武汉大学硕士英语课文英译汉总结

?考试题型及出题范围(期末卷面成绩占80%, 平时上课及作业10%, 口语考试10%)

?(1) 听力理解20题(20%) : 课内(听说课本的part 1 and 2) 占15%, 课外5%. 均为选择题(四选一)

?(2) 词汇25题(25%): 阅读课本五个单元TextＡ中的黑体字是重点，均为选择题(四选一)．

?(3)阅读理解２０题（２０％)课外两篇长度大约１０００字的阅读文章，均为选择题(四选一)．

?(4) 翻译（１５％）：英译汉４句，选自五篇课内阅读文章；汉译英３句（或一小段），选自翻译课本（汉译

英那一章）

?（5）写作（２０％）：给两篇文章，长度１０００字左右，选读一篇并写出约１５０字的summary．

Unit 1 translation

1. it’s appropriate at this time of major changes in the international scene to take a look at some of the reasons for the disappointing results of attempts at communications.

在这个国际舞台发生重大变化的时刻，探讨为什么尝试交流的结果却令人失望的原因是必要的，这些原因实际上是跨文化交流中的绊脚石。

2. one answer to the question of why misunderstanding or rejection happens might be that many of us naively assume there are sufficient similarities among peoples of the world to enable us to successfully exchange information or feelings, solve problems of mutual concerns, cement business relationships, or just make the kind of impression we wish to make.

为什么误解或反对会产生呢？这个问题的一个回答就是，大部分的人天真地认为世界上的人有足够的相似之处，可以让我们成功地交流信息或感受，解决共同关注的一些问题，加强商业关系，或者只是产生我们所希望产生的印象。

3. The tendency for all people to reproduce, group into families or societies, develop a language, and adapt to their environment is particularly deceiving because it leads to the expectation that the forms of these behaviors and the attitudes and values surrounding them will also be similar.

所有的人都会生儿育女，组成家庭或社会，习得一种语言以及适应他们周围环境的这种倾向特别具有欺骗性，因为它带来了一种期望，这种期望就是这些行为的形式以及围绕这些行动的态度与价值观念将是相似的。

4. it’s comforting to believe that “people are people” and “deep down we are all alike,” bu t a determined search for roof of this leads to disappointment.

相信“人就是人”和“我们内在本质是相似的，”这让人感到心安理得，但是下定决心去寻找证据却只会令人失望。

5. Promising are the cross-cultural studies seeking to support Darwin’s theory that facial expressions are universal and researchers found that the particular visible pattern on the face, the combination of muscles contracted for anger, fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, and happiness is the same for all members of our species, but this seems helpful until it is realized that person’s cultural upbringing determines whether or not that emotion will be displayed or suppressed, as well as on which occasions and to what degree.

力求证明达尔文关于面部表情是共同的这一理论的跨文化研究给人极大的希望，研究者发现脸部的某些看得见的形状，即因愤怒、恐惧、惊讶、悲伤、厌恶、幸福而紧缩的肌肉组合,我们人类各成员都是一样的。但是这似乎无济于事，只要我们意识到一个人生长的文化决定了这种情感是否会表露或压抑,决定了在何种场合和多大的程度上会表露或压抑。

6. Since there seems to be no universals of “human nature” that can be used as a basis for automatic understanding, we must treat each encounter as an individual case, searching for whatever perceptions and communication means are held in common and proceed from there.

因为似乎没有普遍的人性可以作为自动理解的基础，所以我们必须把每交往当作个别案例来处理，寻求任何共同的认知和交流方法并以此作为出发点。

7. The confidence that goes with the myth of similarity is much more comfortable than the assumption of differences, the latter requiring tentative assumptions and behaviors and a willingness to accept the anxiety of “not knowing.”

相信相似性这种错误的观点比设想存在差异更让人觉得舒服，因为后者要求试探性的设想和行为并且乐意接受由于“不知”而产生的焦虑。

8. Only with the assumption of differences, however, can reactions and interpretations adjusted to fit “what’s happening.” Other wise someone is likely to misread signs and judge the scene ethnocentrically.

然而，只有设想存在着差异时，才可能会去调整反应和理解，以适合“眼前发生的事情。”否则，很可能错误地解读符号和以自我民族为中心去判断眼前的情形。

9. The native inhabitants are likely to lulled into the expectation that, since the foreign person is dressed appropriately and speak some of the language, he or she will also have similar nonverbal codes, thoughts and feelings.

本国居民可能会被灌输有这种期望：既然外国人穿着得体，并且能说一些本国话，那么他或她也有同样的非语言的准则、想法和感觉。

10. A worse language problem is the tenacity with which someone will cling to just one meaning of a word or phrase in the new language, regardless of connotation or context.

更糟糕的问题是死死抱住新语言中一个词汇或短语的一种意义，而不顾隐含义和语境。

11. They abstract whatever fits into their personal world of recognition and then interpret it through the frame of reference of their own culture.

他们只提精出那些适合他们个人认知世界的东西，然后按照他们自身文化为参考系来加以解释。

12. it is more difficult to note correctly the unspoken codes of the other culture that are further from awareness , such as the handling of time and spatial relationships and subtle signs of respect of formality.

更困难的是如何正确理解那些远未意识到的其他文化中含蓄的准则，例如对时空关系的处理和尊重礼节的点点滴滴。

13. If the label “inscrutable”has preceded the Japanese guest, it is thus we explain the Japanese constant and inappropriate smile.

如果我们对日本人先有了“难以理解的”成见，那么我们就会如此地解释始终挂在日本人脸上的不合时宜的微笑。

14. The stereotype that Arabs are “inflammable”may cause the US students to keep their distance or even alert authorities when an animated and noisy group from the Middle East gathers.

阿拉伯人“易激动的”程式化形象，会导致美国学生与他们保持距离，或是当一群活泼的热闹的来自中东地区的人们聚集在一起时，美国学生甚至会提醒当局当心。

A professor who expects everyone from Indonesia, Mexico, and many other countries to “bargain” may unfairly interpret a hesitation or request from an international student as a move to manipulate preferential treatment.

如果一位教授认为来自印度尼西亚、墨西哥和一些其他国家的每名学生都“爱讨价还价”，那么可能会不公平地把这些国际学生的迟疑或请求理解为他们试图利用优待。

15. Stereotypes help do what Ernest Becker says the anxiety-prone human race must do——reduce the threat of the unknown by making the world predictable.

程式化思维有助于做到欧尼斯特?贝克尔所说的易焦虑的人类必须做到的事情，即通过使世界变得可预知来减少未知的威胁。

16. They are also sustained and fed by the tendency to perceive selectively only those pieces of new information that correspond to the image held.

有选择地认知那些符合已有形象的新信息的倾向，也维持并加强了这些程式化思维。

17. Fresh from a conference in Tokyo where Japanese professors had emphasized the preference of the people of Japan for simple natural settings of rocks, moss, and water and misty landscapes, I visited the Katsura imperial gardens in Kyoto.

在东京刚刚结束的一场研讨会上，日本教授强调了日本人民对于简朴、自然的事物怀有的一种偏爱，比如岩石、苔藓、流水，以及雾气迷蒙的景观。之后我参观了位于京都的katsura帝国花园。

18. I winced at his bewildered expression, realizing that had I come before attending the conference, I, also evaluating the weather as “not very good,” would have shared the group’s inference that he could not be serious.

我却对他迷惑的表情大为一怔，猛然意识到要不是我之前出席过那场研讨会，不然也肯定也会认为今天这多云

的天气不那么好，从而也会和团里其他美国游客一样，认同了这位导游的“幽默感”。

19. Communication cutoff caused by immediate evaluation is heightened when feelings and emotions are deeply involved; yet this is just the time when listening with understanding is most needed. Look and listen empathetically rather than through the thick screen of value judgments that impede a fair understanding.

一旦深深地牵涉到感受和情绪时，直接评价导致的交流中止就会更加突出；而正是此时最需要通过聆听去进行理解。不应该通过价值判断的重重密障，而应该感同身受地去观察和聆听，不然只会妨碍我们去公正的理解。

20. Moderate arousal and positive attitudes prepare one to meet challenges with energy, but high arousal, caused by buildup of continued moderate stress, depletes the body’s energy reserve quickly and defense must be used whether or not the person wills it.

适度的兴奋和积极的态度可以使人满怀精力去应对挑战，但是由于适度的压力不断积累造成高度的兴奋，就会很快耗尽身体储备的能量；不论这个人是否愿意，必然会产生防备心理。

21. If the stay in a foreign country is prolonged and the newcomer cannot let down his or her high alert level, the “culture shock” phenomenon occurs.

如果长期呆在国外，并且又不能降低自己的戒备心理，就难免会产生“文化休克”现象。

22. The foreign members of dyads are even more threatened. They feel strange and vulnerable, helpless to cope with messages that swamp them.

俩者之中国外人感到更大的威胁。他们感到陌生，易受伤害，对于铺头盖脑而来的大量信息，措手无策。

23. Their self-esteem is often intolerably undermined unless they employ such defenses as withdrawal into their won reference group or into themselves, screening out or misperceiving stimuli, or becoming aggressive or hostile.

除非他们采取防卫措施，比如回到他们自己的群体或自我当中，剔除或忽视这种刺激，或者变得具有攻击性或抱有敌意，否则他们的自尊所受到伤害会达到不可忍受的地步。

24. He must be able to feel his way into intimate contact with these alien values, attitudes, and feelings.

他必须能够通过摸索与这些完全陌生的价值，态度和情感紧密相融。

UNIT 3 translations

1.Whether you realize it or not, your stepfamily has likely assumed a specific integration style. By that, I mean a set of assumptions about how your stepfamily “ought”to come together. I like to use cooking as an analogy to identify some integration styles that stepfamilies attempt to utilize. Let’s start with the ones that generally don’t work.

翻译：不管你是否意识到，你的再婚家庭都可能呈现出一种特定的整合形式。关于怎么样让你的家庭融合，这里有一整套假设，就此而言，我喜欢用烹饪来类比一些再婚家庭的融合方式，这些融合方式是再婚家庭常常采用的。现在我们就从那些没什么作用的融合方式开始吧。

2.This mentality assumes all ingredients can be whipped together into one smooth mixture.

翻译：这种心态认为所有的原料都通过搅拌能均匀的混合在一起。

3.Rarely can it be said that a stepfamily becomes “one” in a relational sense.

翻译：从关系层面来说，一个继亲家庭很少可能成为一个“整体”。

4.It quite normal for a stepparent to have close bonds with one stepchild, be working on bonds with another while experiencing a distant relationship with an older child.

翻译：一位继父（或继母）与某个继子之间建立亲密的亲情，同时却疏远了和年纪较大的孩子之间的关系，这很正常。

5.These stepfamilies chop up one another’s history and attempt to instantly combine all ingredients with rapid speed.

翻译：这些再婚家庭强行切断了每个人的历史，试图让所有的原料快速的结合在一起。

https://www.360docs.net/doc/d111062980.html,ing to accept your family’s unique challenges and opportunities is a tremendous first step to finding creative solutions to your dilemmas. If you refuse to admit a difference, you inadvertently shut off your ability to learn new, more effective ways of relating.

翻译：试着接受你的家庭所面临的机遇与挑战，这是具有重要意义的第一步，你可以找到具有创意的方法走出困境。如果你拒绝承认你的家庭与众不同，那么在无意中你就关上了协调关系之门，不能通过这扇门了解新颖而有效率的

方法来协调家庭成员之间的关系。

7.What’s your style? So if all of these integration styles are generally not helpful, what style should be used? I recommend a Crockpot cooking style. Stepfamilies choosing this style time and low heat make for an effective combination. Ingredients are thrown together in the same pot, but each is left intact, giving affirmation to its unique origin and characteristics. Slowly and with much attention, the low level heat brings ingredients into contact with one another. As the juices begin to flow together imperfections are purified, and the beneficial, desirable qualities of each ingredient are added to the taste. The result is a dish of delectable flavor made up of different ingredients that give of themselves to produce a wondrous creation.

翻译：你用的是什么融合方式呢？如果以上所有的融合方式都没什么作用，那么应该使用什么样的融合方式？我推荐慢炖锅的烹饪方式。使用这种方式的家庭懂得时间和慢火有助于有效的融合。原料都被扔在一个锅里，但它们都保持完整，各自的独特来源和特性都得到了肯定。在细心的照料下，较低的温度慢慢地使原料间相互融合。当汤汁融为一体时，瑕疵都已被剔除，每种原料中有益而又合意的功效都已入味。结果，一道美味的菜肴诞生了，这道菜肴中的每种原料都各尽其用，从而创造出了这道完美的菜肴。

8.As a Crockpot stepfather, you don’t worry excessively about why you’re not immediately bonding with your teenage stepdaughter. Slowly-cooking stepparents understand the cardinal rule of relationship development with stepchildren: let the stepchild set the pace for the relationship. If the child is receiving of you, then openly return the child’s affections.

翻译：作为一个继父，你不用过分担心你为什么不能很快和你的十几岁的继女建立亲情联系。耐心烹饪型继父母知道和继子女发展关系的核心法则：让继子女掌握建立关系的节奏。如果孩子接受了你，那么大胆的对孩子回应吧。

9.They want their children to refer to their new stepparent with a term of endearment.

翻译：他们希望孩子们对继父母使用亲昵的话语。

10.Crockpot stepfamilies recognize the emotional and psychological attachment children have to biological parents and don’t force them to change those attachments.

翻译：慢炖锅式的再婚家庭知道孩子们对亲生父母有感情和心理上的依恋，他们不勉强孩子们改变这种依恋。

11.Such a mini-family activity helps children get uninterrupted time with their biological parent and siblings, honoring their need for attention from the ones they love most. It also affirms to children that they have not completely lost access to their parent.

翻译：这样的小型家庭聚会使孩子们能和亲生父母以及兄弟姐妹呆在一起而不被打扰，使他们从最爱的人那里得到关注。同时，这也使孩子们认识到他们并没有和亲生父母失去联系。

Unit 4 translation

1. Recent trends in investment in governmental human capital investment are favorable but the investment proportion is still low by world standards rising to 3.1% in 2001.

最近政府对人力资本的投资有加大的趋势，但较之2001年全世界高达3.1%的标准，则投资比例仍然偏低。

2. However, evidence indicates that the true rate of return to education and skill formation is very high and that the imbalance is symptomatic of a serious distortion of current policy that retards economics development in China.

然而，有证据表明教育和技能培训投资的真实回报率非常高，而扭曲当前政策的症结在于投资的严重失衡，影响了中国经济发展的速度。

3. When economists first began to measure the sources of economic growth, what previously had been considered an unexplained residual became identified as human capital.

当经济学家开始测定经济发展的因素时，从前被认为是无法解释的剩余因素被认定为人力资本。

4. The term “human capital”suggests to some a depersonalization of individuals and is associated in the popular mid with a dehumanizing society that equates men with machines.

“人力资本”这一术语令人想起个人人性之丧失，在公众的脑海里联想到将人与机器等同的丧失人性的社会。

5. Great skill also facilitates worker mobility across occupation, industries and regions in response to new opportunities. It helps people reallocate resources, both human and physical, toward more productive opportunities, and even to realize that those opportunities exist.

技能广还便于劳动者在出现新的机会时跨工种、跨行业、跨地区流动，有助于人们重新分配人力资本和实物资本的资源，向效益更高的机会倾斜，甚至预见这种机会的存在。

6. By world standards, the percent of college-educated workers is still low and there is substantial regional variability so that the educational infrastructure for modern growth is needed.

按世界标准，受过大学教育的劳动者的比例仍然偏低，且存在着巨大的地区差异，因此，需要有适合现代发展的教育基础结构。

7. An investment strategy that emphasizes physical capital over human capital fails to capture the benefits that can arise from a more balanced investment strategy.

强调实物资本而忽视人力资本的投资策略，不可能获得更均衡的投资策略能够产生出的收益。

8. The impact of education on total factor productivity in regions in china shows that the recent policy of promoting investment in noncoastal areas of china was thwarted by low level of education in the noncoastal regions. An imbalanced investment strategy reduces the return on physical capital.

教育事业对中国各地区全要素生产力所造成的影响证明：中国内地教育水平的低下，防碍了政府最近对内地加大投资的政策的实施。不均衡的投资策略会降低实物资本的回报。

9. When we think about an appropriate investment strategy in china, and the development of its regions, it is very important to understand that optimizing over the full portfolio of investment—both human and physical capital—promote the highest rate of growth.

当我们思考在中国的适当投资策略以及各地区发展的时候，十分重要的是要知道，优化人力资本和实物资本投资组合将推动最高速度的发展。

10. By equalizing returns across assets and across markets in different regions of the country, greater national wealth and long run social equality will be produced.

通过平衡中国不同地区的各种资产和市场之间的回报，就会创造出更大的国家财富，实现长远的社会平等。

11. The place of a person’s birth is one of the most important determinants of that person’s adult skill level. This is a powerful source of inequality in Chinese society across people at a point in time and across generations.

出身地是决定一个人成年后的技能水平的最重要的因素，这是中国社会同代人和隔代人之间不平等的重要根源。

12. The source of inequality is reinforced by the vestiges of houkou policy that charges children of interregional migrants above normal fees that are as large as 10% of total family income just for the right to attend school.

使这种不平等雪上加霜的是残存的户口政策，这种政策向跨区流动人员的子女征收超出已占家庭总收入的百分之十的正常学费。

13. The regional variation in cross-section per pupil expenditure is enormous and the positive relationship with provincial GDP per capital is fairly clear and precisely estimated.

各地区学生典型的支出相差迥异，显而易见它与地方人均产值成正比且可精确估算。

14. A policy of charging fees for access to education, which is widespread in secondary and higher levels, can be justified as a way to ration scarce resources to those who might benefit most from education.

在中学和大学普遍实施的教育收费政策，可能会被证明是一种合理的手段，将稀缺的资源配置给那些可以从教育获益最多的人。

15. There are benefits to education that are not directly captured by individuals; these externalities are likely to be quite large in china.

教育的收益有些并不是个人直接获得的，这些外部性（间接受益？）在中国很有可能是巨大的。

16. It is important to evaluate government activity on a quantitative basis, to screen the bad investments from the good ones and to conduct policy on a factually informed basis.

对政府的活动进行量化评估，剔除坏的投资保留好的投资，实事求是地执行政策，这是至关重要的。

17. Estimating the rate of return to education in china in the way economists do in western economies, by relating market wages to the level of schooling, one finds that it happened to be about 4% in the 1990s.

按照西方国家经济学家将市场工资与受教育程度挂钩估算方式，估算中国的教育回报率，会发现回报率在二十世纪90年代只是4%左右。

18. So the only thing one can conclude from standard rate of return to education analysis applied to historical Chinese data is that personal incentives to invest in skills are low, although this is changing.

因此，从对中国历史数据分析所得取的标准的教育回报率，能够得到唯一的结论是，尽管在发生变化，对技能投资的激励还不大。

19. An imbalanced policy that seeks to improve productivity in noncoastal regions by encouraging investment in physical capital alone is much less efficient than a policy that invests in a more balanced fashion in both.

通过仅仅鼓励实物资本投资来提高内地地区的生产力的不均衡政策，比起在两方面更均衡投资的政策效率要低得多。

20. A free market that allows the same kind of incentives to operate as those that increasingly govern capital markets and product markets in China would go a long way toward promoting skill formation.

一个自由的市场会使得像越来越多地主宰中国资本市场和产品市场的那样一种激励机制发挥作用，大大地促进技能培训。

21. Opening the labor market might risk some increase inequality in wages at least in the short run, as the wages of skilled workers are bid up.

开放劳动市场后，由于技工的工资要求提高，至少短期内可能有加大工资差距的风险。

22. China should rely on personal incentives to encourage schools to perform well as students shop among them.

随着学生择校入学，中国应该依赖个人激励机制去鼓励学校提高教学。

23. However, the 5% - 10% increase in the cost of schooling as a fraction of household income for the children of migrants currently reduces social mobility and perpetuates intergenerational poverty.

然而，农民工子弟上学的成本占家庭收入比例的增加达5%到10%，目前减少了社会的流动性，使代代贫困现象永久存在。

24. A policy fostering human capital and more open migration would serve to offset the rise in inequality produced by more open wage setting.

提高人力资本，鼓励更开放的人口流动政策有助于抵消由于更开放的工资制定标准带来的不平等的扩大。

Unit 5 translation

1. In addition to being the majority among the poor, they are often denied the most basic rights and access to critical resources such as land, inheritance or credit.

除了占贫困人口中的大多数之外，妇女还常常被拒绝给予基本权利，无法获取诸如土地、继承权、信用贷款等必要的资源。

2. The synergies between the goals of gender equity, poverty alleviation and environmental sustainability are explored below in terms of addressing poverty among women—including energy and water poverty, health, climate change, natural disasters and creating sustainable livelihoods by empowering women in the realms of agriculture, forest and biodiversity management.

下文对性别平等、减轻贫困以及环境的可持续性三者的协同作用与妇女贫困问题的关系进行了研究，主要涉及能源短缺、水资源缺乏、健康、气候变化、自然灾害以及给予妇女在农业、林业、生态多元化管理领域中的权力，使之创造出可持续的生计等问题。

3. Women were recognized as users and collectors of fuel wood, and as victims of environmental deterioration that caused energy scarcity.

妇女被认为是木质燃料的使用者与采集者，亦被认为是环境恶化导致能源短缺的受害者。

4. Funding petered out, however, when the improved stoves and forestry projects were not as successful as anticipated.

然而，当改进后的炉灶和造林工程没有获得预期的成功时，扶持项目的银根便逐渐减少了。

5. There are differences in exposure to (indoor air pollution) according to age and economic status, and in some culture women tend to undervalue their own health, leading to underreporting problems.

根据年龄与经济情况的不同，受污染空气毒害的程度各异。在有些国家，妇女有轻视自己的健康状况的倾向从而导致（毒气影响健康的）问题没有得到充分的报道。

6. in many developing countries, communal lands remain a crucial source of biomass energy, yet privatizations of these lands continues apace ——reducing free access to fuel wood, and removing yet another area where cooperative decisions could be made on sustainable management of fuel wood sources.

在许多发展中国家，公共土地仍是生物质能的关键来源地。然而，这些土地正在飞速地变成私有土地。土地私有化使人们自由获取燃柴变得艰难，去除另一块地区，该地区也会就燃柴来源的可持续管理问题，做出一些协同合作的决定。

7. In developed countries, the links between gender, environment and energy have been explored mainly in the areas of equal opportunity in the energy professions, decision making in energy policy, pollution and health, preferences for energy production system, access to scientific and technological education and the division of labor in the home.

在发达国家，与性别、环境与能源相关的研究主要为：能源产业内的平等就业机会、能源政策的决策、污染与健康、能源生产系统的选择、实现科学与技术教育的途径和家庭内的劳动分工。

8. The effects of climate change and adaptive capacity are very likely to differ by gender, because of the relationship between poverty and vulnerability, and the fact that women as a group are poorer and less powerful than men.

气候变化的影响与适应能力极有可能因性别不同而异。这是因为贫困和脆弱之间的关联很强。事实上，从整体上看，女人比男人要更贫困和更脆弱。

9. The potential value of gender as a factor in deciding policies and programmes to reduce greenhouse gas emissions has received even less attention.

性别这一要素在制定减少温室气体排放的大政方略的潜在作用却越来越被忽视。

10. Discriminatory inheritance and property ownership laws restrict women’s ability to ensure long-term food security for family, and to get loans using land as collateral.

有性别歧视的继承法和财产拥有法限制了妇女为家庭成员提供长期食品保障的能力，也限制了她们利用土地作为抵押而获得贷款的能力。

11. Improved access to agriculture support systems, including credit, technology, education, transport, extension and marketing service s, is essential to improving agricultural productivity and promoting environmentally sustainable practices –yet often women have no access to these services.

更好地获得农业辅助系统如信贷、技术、教育、运输、农业推广的支持对提高农业生产力、促进环境可持续的实践活动是及其重要的。然而，在很多情况下，妇女根本无法获取这些支持。

12. In Kenya, men’s knowledge of traditional crops and practices is actually declining as a result of formal schooling and migration to urban areas.

在肯尼亚，作为正规教育和迁居都市的结果，男性对传统作物及耕种方面的知识水平实际上在下降。

13. gender-differentiated local knowledge systems play a decisive role in conserving, managing and improving genetic resources for food and agriculture.

男女性别的区分使他们形成的知识体系相异。这在保持、管理和改善食物及农作物的基因方面起到了决定性的作用。

14. By contrast, women retain a widely shared level of general knowledge in the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity about wild foods, craft and medicinal plants, and acquire new knowledge about natural resources as their roles and duties change.

相比之下，妇女对野生食物、食品的加工工艺、药材的一般性知识有广泛的了解，且知道如何可持续地利用这生物的多元化。并且随着年龄与角色的变化，妇女对自然资源会掌握一些新的知识。

15. Lack of access to clean potable water has been recognized as a factor increasing women’s work burdens in those parts of the world where they are responsible for collecting water for basic needs like cooking, cleaning and hygiene.

在世界上的一些地方，由于缺乏获得生活用水的途径，妇女需寻水取水来满足烹饪、清洁和卫生的需要，这也成为了加重妇女工作重负的一个因素。

16. This limits the time available for them to engage in wage-earning economic and social activities and development projects.

这限制了妇女可用于从事社会经济活动来争得报酬的时间，也限制了妇女从事自我发展的活动的时间。

17. Constant exposure to water while collecting, wasting clothes, cleaning and cooking put women at greater risk of contracting water-related diseases.

长期与水接触，如取水、洗衣、做清洁卫生、烹饪，妇女易感染与水有关的疾病。

18. Pollutants in the environment including air pollutants from transport processes, and dioxins from waste incineration pose a constant threat to the human body.

环境中的污染物对人体健康构成了长久的危害。这些污染物包括来自运输和工业方面的空气污染，化学有毒气体和工业处理中的重金属，还有废品焚化时产生的二恶英。

19. Climate change is expected to increase the burden of disease considerably by allowing vectors to breed in latitudes or altitudes where current temperatures prevent them.

气候的变化极大地加重了疫情。原因是目前该地域的气温能抑制传染病媒介的兹生，而气温的变化将会适宜于这些传染病媒介的繁殖。

20. In this region, women grow most of the food, and women’s agricultural labour often shows the first signs of wider community disruption by HIV/AIDS.

在这个地区，妇女耕种大部分的粮食作物。她们的农作常常会表现出艾滋病大规模入侵的最初迹象。

21. In many developing countries, people migrating as unskilled labourers to a city face a challenge in accessing even basic necessities such as food, water, and housing, and they are vulnerable to exploitation and economic abuse.

在许多发展中国家，无一技之长的农民向城市迁移时，在获取甚至像食物、水、住宅的基本生活必须品时都面临着挑战。他们在遭受剥削和经济欺骗时容易受到伤害。

22. Air and water pollution can be extreme in urban settings, and sanitation and waste treatment poor or nonexistent in low cost residential areas and slums.

在都市里，空气与水污染可能极其严重。而在廉租房和贫民窟里，卫生设施与污水处理条件很差，或者根本就无此种设备。

23. However, it is well established that the poor are more exposed to environmental and other disasters, and also more vulnerable to them when they occur.

但是众所周知，穷人更容易受到环境和其它灾难的影响，更容易遭遇挫折。

24. Anyone who is located (socially and/ Or spatially) “out of the loop”of information supplied by early warning systems is likely to suffer more from disasters.

任何人，从社会属性和空间方位来说，如果他们处在早期的预警系统圈外，他们则有可能遭受更多的疾患痛苦。

25. The full success of forward-looking strategies for bringing gender into environmental analysis- and vice versa - may hinge on three major areas of activity.

将性别融入环境分析或者进行环境分析时考虑性别因素这一前瞻性策略要获得完全的成功取决于三个方面。

26. it is difficult enough to mainstream social considerations within environmental work; adding gender as a third dimension is even more challenging.

把社会因素作为研究环境问题时的主要考虑因素是有相当难度的。何况，性别作为又一考虑因素而加入其中，就更加具有挑战性了。

27. It is not unusual for environmentalists to consider that attention to gender diverts energy and mentalists to consider that attention to gender diverts energy and time away from pressing issues; it is “like rearranging the chairs on the Titanic,”one environmentalist was recently cited as saying.

这种想法并非不正常。一个环境保护者所说的话最近常被当作格言而引用，“这如同在泰坦尼克号上把所有的椅子都重新排列一样”。

Unit 7 translation

1. It was a big, squarish frame house that had once been white, decorated with cupolas and spires and scrolled balconies in the heavily lightsome style of the seventies, set on what had once been our most select street.

那是一幢过去漆成白色的四方形大木屋，坐落在当年一条最考究的街道上，还装点着有十九世纪七十年代风味的圆形屋顶、尖塔和涡形花纹的阳台，带有浓厚的轻盈气息。

Alive, Miss Emily bad been a tradition, a duty, and a care; a sort of hereditary obligation upon the town, dating from that day in 1894 when Colonel Sartoris, the mayor—he who fathered the edict that no Negro woman should appear on the streets without an apron—remitted her taxes, the dispensation dating from the death of her father on into perpetuity.

爱米丽小姐在世时，始终是一个传统的化身，是义务的象征，也是人们关注的对象。打一八九四年某日镇长沙多里斯上校——也就是他首创一道黑人妇女不系围裙不得上街的命令——豁免了她一切应纳的税款起，期限从她父亲去世之日开始，一直到她去世为止，这是全镇沿袭下来对她的一种义务。

2. Colonel Sartoris invented an involved tale to the effect that Miss Emily’s father had loaned money to the town, which the town, as a matter of business, preferred this way of repaying.

这也并非说爱米丽甘愿接受施舍，原来是沙多里斯上校编造了复杂的故事，大意是说爱米丽的父亲曾经贷款给镇政府，因此，镇政府作为一种交易，宁愿以这种方式偿还。

3. Her skeleton was small and spare; perhaps that was why what would have been merely plumpness in another was obesity in her.

她的身架矮小，也许正因为这个缘故，在别的女人身上显得不过是丰满，而她却给人以肥大的感觉。

4. So she vanquished them, horse and foot, just as she had vanquished their fathers thirty years before about the smell.

她就这样把他们“连人带马”地打败了，正如三十年前为了那股气味的事战胜了他们的父辈一样。

5. a few of the ladies had the temerity to call, but were not received.

有少数几位妇女竟冒冒失失地去访问过她，但都吃了闭门羹。

I’d be the last one in the world to bother Miss Emily, but we’ve got to do something.

我会是世上最不愿意打扰艾米丽小姐的人了，但是我们必须做点什么。

6. Being left alone, and a pauper, she had become humanized. Now she to would know the old thrill ad the old despair of a penny more or less.

单身独处，贫苦无告，她变得懂人情了。如今她也体会到多一便士就激动喜悦、少一便士便痛苦失望的那种人之常情了。

7. Presently we began to see him and Miss Emily on Sunday afternoons driving in the yellow wheeled buggy and the matched team of bays from the livery stable.

很快，逢到礼拜天的下午我们就看到他和爱米丽小姐一齐驾着轻便马车出游了。那辆黄轮车配上从马房中挑出的栗色辕马，十分相称。

8. It was as if she demanded more than ever the recognition of her dignity as the last Grierson; as if it had wanted that touch of earthiness to reaffirm her imperviousness.

仿佛她的尊严就需要同世俗的接触来重新肯定她那不受任何影响的性格。

Thus she passed from generation to generation—dear, inescapable, impervious, tranquil, and perverse.

她就这样度过了一代又一代——高贵，无法逃避，无法接近，宁静，怪僻乖张。

10. confusing time with its mathematical progression, as the old do, to whom all the past is not a diminishing road but, instead, a huge meadow which no winter ever quite touches, divided from them now by the narrow bottleneck of the most recent decade of years.

他们把按数学级数向前推进的时间给搅乱了。这是老年人常有的情形。在他们看来，过去的岁月不是一条越来越窄的路，而是一片广袤的连冬天也对它无所影响的大草地，只是近十年来才像窄小的瓶口一样，把他们同过去隔断了。

We had long thought of them as a tableau, Miss Emily a slender figure in white in the background, her father a spraddled silhouette in the foreground, his back to her and clutching a horsewhip, the two of them framed by the back-flung front door.

长久以来，我们把这家人一直看做一幅画中的人物：身段苗条、穿着白衣的爱米丽小姐立在背后，她父亲叉开双脚的侧影在前面，背对爱米丽，手执一根马鞭，一扇向后开的前门恰好嵌住了他们俩的身影。

But there were still others, older people, who said that even grief could not cause a real lady to forget noblesse oblige—without calling it noblesse oblige.

不过也有别人，一些年纪大的人说就是悲伤也不会叫一个真正高贵的妇女忘记“贵人举止”，尽管口头上不把它

叫作“贵人举止”。