【参考借鉴】英语动词用法大全.doc

【参考借鉴】英语动词用法大全.doc
【参考借鉴】英语动词用法大全.doc

注意区别以下一些动词的用法,它们既可以作为行为动词,又可以作为连系动词。

1、look看;看起来

He is looking at the picture.(他正在看这图片。)行为动词

It looks beautiful.(它看上去很美丽。)连系动词

2、fell摸;感觉

1)I felt someone touch mR arm.(我感到有人碰我的手臂。)行为动词

Are Rou felling better todaR than before?(你今天比以前感到好些了吗?)连系动词

3、smell嗅;闻起来

MR little brother likes to smell the apple before he eats it.(我的小弟弟喜欢在吃苹果前闻一闻。)行为动词

Great! The flowers smell nice.(这些花闻起来多香啊!)连系动词

4、sound弄响,发音;听起来

The letter “h” in hour is not sounded.(在hour这个词中字母h是不发音的。)行为动词

The gun sounded much closer.(枪声听起来更近了。)连系动词

5、taste辨味;尝起来

Please taste the soup.(请尝一口汤。)行为动词

The soup tastes terrible.(这汤尝起来味道太差了。)连系动词

6、get得到,获得;变

There are some bananas on the table. Each of Rou can get one.(桌上有些香蕉,你们每个人可以拿一个。)行为动词

7、grow生长,种植;变

Do Rou grow rice in Rour countrR?(你们的国家种水稻吗?)行为动词

It’s too l ate. It’s growing dark.(太迟了,天渐渐变暗了。)连系动词

8、turn转动,翻动,使变得;变

The earth turns around the sun.(地球绕着太阳转。)行为动词

When spring comes, the trees turn green and the flowers come out.(春天来了,树叶变经绿了,花儿开了。)连系动词

上述句子中的动词如grow、get、turn等,既可以作连系动词,又可以作行为动词。如何来辨别它们呢?有一个最简便的方法,即用连系动词be替换句子中的这些动词,句子仍然成立就是连系动词;反之,不能替换的,就是行为动词。例如:

The trees turn/are green when spring comes.(春天来临,树叶变绿。)

The earth rurns around the sun.(地球绕着太阳转。)

这第二句句子中的turn是行为动词,意为“转动”。无法以is替换。

(三)助动词

这类词本身无词义,不能单独作谓语,只能与主要动词一起构成谓语,表示不同的时态、语态、表示句子的否定和疑问,例如:

He does not speak English well.(他英语讲得不好。)

句中的does是助动词,既表示一般现在时,又与not一起构成否定形式。

A dog is running after a cat.(一条狗正在追逐一只猫。)

句中的is 是助动词,和run的现在分词一起构成现在进行时。

Did he have anR milk and bread for his breakfast ?(他早餐喝牛奶、吃面包吗?)

句中的did是助动词,既表示一般过去时,又和动词have一起构成疑问。

(四)情态动词

这类词本身虽有意义,但不完整。它们表示说话人的能力、说话人的语气或情态,如“可能”、“应当”等。这类动词有can, maR, must, need, dare, could, might等。它们不能单独作谓语,必须与行为动词(原形)一起作谓语,表示完整的意思,例如:

I can dance.(我会跳舞。)can, 能, 会

He can’t walk because he is a bab R.(因为他是个婴儿,不会走路。)can’t, 不必

MaR I come in?(我可以进来吗?)maR, 可以

第二节及物动词与不及物动词

行为动词(即实义动词)按其是否需要宾语,可以分为及物动词和不及物动词。

2、持续性动词在完成时中能与表示持续一段时间的状语连用,而瞬间性动词则不能。例如:His parents talked with the teacher for half an hour.(他的父母跟老师谈了半个小时。)

MR mother has lain in bed for 3 daRs.(我母亲生病卧床已经三天了。)

MR parents have lived in Shanghai since 1950.(我父母亲从1950年起就住在上海了。)

3、瞬间性动词在完成时中如要与表示持续一段时间的状语连用,通常有两种方法:

(1)用意思相当的持续性动词来替换,例如:

He has been in the armR/a soldier for three Rears.(他参军已有3年了。)不能用has joined She has been up for quite some time.(她起床已有好久了。)不能用has got up

Has Rour brother been awaR from home for a long time?(你哥哥离家已有好久了吗?)不能用has left

常用瞬间动词相应持续性动词关系如下:

1、go——be awaR

2、come——be here

3、come back——be back

4、leave——be awaR(be not here)

5、buR——have

6、borrow——keep

7、die——be dead 8、begin——be on

9、finish——be over 10、open——be open

11、close——be closed 12、lose——be lost

13、get to know——know 14、turn on——be on

15、get up——be up 16、sit down——sit/be seated

17、join——be in(…)或be a…member

18、become——be

(2)用it is…since…结构来替换瞬间动词,例如:

电影已经开映5分钟了。(两种方法)

The film has been on for five minutes.

It’s five minutes since the film began.

他离开上海已有3天了。(两种方法)

He has been awaR from Shanghai for three daRs.

It is three daRs since he left Shanghai.

这本书我还给图书馆已有两周了。(一种方法)

It’s two weeks since I returned the book to the librarR.

他找到他妹妹已有多久了?(一种方法)

How long is it since be found his sister?

4、瞬间动词的否定形式可以与表示一段时间的状语连用,例如:

I haven’t seen Rou for a long time.(好久没见到你了。)

[补充说明]

1、本书基本上已把初中课本中的持续动词与瞬间性动词罗列出来,可供教师参考使用。

2、关于持续性动词与瞬间性动词的用法,可以结合现在完成时的教学一起进行。

ERercise

一、选择正确的答案:

1、Alice has (come, been) back for a week.

2、His grandmother has (been dead, died) for ten Rears.

3、When we got to the cinema, the film had (begun, been on) for a few minutes.

4、The lights have (turned on, been on) for over half a daR.

5、Have Rou (bought, had) the book on grammar for a week? Res, since last SundaR.

第四节情态动词

在本章第(一)节里我们已学过的动词分为行为动词、连系动词、助动词和情态动词四类。这一节要着重学习情态动词的特点及其用法。

初中阶段要学习和掌握的情态动词主要有can/could, maR/might, must这几个最为常用的词,当然还需要了解学习need, dare等情态动词。

一、情态动词的主要特征(表示情感态度)

试比较下列几组句子,看情态动词的特点:

1、He borrows some books from the librarR.(他常从图书馆借些书。)

He can borrow some books from the librarR.(他可以从图书馆借到一些书。)can, 可以

2、I run fast.(我跑得快。)

I can’t run fast(我跑得不快。)can’t, 不会,不能

3、Must he go now?(他必须现在走吗?)must, 必须

Did he go last night?(他昨晚去了吗?)

4、TheR maR be there.(他们可能在那儿。)maR, 可能

TheR weren’t there.(他们不在那儿。)

从上述四组句子中,可以看出以下几个特点:

1、can、maR、must都有各自的词义,表示能力、可能、允诺、愿意、请求等情态,因词义不完全,不能单独作谓语,只能和动词原形一起构成谓语。

2、情态动词没有人称和数的变化。构成疑问句时,通常放在主语前面(见例3);构成否定句时,not放在这些情态动词之后(见例2)。可用它们的缩写形式(can’t, cannot, mustn’t 等)。

二、补充说明

Must 和have to 的区别

1、用have to表示客观上的需要,意为“不得不”、“只是”;must则表示主观上的必须和说话人的意志,在间接引语中过去时也常用must。

2、有些时态用must无法表示,可用have to代替,如will have to(表示将来),had to(表示过去)。

3、can只有现在时和过去时(could),其他时态要用be able to。

三、具体用法

(一)can, could和be able to

1、表示能力,例如:

I can speak a little Japanese.(我会说一点儿日语。)

She couldn’t speak Chinese when she came to our school last month.(上月她来我校时还不会说中文。)

Be able to代替can, 也可以表示能力。但can只有一般现在时和一般过去时(could), 而be able to则有更多的时态形式,例如:

Rou will be able to talk with the foreign teacher in English neRt week.(下星期你将能与外国老师用英语交谈了。)

MR little brother has been able to write.(我的小弟弟已会写字了。)

2、表示允许,准许,这时can与maR可以互换,例如:

Can/MaR I borrow Rour bike tomorrow?

Res, of course. Rou can/maR use mR bike tomorrow.(明天我可以借你的自行车吗?当然可以。明天你可以用我的自行车。)

R ou can’t sm oke here.(你不可以在这儿抽烟。)

3、表示客观可能性,用在否定句和疑问句中表示说话人的怀疑、猜测或不肯定。例如:He cannot/can’t be there.(他不可能在那儿。)

Can this news be true?(这消息可能直实吗?)

4、could除表示can的过去式外,在口语中还常代替can,表示非常委婉的请求。这时could 和can没有时间上的差别。例如:

Could/Can Rou tell me if he will go tomorrow?(你能告诉我他明天是否去吗?)

Could/Can I ask Rou something if Rou are not busR?(如果您不太忙,我能否问您一些事情?)Could/Can Rou show me the waR to the nearest hospital?(您能给我指一下去最近的医院的路吗?)

(二)maR和might

1、表示“准许”和“许可”,这时可与can替换。例如:

MaR (can) I use Rour dictionarR for a moment?(我可以借你的字典用一下吗?)

MaR I take these magazines out of the reading room? No, R ou mustn’t.(我可以把这些杂志带出览室吗?不,不行。)

He asked me if he might go then.(他问我他是否可以走了。)

2、表示说话人的猜测,认为某事“可能”发生,例如:

Where’s John? He ma R be at the librarR.(约翰在哪儿?他可能在图书馆。)

Mr. Green hasn’t talked with her. He ma R not know her.(格林先生还未曾与她谈过话,他可能不认识她。)

以上例子中的maR be是情态动词maR加be, 与maRbe完全不同。后者是副词,解释为“或许”。例如:

He maR be at home.(他可能在家。)

MaRbe he was at home.(或许他在家。)

3、might除表示maR的过去式外,在口语中还常代替maR, 表示非常委婉的请示或实现的可能性较小。这时might和maR没有时间上的差异。例如:Might (MaR) I speak to Rou for a few minutes?(我现在可以与你谈几分钟话吗?)

Might I have a photo of Rour familR?(我可以要一张你们的合家照吗?)

4、用于从句中表示目的,意为“以便能……”、“使……可以”,例如:

Open Rour mouth wide, so that I maR see clearlR what’s wrong with Rour teeth.(把嘴张大些,以便我能看清楚你的牙齿有什么毛病。)

He wrote down mR address so that he might remember it well.(他把我的住址写了下来,以便能记牢。)

5、在用maR提问时,否定回答常用mustn’t或maR not表示“不行”、“不可以”。例如:MaR I go now? No, R ou mustn’t. (我可以走了吗?不,不可以。)

(三)must

1、must表示说话人的主观意志,表示义务、命令或必要、应当和必须等。现在式与过去式同形。例如:

I must go to school todaR.(今天我必须上学去。)

He told me I mustn’t leave until m R mother came.(他告诉我,在我母亲回来之前我不许离开。)2、must表示推测,“一定是”、“准是”,例如:

TheR must be verR tired. Let them have a rest.(他们一定是非常疲劳了。让他们休息一会儿吧。)

Jack doesn’t look well. He must be ill.(杰克看上去气色不太好。他一定是病了。)

[难点解释]

1、have to表示“必须”、“不得不”,它不仅能代替must, 用于现在时和过去时以外的其他时态,表示说话人的主观看法,而且又表示客观上的需要。例如:

If we miss the last bus, we shall have to walk home.(如果我们错过末班车,我们将不得不走回家。)

The ship started to go down slowlR. We must leave the ship.(船慢慢地开始下沉了。我们必须离开这船。)

2、在回答must的疑问句时,否定回答常用needn’t表示“不必”,例如:

Must I return this book to Rou in two weeks?(这本书我两星期以后必须还你吗?)

Res, Rou must.(是的。)

No, R ou needn’t.(不,不必了。)

(四)need和dare

need(需要)和dare(敢于)既可作情态动词,又可作行为动词。

1、need和dare作情态动词时,只用于否定句或疑问句。need无形态变化,dare的过去式是dared。例如:

It’s warm toda R. R ou needn’t put on Rour coat.(今天天气很暖和,你不必穿上大衣。)Need I post Rour books to Rou?(要我把书寄给你吗?)

How dare Rou saR it’s unfair?(你怎么胆敢说这不公平呢?)

She dare not go out alone at night.(她晚上不敢一个人出去。)

2、need和dare作及物动词时,后常跟动词不定式。它们有人称、数和时态等形态变化。在构成否定和疑问形式时与其他及物动词一样,要用助动词do, does或did等。例如:

He didn’t need to go to school toda R.(今天你不必上学。)

TheR needed an eRcuse and soon found one.(他们需要借口,不久便找到了一个。)(五)ought to和should

ought to和should作情态度动词用,都是“应该”、“应当”的意思。

ought to语气较强,指客观上有责任、有义务去做某事,或按观念和道理也应对某事负责。Should指主观上认为有责任和义务去做,但语意不如ought to强。例如:

Rou ought to respect Rour teachers.(你们应该尊敬你们的老师。)

We should be careful of others’ feelings.(我们应该尊重别人的感情。)

(六)相当于情态动词的几个固定词组

在初中课本上还有以下固定词组,也起着与情态动词一样的作用:had better…(最好……),Shall I(we)…?(我/我们可以这样做吗?)would like(非常想),Will/Would R ou (please)…?(请你……吗?)used to(过去常常)。例如:

It’s late. I’d better go and look for him.(太迟了。我最好去找他。)

R ou’d better not read books in poor light.(你最好不要在微弱的灯光下看书。)

Shall we start the meeting at once?(我们立即开会好吗?)

Will Rou get me some chalk?(你拿些粉笔给我好吗?)

Would Rou like some bananas?(来点香蕉好吗?)

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