国资产，则贷记美国金融账户。 （d）假设发行旅行支票的公司使用它在法国的支票帐户进行支付。当它为这顿饭向法国饭店付款时，借记美国经常账户。旅行支票的发 行公司必须出售（美国的）资产（即减少在法国支票帐户上的存款），该公司在法国资产的减少意味着贷记美国金融账户。 （e）由于没有市场交易，经常账户和资本账户借贷双方都没有变化。 （f）离岸交易没有计入在美国国际收支。 4. 购买电话录音机分别借记纽约州，贷记新泽西州的经常账户；当新泽西公司把钱存到纽约银行时，分别贷记纽约州，借记新泽西州的 金融账户。如果交易使用的是现金，那么两州金融账户的变化仍与前述相同：新泽西州获得了美钞（从纽约进口资产，借记金融账户）； 纽约州失去了美钞（出口钞票，贷记金融账户）。 5. （a）由于非央行渠道的资本流入只能以弥补经常账户5亿美元的赤字，因此Pecunia国际收支余额（官方结算余额）是-5亿美元。由 于国家要为10亿美元的经常账户赤字融资，因此Pecunia的海外净资产下降了10亿美元。 （b）对Pecunia国的外汇储备稍加研究，我们发现Pecunia的央行无法通过私人资本流入来为经常账户赤字融资。只有在外国中央银行 购进Pecunia资产的情况下Pecunia央行才可以避免动用5亿美元外汇储备来弥补经常账户赤字。Pecunia央行失去了5亿美元的外汇储 备，在国际收支账户中则体现为官方资本流入。 （c）如果外国官方资本流入是6亿美元，Pecunia就拥有1亿美元的国际收支顺差。换而言之，Pecunia只需要10亿美元弥补经常账户 赤字，但是却有10亿美元流入。因此Pecunia央行必须对外借出1亿美元以增加其储备。外国央行购买Pecunia资产的行为在其国际收 支账户中表现为资本流出，是借方项目。其中的基本原理是：这些交易导致了外国对Pecunia出售资产进行的支付。 （d）与央行间交易相伴的是，Pecunia金融账户显示外国在Pecunia持有的官方储备资产增加了6亿美元（贷记Pecunia金融账户，资本 流入），Pecunia在外国持有的官方储备资产（借记其金融账户，资本流出）增加了1亿美元。因此，10亿资本的净流入正好弥补了经常 账户赤字。 6. 从长期来看，经常账户盈余或赤字都是不能接受的。有些情况下，赤字是合理的，例如，为提高未来的国民收入而借款提高当前生产 能力。但是，对于任何时期的经常账户赤字，必然要有相应的时期支出少于收入以偿还外债。在没有特别的投资机会时，对于一个经济体 来说最好的情况莫过于长期的消费和支出相当。 一国央行持有的外汇储备会随着国际收支差额变动而变动。央行使用外汇储备来干预汇率，外汇储备不足会限制央行干预或固定汇率的能 力。对于一些国家而言（特别是发展中国家），当它们向国外贷款出现困难时，央行的储备就成了保持消费和投资的重要力量。高水平的 外汇储备还可使潜在的外国投资者确信该国是信誉卓著的。 7. 官方结算余额，也叫国际收支平衡，显示了像美联储和财政部这样的美国政府机构持有的外汇储备相对于外国政府机构持有的美元储 备的变动。该账户提供了美联储干预外汇市场程度的部分描述。例如，德国联邦银行购买美元并存在它在伦敦的欧洲美元账户中，虽然这 笔交易是外汇干预的一种形式，但它并没有体现在美国官方结算余额中。当伦敦银行将这笔存款贷记他在美国的账户时，这笔交易就体现 为私人资本流入。 8. 如果金融账户和资本账户的盈余超过经常账户赤字，那么一国可以既有经常项目赤字又有国际收支盈余。国际收支盈余=经常账户盈余 +资本账户盈余+金融账户盈余。例如，如果经常账户赤字为1亿美元，资本账户盈余为1.02亿美元，那么国际收支盈余为0.02亿美元。 本问题可以作为第十七章固定汇率和外汇干预的引言。在80年代的头几年美国政府没有直接干预外汇市场，课本上结果是国际收支差额 为0，而实际数字则显示在82年到85年有少量的国际收支盈余。这些年份有达尔的经常账户赤字，因此，在这些年里，美国的资本流入 超过了经常账户赤字。
国际经济学 第6章 学习重点
第六章学习重点 本章内容较多，重点如下： 1、重点理解固定汇率制度与浮动汇率制度的优劣之争。（按照笔记内容答题） 2、识记汇率制度的种类、各自定义。 3、识记政府对外汇市场干预的分类及各自含义，理解冲销式干预与非冲销式干 预。 4、外汇管制的含义及其种类。 5、了解资本外逃和货币替代的含义。 6、理解货币自由兑换的含义、层次、条件，当前人民币自由兑换的状况。 7、理解国际储备与国际清偿力的含义及区别、国际储备的构成、作用与管理（理 解影响国际储备适度规模决定的因素）。 8、能对当前人民币汇率制度有所了解，并能谈出自己对人民币汇率制度改革的 观点。 复习题 一、名词解释 1、汇率制度 2、固定汇率制度 3、浮动汇率制度 4、清洁浮动与肮脏浮动 5、爬行钉住汇率制度 6、汇率目标区制 7、货币局制度 8、蜜月效应 9、离婚效应10、直接干预与间接干预11、冲销式干预与非冲销式干预 12、单边干预与联合干预13、熨平每日波动型干预14、逆向型干预 15、非官方钉住型干预16、货币自由兑换17、复汇率制度 18、国际储备19、国际清偿力20、特别提款权21、资本外逃 22、货币替代 二、问答题 1、试比较固定汇率制度与浮动汇率制度的优劣。 2、简述蒙代尔——弗莱明模型的假设、推理与结论。（图示） 3、一国选择汇率制度应考虑哪些因素？ 4、试述一国货币自由兑换应具备的条件，并结合中国的情况，说明人民币能否 在近期内实现完全可自由兑换。 5、试述当前现行的人民币汇率制度的内容、改革方向（对与改革方向应能阐明 自己的理由） 6、试述一国应如何管理本国的国际储备。结合中国的情况，谈一下你对我国巨 额外汇储备的看法及解决途径。 7、简述政府干预外汇市场的目的。 8、简述国际储备的作用。 三、不定项选择、填空题和判断题 1、国际储备的内容要广于国际清偿能力。（） 2、国际储备由、、、四部分组成。 3、特别提款权是由IMF创立的用以清算企业间国际贸易收支的帐面资产。（） 4、第二次世界大战后，西方国家实行的浮动汇率制都是（） A．联合浮动B．自由浮动
国际经济学答案答案中文版
Home's PPF 200400600800200400600800 Q apple Q banana Foreign's PPF 200400600800100080160240320400 Q*apple Q*banana Chapter 2 1a.画出本国的生产可能性边界： b. 用香蕉衡量的苹果的机会成本是， 5.1=Lb La a a c ．劳动力的自由流动使两部门的工资率相等，自由竞争使得他们生产两种产品的机会成本相同。相对价格等于相对成本，后者可以表示为(*)/(*)a a b b w a w a ，由于两部门间的工资率相等，a b w w ∴=，只有在Lb La b a /a a /P P =，两种商品才都会被生产。所以 1.5 /P P b a = 2a. b. 3 a. a b b a /P P /D D =∵当市场达到均衡时, 1b a ) (D D -**=++=b a b b a a P P Q Q Q Q ∴RD 是一条双曲线 x y 1 =
b.苹果的均衡相对价格由RD 和RS 的交点决定: RD: y x 1 = RS: 5 ]5,5.1[5.1],5.0(5.0) 5.0,0[=∈=??? ??+∞∈=∈y y y x x x ∴x=0.5, y=2 ∴2/=b P a P e e c. ∵b a b e a e b a P P P P P P ///>>**∴只有两个国家的时候，本国专门生产苹果，出口苹果并进口香蕉：外国则正好相反。 d ． 国际贸易允许本国和外国在阴影区内任何一点消费，专门生产某种产品然后和另一个国家进行贸易的间接方式，要比直接生产该商品的方式更有效率。在没有贸易时，本国要生产3单位的香蕉必须放弃2单位的苹果，外国要生产1单位的苹果要放弃5单位的香蕉。贸易允许两国以两单位香蕉交换一单位苹果。通过出让2单位苹果，本国可以获得四单位的香蕉；而外国可以用2单位向交换得1单位苹果。所以两个国家都从贸易中获利。 4. RD: y x 1 = RS: 5 ]5,5.1[5 .1] ,1(1)1,0[=∈=?? ???+∞∈=∈y y y x x x →5.13 2==y x →5.1/=b P a P e e 在这种情况下，外国将专门生产并出口香蕉，进口苹果。但本国将同时生产香蕉和苹果，并且香蕉相对于苹果的机会成本在本国是相同的。所以本国既没有得益也没有受损，但外国从贸易中获益了。 5.在这种情况下，劳动力总量加倍了而劳动生产率减半，所以有效劳动力总量仍是相同的。答案类似于第三小题，两国都从贸易中获益了。但是，相对于第四小题，外国的获益减少了。 6.实际上，相对工资率由相应的劳动生产率和对产品的相对需求决定。韩国的低工资率反映了韩国大部分行业的劳动生产率比美国低。和低劳动生产率，低工资率的国家进行贸易可以提高像美国那样高劳动生产率国家的福利和生活水平。所以这种贫民劳动论是错误的。
国际经济学第十版课后答案(萨尔瓦多、杨冰译)
国际经济学（第十版）多米尼克.萨尔瓦多(著) P16页练习题 6.（1）根据消费者需求理论，当其他条件不变时，一种商品价格的提高（如由于税率的上浮所致），会带来需求量的什么变化？ 答：根据消费者需求理论，当其他条件不变时，一种商品价格的提高，则该商品的需求量将会下降。 （2）根据消费者需求理论，一种进口商品价格的提高（如由于进口关税的上浮所致），会带来需求量的什么变化？ 答：根据消费者需求理论，一种进口商品价格的提高，则该商品的出口量将会下降。 7．（1）一国政府如何能消除或减少预算赤字？ 答：一国政府可以通过减少政府支出、增加税收，来消除或者减少预算赤字。（2）一个国家如何能消除或减少贸易逆差？ 答：一个国家要消除或减少其贸易逆差的方式有：对进口商品增税、补贴出口，借如更多的国外债券、减少借出外国债券，降低该国的国民收入水平。 8．（1）国际经济关系与地区经济关系有何区别？ 答：在国际经济关系下，国家通常限制在国际间的自由流动的货物、服务和因素，不同的语言、消费习惯和法律规定同样也阻碍了它们在国际间的流动，此外，国际收支会在各种货币收据和付款中流通。 而在地区经济关系下，就关税和进行相同的货币而言,区际流动的货物、服务和因素没有面临这样的限制因素，它们经常是在同样的语言环境下，在类似的消费习惯和法律规定下进行的，这就与国际经济关系形成了鲜明对比。 （2）它们在哪方面相似？ 答：国际经济关系和地区经济关系的相似点：两者都跨越了空间距离，事实上，它们都是在远距离贸易下的产物，把经济看待成在一个进行着生产、交换和消费的空间中的单一点，这也是从经济学的复位空间将它们区分。 1
克鲁格曼国际经济学第八版上册课后答案
Overview of Section II: International Trade Policy Section II of the text is comprised of four chapters: Chapter 8The Instruments of Trade Policy Chapter 9The Political Economy of Trade Policy Chapter 10Trade Policy in Developing Countries Chapter 11Controversies in Trade Policy n Section II Overview Trade policy issues figure prominently in current political debates and public policy discussions. The first two chapters of this section of the text are concerned with the instruments of trade policy and the arguments for free trade and managed trade. The second two chapters consider these concepts in the context of specific sets of countries that face common problems. Throughout, the use of case studies provides the student with real world examples that clearly illustrate the theoretical arguments. Chapter 8 discusses various instruments of trade policy including tariffs, quotas, voluntary export restraints, and local content requirements. The effects of these policies on prices and trade volumes are determined in the context of a partial equilibrium framework. The chapter reviews the analytical tools of consumer and producer surplus, and uses these tools to consider the welfare effects of various protectionist measures. The specific incidents of trade restrictions presented as case studies include import quotas on sugar entering United States markets, voluntary export restraints on Japanese autos, and oil import quotas. Chapter 9 presents the set of ideas known as the political economy of trade theory. These ideas enable you to understand why certain trade restrictions exist, despite the force of general economic arguments which suggest that they reduce aggregate welfare. Possible motivations for trade restrictions are identified as those which increase national welfare, such as the optimum tariff, and those which foster either income
克鲁格曼 国际经济学第9版教材答案
Chapter 1 Introduction ?Chapter Organization What Is International Economics About? The Gains from Trade The Pattern of Trade How Much Trade? Balance of Payments Exchange Rate Determination International Policy Coordination The International Capital Market International Economics: Trade and Money ?Chapter Overview The intent of this chapter is to provide both an overview of the subject matter of international economics and to provide a guide to the organization of the text. It is relatively easy for an instructor to motivate the study of international trade and finance. The front pages of newspapers, the covers of magazines, and the lead reports on television news broadcasts herald the interdependence of the U.S. economy with the rest of the world. This interdependence may also be recognized by students through their purchases of imports of all sorts of goods, their personal observations of the effects of dislocations due to international competition, and their experience through travel abroad. The study of the theory of international economics generates an understanding of many key events that shape our domestic and international environment. In recent history, these events include the causes and consequences of the large current account deficits of the United States; the dramatic appreciation of the dollar during the first half of the 1980s followed by its rapid depreciation in the second half of the 1980s; the Latin American debt crisis of the 1980s and the Mexican crisis in late 1994; and the increased pressures for industry protection against foreign competition broadly voiced in the late 1980s and more vocally espoused in the first half of the 1990s. The financial crisis that began in East Asia in 1997 and spread to many countries around the globe and the Economic and Monetary Union in Europe highlighted the way in which various national economies are linked and how important it is for us to understand these connections. These global linkages have been highlighted yet again with the rapid spread of the financial crisis in the United States to the rest of the world. At the same time, protests at global economic meetings and a rising wave of protectionist rhetoric have highlighted opposition to globalization. The text material will enable students to understand the economic context in which such events occur. ? 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley