高考英语复习专题(共15个专题)

语法复习专题一——名词

一、考点聚焦

1.可数名词单、复数变化形式

（1）规则变化。

①单数名词词尾直接加-s。如：boy —boys, pen —pens。

②以s、x 、ch 、sh结尾的单词一般加-es。如：glass —glasses,box—boxes, watch —watches, brush —brushes。

特例：stomach —stomaches。

③以“辅音字母+ y”结尾的变“y”为“i”再加“-es”。如：

baby —babies, lady —ladies, fly —flies。

④以“o”结尾的多数加-es。如：tomato —tomatoes, potato —potatoes, hero —heroes。但以两个元音字母结尾的名词和部分外来词中以o结尾的词只加-s。如：radio —radios, zoo —zoos, photo —photos, piano —pianos, kilo —kilos, tobacco —tobaccos。

⑤以“f”或“fe”结尾的名词复数形式变“f”或“fe”为“v”，之后再加-es。如：wife —wives, life —lives, knife —knives, wolf—wolves, self —selves, leaf —leaves等。特例：handkerchief—handkerchiefs, roof —roofs, chief —chiefs, gulf —gulfs, belief —beliefs, cliff —cliffs。

⑥改变元音字母的。如：man —men, mouse —mice, foot —feet,

woman —women, tooth —teeth, goose —geese, ox —oxen。特例：child —children。

⑦复合名词的复数形式。（A）在复合词中最后名词尾加-s。如：armchair —armchairs, bookcase —bookcases, bookstore —book-

stores。（B）man和woman作定语修饰另一个名词时，前后两个名词都要变成复数。如：man doctor —men doctors, woman driver —women dri-vers。（C）与介词或副词一起构成的复合名词应在主体名词部分加-s。如：brother-in-law —brothers-in-law, passer-by —passers-by。

⑧有的名词有两种复数形式。如：zero —zeros 、zeroes, deer —

deers 、deer。penny的两种复数形式含义有所不同。如：pence（便士的钱数），pennies(便士的枚数)。

（2）不规则变化。

①单、复数同形。如：means, aircraft, deer, fish, Chinese,

Japanese, sheep, works（工厂）,cattle。

②合成名词的复数。如：boy-friend —boy-friends, go-between—go-betweens(中间人)，grown-up —grown-ups。

③有些名词通常只用作复数。如：glasses眼镜，clothes衣服，goods

货物，trousers裤子，belongings所有物,wages工资，riches财富, surroundings 环境，ashes灰尘, campasses圆规，cattle家畜，congratulations祝贺，have words with sb. 同某人吵架，in high spirits以很高热情地，give one’s regards to sb.向某人问侯，in rags衣衫破烂，It is good manners to do sth.有礼貌做某事。

④集体名词的数。有些集体名词通常只用作复数，如：people,

cattle, police; 有些名词只用作单数，如：machinery, furniture, mankind, jewellery;有些名词既可用作单数又可用作复数，单数看做整体，复数看做集体的各个成员。如：The crew is large.船员人数很多（指整体）；The crew are all tired.船员们都累坏了（个体）。

2、不可数名词的数

（1）一般说来抽象名词为不可数名词，但当抽象名词表示具体的东西时，可用作可数名词且词义发生变化，主要类型如下：

①抽象名词表示具有某种特性、状态、感情情绪的人或事。如：

抽象名词（不可数）具体化（个体名词，可数名词）

in surprise惊讶地 a surprise一件令人惊讶的事

win success获得成功 a success一个(件)成功的人(事)

win honor赢得荣誉an honor一个(件)引以为荣的(事)

Failure(失败)is the mother of success a failure失败者

失败是成功之母。

by experience靠经验an experience一次经历

youth青春 a youth一个青年人

have pity on sb.怜悯某人 a pity可惜的事情

with pleasure乐意 a pleasure乐事

②抽象名词与a(an)连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。如：

A knowledge of English is a must in international trade.

Would you like to have a walk (swim, bath, talk) with me?

It is waste of time reading such a novel.

She made an apology to her mother for her wrong doings.

(2)物质名词是不可数名词，但表示数量或种类之多时，可以用作可数名词。如：

①物质名词有形或数的相应物体，有单、复数。如：some coffee一些咖啡，

a coffee一杯咖啡，three coffees三杯咖啡，some drink一些饮料, a drink一杯饮料，three drinks三杯饮料，his hair他的头发，a few grey hairs几根白发，glass玻璃，a glass一只玻璃杯。

②物质名词有前置后置修饰时，前面要使用不定冠词。

have breakfast The road is covered with snow.

have a wonderful breakfast They have a heavy snow every year.

Time and tide wait for no man.

We had a wonderful time last night.

(3)有复数形式的不可数名词

①有些抽象名词往往以复数形式出现，起到一种丰富语言感情色彩或强调某种特殊状态的作用。如：

Use your brains, please.

They have smoothed away the difficulties.

Have you made preparations for tomorrow’s meeting?

Many thanks for your kindness.

No pains, no gains.

After many failures, they finally succeeded.

②有些物质名词以复数形式出现，表示数量之多，范围之广。如：

The boy burst into tears at the bad news.

The rising waters did a lot of harm to the crops.

The stone bridge broke down in heavy rains.

3.名词所有格

（1）“’s”所有格的特殊表示形式有：

①用于表示时间、距离、价格、重量等的名词后，如：today’s

ne wspaper, five minutes’ walk(drive),five pounds’ weight, ten dollars’ worth of coffee。

②用于表示国家、世界、城市等地方的名词后。如：the earth’s planet, the word’s population, China’s industry, New York’s parks。

（2）“of”所有格的特殊表示方式有：

①表示“部分”时，一般在所修饰的名词前有一个表示数量的词（a、two、several、some、no、many等），如：Some students of Mister Zhang’s have gone to college.张老师的一些学生已经上大学了。

②表示“其中之一，其中一部分”的意思时，用：a friend of Tom’s

汤姆的一个朋友（许多朋友中的一位）。

③表示赞扬、批评或厌恶等感情色彩时，应该用：that/this/these/

those + 名词（单、复数）of Mary’s/yours/his/hers。如：

That invention of hers belongs to the world. 她的那项发明是属于全世界的（表赞赏）。

4、名词作定语

英语中有些名词没有其对应的同根形容词，这些名词可以直接用来作定语修饰另一个名词。

（1）分类意义。

air pollution 空气污染boy friend 男朋友

coffee cup咖啡杯income tax所得税

tennis ball网球song writer歌曲作家

body language身体语言road accident交通事故

Nobel Prize诺贝尔奖

（2）时间、地点、称呼等。

Doctor Jack杰克医生Professor Li李教授

evening school夜校winter sleep冬眠

street dance 街舞country music乡村音乐

village people村民school education学校教育

China problem中国问题

（3）表目的、手段、来源，所属意义。

reception desk接待台sports field田径场

stone table石桌color TV彩电

weather report天气预报

二、精典名题导解

选择填空

1. It is generally believed that teaching is ___________it is a science. (NMET 2001)

A. an art much as

B. much an art as

C. as an art much as

D. as much an art as

解析：答案为D。当名词前有what、so、as、too、quite等词修饰时，其形容词被这些词修饰，组成下列结构，如：What a nice book! This is too heavy a box for me to carry. He is not as honest a boy as Mike.等，应采取too/how + 形容词（副词）+ a(an) + 名词的形式。要记住一些类似的特殊结构，并加以分析。

2. The police are offering a __________to anyone who can give information about the lost key.（NMET 1999）

A. price

B. prize

C. reward

D. money

解析：答案为C。price 价格，价钱；prize奖金。Ｄ项是钱，属不可数名词，题中所要填的是“酬金，报酬”。注意正确理解名词的含义及其搭配是活用语言的基础，在复习备考中要熟练掌握考纲中一些名词的词义、搭配、习惯等，才能更好辨析名词，从而选择最符合句意的选项。

3.You’ll find this map of great _____________in helping you to get round London.（NMET 1998）

A. price

B. cost

C. value

D. usefulness

解析：答案为C。本题考查特定语境中名词的词义及“be of + 抽象名词”结构。Price (价格)，cost（价钱，费用，成本）不符合题意，value作“quality of being useful or desirable”解时，常与of搭配，在句中作表语或补语，意为“有用，有价值”。故选择value。注意名词词义辨异及惯用法表达，题中“of + 抽象名词”相当于该名词的形容词形式。

4.If you buy more than ten, they knock 20 pence off .

A. a price

B. price

C. the price

D. price

解析：答案为C。本题考冠词和名词。全句合理句意应是：如果你买超过10个，他们从（现在标出的）价格上减价20便士。此处价格是特指的定价，所以C项最佳。

5.The journey around the world took the old sailor nine moths, the sailing time was 226 days.

A. of which

B. during which

C. from which

D. for which

解析：答案为B。辨析名词语义, a distance of +数字“……距离”。

6. I keep medicines on the top shelf, out of the children’s .

A. reach

B. hand

C. hold

D. place

解析：答案为A。“out of reach”是“超出某人够得着的范围”，即“够不着”的意思，药品应放到孩子够不到的地方。

语法复习专题二——冠词

一、考点聚焦

1.不用冠词的情况

（1）专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名等名词前，一般不加冠词。

China, America, Smith

Air is matter.

（2）可数名词前有物主代词、指示代词、名词所有格等限制时，不加冠词。

This dictionary is mine.

（3）季节、月份、星期、节日、假日、一日三餐名称前一般不加冠词。

March, May Day, National Day, Children’s Day, Women’s Day

Have you had supper?

Spring is the best season of the year.

（4）称呼语或指家用雇用的nurse、cook等名词前及表示头衔职务的名词作宾语、补语及同位语时，一般不加冠词。

What’s this, Father? We made him our chairman.

Ask nurse to put the child to bed. Professor Li.

（5）学科名称、球类、棋类名称前不加冠词。

Do you study physics?

He likes playing football/chess.

（6）复数名词表示泛指一类人或事物时前不用冠词。

They are peasants/ workers.

（7）在与by连用的交通工具名称前不加冠词。

by car, by bus,by bike, by train, by air/ water/ land

但：take a bus, come in a boat, on the train/ bus需注意。

（8）某些固定词组中不用冠词。

①名词词组中：

husband and wife, brother and sister, body and soul, day and night, knife and fork

②介词词组中：

to(at, from) school, in (to)class, in (to,at, from)university（college）,to（in, into, from）church, to(in,into, out of)prison(hospital, bed), to(at, from, out of)work, to(in, from) town,at (from)home, to(at)sea, at night(noon, midnight), by car (bus, bicycle, plane), on foot

注意：在有些词组中，有无冠词含义不同。

in hospital 住院（因病）

in the hospital在医院（工作、参观等）

in front of在前面，指某物体之外

in the front of在前部，指某物之内

in charge负责，主管out of question没问题

in the charge由……负责out of the question不可能

（9）as引导的让步状语从句中，作表语的名词不带冠词。

Child as she is, she knows a lot of French.

（10）系动词turn（作“变成”解）后作表语的单数可数名词前习惯不用冠词。

The young girl has turned writer.

= The young girl has become a writer.

（11）在单数名词+ after + 同一单数名词（表示“一个接一个”）结构中，单数可数名词前不加冠词。

She did experiment after experiment.

类似的还有：shop after shop, mistake after mistake

（12）形容词的最高级前、序数词前也有不用定冠词的情况。

①“most + 形容词原级”作“十分、非常、极”解时，前面不用定冠词。

Oh, it’s most beautiful.

②当两个形容词最高级并列修饰同一个名词时，第二个形容词前通常不用定冠词。

She is the tallest and fattest girl in our school.

③当形容词最高级作表语，不表示与其他人或物相比时，其前不用定冠词。

The market in the country is busiest in winter.

④形容词最高级前有名词所有格或物主代词时，不能用定冠词。

A wolf in a sheep’s skin is our most dangerous enemy.

⑤序数词前面一般加定冠词表示“第……”之意，但在second、third等词前加不定冠词表示“又一，再一”之意。

…why you took a second arrow

注意：下句中“a first”表示“第一名、冠军”。

He is a top student in our class; he often gets a first in maths.

（13）no与such连用时应放在such之前，such后面的名词不用冠词。

No such thing has ever happened in this village.

（14）never、ever置于作主语的名词前，这些名词前不用冠词。

Never did student study so hard.这个学生从未学得这么认真。

（15）有时为了节省空间、时间、金钱和精力，或为了引起注意力，省去a(n)或the,这主要用于新闻标题、工商业文件、广告、电报、公告、提纲、书名等。

Conference opens.会议召开了。

2.定冠词的使用情况

（1）使用定冠词的一般情况。

①特指或第二次提到。

②序数词前、最高级前、独一无二的东西前。

③用于表示发明物的单数名词前或某些专有名词前。

（2）定冠词使用特殊的场合。

①He hit him in the face.

beat sb. on the nose, take sb. by the arm, pat sb. on the head②the rich, the poor, the wounded 富人，穷人，伤员

③the elder of the two, he more beautiful of the two两者中较年长的一位，较漂亮的一个

④The sooner, the better.越快越好。

⑤He got paid by the hour.他是按小时付工钱的。

by the yard/the dozen/the month/the year…

但：by weight按重量

⑥in the 50s /in the 1870s（表示年代）

⑦the Smiths/the Whites（表示一家人或夫妇俩）

⑧in the water/field/light/shade/distance/middle/country/rain

⑨tell the truth/on the other hand/on the way home

⑩当抽象名词表示某一特定内容，特别是当它有一限定性修饰语时，

它与定冠词连用：

She is fond of music.

He is playing the music written by Beethoven.

Good advice is beyond price.

I’m sorry not to have taken the advice he gave.

3.不定冠词常用的几种情况

（1）表示“一”相当于“one”。I’ll return in a day or two.

（2）表示“每”相当于“per”。We have three meals a day.

（3）表示“同一性”相当于“the same”。The children are of an age.

（4）表示类指，表示“某类”。He wants to he a doctor.

（5）表示泛指，相当于“any”。A horse is a useful animal.

（6）表示某一个，相当于“a certain”。A Mr. Smith is asking to see you.

（7）与抽象名词连用，可以表示“一场、一次、一件”，如：a pleasure一件乐事，a surprise一件令人惊讶的事，a joy一件高兴的事，a pity一件遗憾的事，an honour一个（件）经以为荣的人(事)。

（8）与物质名词连用，表示“一种，一阵、一份”。

What a heavy rain!

What a good supper!

Please give me a black coffee!

4.冠词表类别的常见方式

（1）定冠词+ 单数可数名词，表示一个，代表一类。

The computer was invented in 1945.

The TV set was invented by Joan Baird.

The horse is a useful animal.

（2）不定冠词+ 单数可数名词（表示任意一个，某一个）。

A pen is a tool for writing.

A square has four sides.

A horse is a useful animal.

注意：man, woman表示泛指时，不用冠词，且常用单数。如：

Man is fighting a battle against pollution.

Man tries to be the protector of woman.

（3）可数名词或不可数名词，指类别（考虑到同类中的各个情况）。

Horses are useful animals.

Rice is a kind of food.

5.冠词位置问题

（1）不定冠词+ 副词+ 形容词+ 名词。

This is a very interesting story.

（2）such、what、both、all、quite、rather +不定冠词+形容词+名词。

I’ve never seen such a film!

Half a pound of pork,please!

What a good idea it is!

（3）as、so、too、how、however、enough+形容词+不定冠词+名词。

It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent.

I can’t finish the task in so short a time.

This seems not too long a distance.

We wonder how difficult a problem he worked out.

However low te price you paid,you waste your money.

He is brave enough a hunter to kill the bear.

（4）定冠词位置。

①half、twice、three times + the + 名词

He paid twice the price for it.

Their house is three times the size of yours.

②all、both、double + the + 名词

Both the blind men were mistaken.

All the students in our class are eager to know the secret.

I offered him double the amount, but he still refused.

二、精典名题导解

选择填空

1. The warmth of ______sweater will of course be determined by the sort of ____wool used.（NMET 2001）

A．The ; the B．the ; / C．/; the D．/; /

解析：答案为B。第一空格为特指，交待the warmth的内容，第二空格为泛指，the sort of wool used所用羊毛的种类。此题有三点需注意：①正确理解sweater 这一句词在句中的类别。②掌握determine在句中作“决定”、“取决于”这个意思。③掌握定冠词表特指的基本用法。

2. Most animals have little connection with_________animals of___________different kind unless they kill them for food.（NMET 2000）A．the … a B．/ … a C．the … the D．/ … the

解析：答案为B。名词复数表类别，其前不用冠词，故第一个空格不填冠词，表不定概念的“一种”，“某种”要用不定冠词a。要准确掌握冠词表类别的三种表达方式和不定冠词常用的几种情况，见前面要点考点聚焦内容。

3. Paper money was in___________use in China when Marco Polo visited the country in __________thirteenth century.（NMET1999）

A．the … / B．the … the C．/ … the D．/ … /

解析：答案为C。题中in use是固定搭配，意为“在使用”，use为抽象名词，其前不用冠词。后者是序数词前用定冠词the。要牢记一些固定搭配如in use、under construction（在建设中）、in debt（欠债）、come to power（执政）、on fire（着火）、at table（用餐）、out of work（失业）等。

4. When you come here for your holiday next time don’t go to hotel; I can find you bed in my flat.

A. the; a

B. the; 不填

C. a; the

D. a; 不填

解析：答案为C。考定语从句。主句部分应是The English play at the New Year’s party was a great success. 从句补全为独立句子就是my students acted in the play.所以应选in which，其余介词不妥。

5.—John, there is Mr. Wilson on the phone for you.

—I’m in bath.

A. a; the

B. the; a

C. a; 不填

D. the; 不填

解析：答案为A。本题考查冠词用法。a+姓名，表示“一个叫……的人”；in the bath在浴室。

6. Tom owns larger collection of books than any other student in our class.

A. the; 不填

B. a; 不填

C. a; the

D. 不填; the

解析：答案为B。考冠词，collection是可数名词，须填冠词，被比较级修饰，但是大范围的比较，故填不定冠词，后一空是泛指的表类别的书，且已用了复数，不填冠词。故选B。

语法复习专题三——代词

一、考点聚焦

代词分为九类：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词、指示代词\疑问代词、连接代词、不定代词、关系代词。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的作用。

1、人称代词

（1）人称代词作主语用主格，作宾语、表语用宾格，但应注意以下4中情况：

①作主语的人称代词如果孤立地使用于无谓语动词的句子中，或在这种句子中与动词不定式连用，常用宾格。

—Does any of you know where Tom lives?

—Me.

What! Me (to) play him at chess? No!

②句子中代词作宾语或宾语补足语时，与所替代的名词在人称、数、格在

意义上一般要保持前后一致。

The thief was thought to be he.(the thief是主格，故用he代替)

They took me to be her.他们误以为我是她。（me是宾格，故用her替代）

③作表语人称代词一般用宾格，但在强调句型中，被强调部分代词的格不变。

I met her in the hospital.→It was her who I met in the hospital.

④在比较级的句子中than、as后用主格、宾格都可以。如：He is taller than me(I).但在下列句中有区别。

I like Jack as much as her.=I like both Jack and her.

I like Jack as much as she.=I like Jack and she likes him, too.

(2)两个以上的人称代词并列，其次序排列原则：

①在并列主语中，“I”总是放在最后，排列顺序为：二三一（人称）。宾格me也一样。

You ,she and I will be in charge of the case.

Mr.Zhang asked Li Hua and me to help him.

②第三人称，男女两性并用，男先女后。

He and she still don’t agree to the plan.

(3)几个人称代词的特殊用法。

①we/you(口语)常用来泛指一般人。

②she可以代表国家、船只、大地、月亮等。

The “Titanic”was the largest, wasn’t she?

2.物主代词

（1）名词和形容词性物主代词各自的语法功能。

（2）one’s own…=...of one’s own句式的转换。

（3）某些固定结构中常用定冠词代替物主代词。

如：take sb. by the arm, be wounded in the leg.

3.反身代词

（1）反身代词的语法功能：宾语、表语、主语或宾语的同位语。

（2）反身代词和某些动词连有，构成固定短语。

enjoy oneself, feel oneself, make oneself at home, make oneself understood

（3）反身代词还可用于某些成语中。

for oneself为自己或独立地，of oneself自然地，自动地

by oneself独自地，in oneself本身性质，beside oneself喜怒哀愁至极

This problem gets a chapter to itself.这个问题占了一章（独有）。

Just between ourselves, I don’t think much of him.私下地说我并不怎么看重他。

They were discussing about it among themselves.（相互共同）

Left to himself he began to write.别人走后只留下他，他写了起来。

I’m very angry with myself.生自己的气。

4.相互代词（each other, one another）

相互代词无人称、数和格的区别，在句中作宾语。其所有格分别为each other’s 、o ne another’s ,作定语。

一般来说，each other指两者之间，one another指三者或三者以上之间，但现在区分已不明显。

5.指示代词（this, that , these, those, such, same）

指示代词具有形容词和代词两种词性，在句子中可以作定语、主语、宾语或表语等。

（1）指示代词this和that的区别。

①this (these)一般指时间或空间上较近的人或物；that(those)常指时间或空间较远的人或物。

This is my desk and that is yours.

In those days they could not go to school.

②this常指后面要讲到的事物，有启下的作用；that则指前面讲到过的事物，有承上的作用。

I want to tell you this:the English party will be held on Saturday afternoon.

He hurt his leg yesterday. That’s why he didn’t come.

③为了避免重复，常用that或those代替前面已提过的名词。

The weather of Beijing is colder than that of Nanjing.

The ears of a rabbit are longer than those of a fox.

④this在电话用语中作自我介绍，that询问对方；this和that可以当副词用，意思相当于副词so。

（2）such和same的用法。

①such指“这样的”人或事，在句中作主语和定语。

Such was the story.

We have never seen such a tall building.

②same指“同样的”人或事，在句中作主语、表语、宾语和定语，same的前面要用定冠词the.

The same can be said of the other article.

另一篇文章也是同样的情况。（主语）

Whether he can do it or not,it is all the same to me.

他是否能做这事，对我来说都一样。（表语）

6、疑问代词（who,whom,which,what,whose）

疑问代词在句中作主语、宾语、定语和表语。

（1）who/what

①询问姓名或关系。——Who is he? ——He is my brother./He is

Henry.询问职业或地位。——What is he？——He is a lawyer/teacher.

②What/who 作主语时，谓语动词的数取决于说话人的视点，可单数也可复数。

What is /are on the table?

Who is/are in the library?

(2)which与who、what

which表示在一定范围内，而who、what则无此限制。

I found two books on the desk.Which is yours?

7.连接代词和关系代词

连接代词与疑问代词的形式相同，主要有who、whom、whose、what、which 以及它们与ever合成的代词whoever、whomever、whatever、whichever等。它们用来引导主语从句，宾语从句和表语从句，即连接复合句中的主句和从句，并在从句中担任一定的句子成分，以连接代词引起的名词性从句前不能再加that.

关系代词是用来引导定语从句的代词，它们包括who、whom、whose、which、that等。这两类代词的用法详见“名词性从句”和“定语从句”部分。

8、不定代词

不定代词主要有：all、each、every、both、either、neither、one、none、little、few、many、much、other、another、some、any、no等。还有由some、any、no 和every构成合成代词，不定代词具有名词和形容词的性质，并有可数和不可数之分，在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、同位语、定语、状语等（every、no只能作定语）。下面介绍几组主要不定代词的用法与区别。

（1）some与any

一般用法：some、any可与单、复数可数名词及不可数名词连有。some一般用于肯定句，any多用于疑问、否定或条件句。

He has some Chinese paintings.(定语)

Some like sports,others like music.(主语)

Ask me if you have any questions.(定语)

Do you have any questions to ask?(定语)

I don’t know any of the students.（宾语）

特殊用法：

①any用于肯定句表示“任何”的意思。

Any child can do that.（定语）

You may take any of them.（宾语）

②some用于单数可数名词前表示“某一”。

Smith went to some place in England.（定语）

③在期待对方回答yes 时，some用在表示请求或邀请的问句中。

Would you like some bananas?（邀请）

Mum,could you give me some money?(请求)

④some 用于否定句表示部分否定。

I don’t know some of the students.（宾语）

some和any在句中还可作状语，作副词。some意为“大约”相当于“about”,而any则表示程度，意为“稍，丝毫”。如：

There are some 300 workers on strike.

Do you feel any better today?

(2) One, both, all

①one作定语、表语、主语或宾语，可以指人或物，表示“一个”的意思，其复数为ones,指人时，其所有格是one’s，反身代词是oneself.

One should try one’s best to serve the people.(主语、定语)

This is not the one I want.(表语)

one、ones可以代替上文提到过的名词，以免重复，one、ones前面分别可以用this、that、these、those或the、which等词修饰。如：

These books are more interesting than those ones.

Here are three pens.Which one is yours,this one or that one or the one in the pencil-box?

②both用作定语、宾语、主语和同位语，可以指人或指物，表示“两者都”的意思。

This maths problem can be worked out in both ways.(定语)

Both of the boys are here.(主语)

We both are students.(同位语)

注意：both用于否定句，表示部分否定；表示完全否定时，用neither。如：Both of us are not teachers.我们俩并不都是教师。

Neither of us is a teacher. 我们俩都不是教师。

both不能放在the、these、those、my等之后，而应放在它们的前面。如：Both my parents like this film.

Both the /these boys are tall.

③all用作主语、表语、宾语、定语、同位语，指“全部的”、“整个的”，可与可数或不可数名词连用，除少数情况外，一般不与单数可数名词连用，与复数名词连用时，表示“所有的”、“全部的”，指三个或三个以上的人或物。

He gave me all the money.他把全部的钱给了我。

All the schools are flooded.所有的学校都被淹了。

I told him all about it. 我把一切都告诉了他。

That’s all for today.今天就在这儿。

They have all been to Xi’an.他们都去过西安。

注意：all 用于否定句，表示部分否定，完全否定用none。如：

Not all the ants go out for food.(or:All the ants don’t go out for food.)并不是所有的蚂蚁都出去寻找食物。

None of the money is mine.这钱一分也不是我的。

（3）many和much

many和much都表示“许多”，但many修饰或代替复数可数名词，much修饰或代替不可数名词。它们在句中可作主语、宾语、定语。much有时用作状语。

（4）few, little; a few, a little

few和little表示没有多少，含否定意义；而a few 和a little表示有一些，有几个，含肯定意义。另外，few、a few 修饰可数名词；little、a little修饰不可数名词。它们在句中常用作定语、主语和宾语。

（5）no和none

no=not any,表示“没有”，用来修饰可数名词或不可数名词，通常作定语，none代替不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；代替可数名词作主语时，谓语动词可用单数也可用复数形式。none还可以在句中作宾语。

注意：none既可以指人又可以指物，no one只能指人。

（6）each和every

each（各个），指两个或两个以上的人或物，侧重个体，在句中作主语、宾语、定语和同位语。every（每个），指三个或三个以上的人或物，侧重整体，在句中只能作定语。

Every student it our class has a dictionary.(定语，强调班上“所有的人”)

Each student in our class has a dictionary.（定语，强调各个个体）

Each of them has been there.（主语）

The teacher gave each of the students a new textbook.（宾语）

We each got a ticket.（同位语）

（7）either和neither

either是“两者中任何一个”的意思，可修饰或代替单数可数名词，neither 是“两者中没有一个”的意思，可以修饰或代替单数可数名词，它们可在句在作主语、宾语或定语。如：

Here are two pens. You may take either of them.(宾语)

Neither boy knows French.(定语)

注意：①either也作副词，其意为“也”，用于否定句的句末。He doesn’like tea, and I don’t either.（状语）②either与or构成连词，意为“不是……就是……”或“要么……要么……”。He is either Japanese or Chinese. ③

neither用作副词，意为“也不”，即“not…either”。He can’t do it, neither can I. ④neither可与nor构成连词，意为“既不……也不”。Neither he nor you are a student.

（8）other和another, the others 和others

the other表示“两者中的另一个”；“the other + 复数可数名词”

表示“其余（他）的……”；the others表示“其他的人或物”。“others及other + 复数名词”泛指“其他的（别的）人或物”。这些词语在句中可作主语、宾语和定语。如：

He got two books; one is textbook, the other is a novel.

Five of the pencils are red, the others(the other pens)are yellow.

Some are singing, others are dancing.

another修饰或代替单数可数名词，意为“（三个或三个以上的）另一个”，不能指两者中的另一个，在句中可作宾语和定语。

This coat is too dark. Please show me another.(宾语)

Please give me another book.（定语）

注意：another修饰复数名词时，意为“再，又”。如：Please give me another ten minutes. one … another(a second)… a third…the other…意为“一个……一个……一个……一个”用于三者或三者以上的排列。some…others…others…，意为“一些……一些……一些”。

二、精典名题导解

选择填空

1. The Parkers bought a new house but__________will need a lot of work before they can move in.(NMET 2001)

A. they

B. it

C. one

D. which

解析：答案为B。分析题意可知，they显然不合，which多引导从句，从此为并列句式，one表示泛指，而此处空格内容指代前面提到的the new house。要仔细区别代词的所指范围，是人还是物，单数还是复数，另应注意句式。

2．If you want to change for a double room you’l l have to pay_________$ 15.（NMET 2000）

A. another

B. other

C. more

D. each

解析：答案为A。本题考查不定代词用于表示数量附加的用法。“another + 数字+ 复数名词”结构通常用来表示在原有数量上的附加。若选C，正确结构是“数词+ more + 复数名词”。掌握another和more与数字搭配的位置是此题关键。another放在数字前，more放在数字后。NMET 1995中第25小题命题思路与此题一致。

3. Few pleasures can equal ___________of a cool drink on a hot day.(NMET 1999)

A. some

B. any

C. that

D. those

解析：答案为C。本题考查替代词that的用法。that通常在句中替代同类的、特定的但不是同一的事物。本句中that替代the pleasure。句意为“在炎热的夏天几乎没有任何乐趣能与饮一杯冷饮的乐趣相比”。that指代单数或不可数名词，复数用those，表示特指，以避免重复，在比较句型中较为常用，代替可数名词时可换用the one。

4. I like in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright.

A. this

B. that

C. it

D. one

解析：答案为C。本句考惯用法及代词。Like是及物动词，需要宾语。此处“it”指模糊的情形或环境，无具体指代，其余项均不可。又如：I like it here（我喜欢这儿）。

5.That’s an unpleasant thing to say about your father after he’s done for you.

A. something

B. anything

C. all

D. that

解析：答案为C。本题考代词及定语从句。整句意思；在你父亲为你做了所有一切之后再说你父亲（的坏话）是件令人不愉快的事。

6.We needed a new cupboard for the kitchen. So Peter made from some wood we had.

A. it

B. one

C. himself

D. another

解析：答案为B。考代词。全句意为：我们需要为厨房填个橱柜，所以Peter 用我们所拥有的木头做了一个。代词one替代上文的名词a cupboard,非特指的指代，正合题意。it应指代上文提到的同一事物，为特指，故不可。C项离题意太远，D项指“又”，“再”的意思，亦不可。

语法复习专题四——形容词和副词

一、考点聚焦

1、形容词、副词的作用与位置

形容词是用来修饰名词的，常被放在名词前作定语，或放在系动词后面作表语。而副词则用来修饰形容词、动词，其他副词或者句子，一般位于形容词之前，动词之后或句子之首。以下属几种特殊情况，须牢记；

（1）形容词短语作定语，定语后置。

a language difficult to master, a leaning tower about 180 feet high

（2）表语形容词（afraid、alike、alone、asleep、awake、alive等）作定语，定语后置。如a man alive。有些表身体健康状况的形容词如well、faint、ill只作表语。sick既可作表语又可作定语，ill如作定语意为“bad”。

（3）用作定语，修饰由不定代词one、no、any、some和every构成的复合词如anything、something等时，通常后置。如：

I have something important to tell you.

（4）else常用作疑问代词和不定代词的后置定语。

（5）enough、nearby修饰名词前置或后置，程度副词一般位于形容词、副词前面，enough修饰形容词、副词时，必须后置。

（6）几个副词并列作状语时，其顺序较灵活，但一般是：方式→地点→时间。如：

We had a good time together outdoors last Sunday.

（7）频度副词如often、always、usually等在be动词后，行为动词前。

（8）副词作定语，定语后置。如：

The person there is waiting for you.

（9）几个并列的形容词作定语，其语序通常为：限定语（The、A）+ 描绘性形容词+ size（大小）+ shape（形状）+ age（年龄、时间）+ color（颜色）+ origin（国籍、来源）+ material（材料）+ purpose（目的）+ 名词。如：

a heavy black Chinese steel umbrella,

the man’s first tow interesting little red French oil paitings

（10）以-ly结尾的词性辨析。

①下列单词以-ly结尾，但却是形容词而非副词：lively、lonely、lovely、deadly、friendly、ugly、silly、likely、brotherly、timely等。

②表愿意（无-ly）和引申意(有-ly)的副词：

deep深wide宽广

high高low位置低

deeply深入地widely广泛地highly高度地lowly地位卑微

③有无-ly意义大不相同的副词：

dead完全，绝对be dead asleep

deadly非常be deadly tired

相当be pretty certain that…

prettily漂亮地be prettily dressed

近Don’t sit close.

closely密切地Watch closely!

晚、迟arrive late, come late

lately最近I haven’t seen him lately(recently).

、复合形容词的构成

（1）形容词+ 名词+ ed

kind-hearted好心的，white-haired白发的

(2)形容词+ 形容词

red-hot炽热的，dark-blue深蓝的

（3）形容词+ 现在分词

good-looking好看的，easy-going随和的

（4）副词+ 现在分词

hard-working勤劳的，fast-moving快速转动的

（5）副词+ 过去分词

hard-won得来不易的，newly-made新建的

（6）名词+ 形容词

life-long终生的，world-famous世界闻名的

（7）名词+ 现在分词

peace-loving爱好和平的，fun-loving爱开玩笑的

（8）名词+ 过去分词

snow-covered白雪覆盖的，hand-made手工的

（9）数词+ 名词+ ed

four-storeyed 4层楼的，three-legged 3条腿的

（10）数词+ 名词（名词用单数）

ten-year 10年的,two-man两人的

3、形容词和副词的比较等级

（1）原级的构成和用法。

构成：形容词、副词的原级即本身。

用法：表示双方在程度、性质、特征等某方面相等时，用“as + 原级形容词/副词+ as”的结构；表示双方不相等时，用“not so(as) + 原级形容词/副词+ as”的结构；表示一方是另一方的若干倍时，用“倍数+ as + 原级形容词/副词+ as”的结构。如：

Xiao Wang is as tall as Xiao Yu.

This building looks not so (as)high as that one.

Miss Xu speaks English as fluently as you .

This room is three times as large as that one.

（2）比较级和最高级的构成。

掌握比较级和最高级的变化规则，熟记少数不符合规则的特殊形容词和副词。

（3）比较级的用法。

①对方比较，表示一方超过另一方时，用“比较级+ than”的结构表示。如：

This picture is more beautiful than that one.

②表示一方不及另一方时，用“less + 原级+ than”的结构表示。如：

This room is less beautiful than that one.

③表示一方超过另一方的程度或数量时，可在比较级前加表示程度的状语，如even、a lot、a bit、a little、still、much、far、yet、by fay等修饰。如：He works even harder than before.

注意：英语的比较级前如无even、still或yet等时，译成汉语时可用“较”或“…一些”或不译出，一般不可有“更”。如：

She is better than she was yesterday

Please come earlier tomorrow.

另注意：by far通常用于强调最高级。用于比较级时，一般放在比较级的后面，如在前面，应在二者中间加“the”。如：

He is taller by far than his brother.

He is by far the taller of the two brothers.

④表示一方随另一方的程度而变化时，用“the + 比较级（主语+ 谓语），the + 比较级（主语+ 谓语）”的结构（意为“越……越……”）。如：The harder he works, the happier he feels.

⑤不与其他事物相比，表示本身程度的改变时，用“比较级+ and + 比较级”的结构。如：

The weather is getting colder and colder.

The girl becomes more and more beautiful.

⑥某些以-ior结尾的形容词进行比较时，用to代替than。这些词有inferior （劣等的，次的）、superior（较好的，优于……）、junior（资历较浅的）、senior （资格较老的）、prior（在……之前）等。

He is superior to Mr.Zhang in chemistry.

⑦在比较从句中为了避免重复，我们通常用that(those)、one(ones)代替前面出现的名词。that指物,one既可指人又可指物。that可代替可数名词单数和不可数名词，而one只能代替可数名词。

The book on the table is more interesting than that(或the one)on the desk.

A box made of steel is stronger than one made of wood.

⑧倍数表达法。（A）A is three(four, etc.)times the size(height, length etc.)of B. 这座新楼是那座旧楼的四倍大（高）。The new bui9lding is four times the size(the height)of the old one.这座新楼比那座旧楼大三倍（高三倍）。（B）A is three(four, etc.)times as big(high, long, etc.)as B. Asia is four times as large as Europe.亚洲比欧洲大三倍。（C）A is three (four, etc.)times bigger(higher, longer, etc.)than B. Your school is three times bigger than ours.你们的学校比我们的学校大三倍。用times 表倍数通常用于三倍以上，两倍可以用twice或double.

(4)最高级的用法。

①三者或三者以上相比，表示最高程度时，用“the + 最高级”的结构表示。这种句式一般常有表示比较范围的介词短语。如：

Zhang Hua is the tallest of the three.

He works(the)hardest in his class.

②最高级可被序数词以及much、by far、nearly、almost 、by no means、not quite

、not really、nothing like等词语所修饰。如：

This hat is by far / much / nearly / almost / not nearly / by no means / not quite / nothing like the biggest.

How much did the secon most expensive hat cost?

③表示“最高程度”的形容词，如excellent、extreme、perfect等，没有最高级，也不能用比较级。

④形容词最高级修饰作表语或介词宾语的名词、代词时，被修饰的词往往省略。如：

He is the tallest (boy) in his class.

⑤作状语的副词最高级前可以不加定冠词。如：

Of all the boys he came (the) earliest.

(5)形容词和副词前面使用冠词的情况。

①形容词最高级前一般要加定冠词，副词最高级前可不加冠词。

②形容词最高级前有时加不定冠词，或不加冠词，不表比较，表示“非常”。如：

He is a most clever young policeman.(a most=very)

The film is most interesting.(most=very)

③表示两者间“较……的一个”比较级前加the。如：

who is the older of the tow boys?

④在“the + 比较级…，the + 比较级…”结构中。

⑤在same前一般要加the。

⑥有些形容词前加the 成为名词。如the poor、the rich 等。

（6）由as / so组成的形容词或副词短语。

①as much as + 不可数名词数量。

Each stone weighs as much as fifteen tons.

She could earn as much as ten dollars a week.

②as many as + 可数名词数量多达

I have as a many as sixteen referrence books.

③as early as早在

As early as the twelfth century the English began to invade the island.

④as far as远到；就……而知（论）

We might go as far as (走到)the church and back.

As far as I know（就我所知），he has been there before.

⑤may (might, could)as well不妨、不如

Then you might as well stay with us here.

⑥as … as can be到了最……的程度，极其

They are as unreliable as they can be.他们极其不可信。

⑦as … as one can

He began to run, as fast as he could.

⑧as … as possible

Just get them to finish up as quickly as possible.

(7)几组重要的词语辨析。

①very 和much的区别。（A）可分等级的形容词和副词前使用very不用much。

(B)表示状态的过去分词前用very。a very frightened boy, a very tired child, a very complicated problem, 一般的情况下，以-ing、-ed结尾的分词多用much、very much / greatly等修饰。如：We were greatly shocked by the news about Tom. I was much amus ed by Jack’s attitude。(C)已转化为形容词的现在分词前用very。如：very interesting / worrying / exicting。（D）too前用much或far,不用very。You are much / far / a lot too nice.另外，在too many / much, too few / little前用far。There’s far too little opportunity for adventue these days.We’ve go t far too many eggs and far too few egg cups.（E）关于原级形容词要记住下列固定的修饰结构：（a）修饰绝对意义的形容词，一般不用very,而用quite completely、well、entirely。如：quite wrong(mistaken, sure)、completely dead、quite impossible、quite perfect等。（b）修饰以a-开头的形容词，多有特殊的修饰词：quite alone, very much alone, wide awake, fast asleep, very much afraid。(c)修饰一些特殊形容词的修饰语有：be well worth, much the same, freezing cold, quite different, terribly cold / frightening。

②so … that … 与such … that … 的区别。

so + 形容词/ 副词+ that …

so + 形容词+ a（n）+ 单数可数名词+ that …

so + many / much / little / few + 名词+ that …

such + a(n)+ 形容词+单数可数名词+ that …

such + 形容词+ 不可数名词+ that …

such + 形容词+ 复数名词+ that …

注意：下列结构中只能用so不可用such,当名词前有many、much、little、few 等表示“多、少”的词修饰时，如so much progress、so many people、so little food、so few apples等。但当little表示“小”时用such。如：These are such little boys that they can’t dress themselves.下列so的用法是错误的：so a diffcult problem,so difficult problems, so hot weather。

③其他几组词的辨析。（A）ago、before:ago表示以现在为起点的“以前”；before指以过去或将来的某时刻为起点的“以前”。泛指“以前”用before而不用ago。（B）already、yet、still:already表示某事已经发生；yet表示期待某事发生；still表示某事还在进行，主要用于肯定句。

(C)too、also、either:too和also用于肯定句，too多用于口语，also多用于书面语，either用于否定句。(D)good、well:与good不同的是，well作形容词，只能在系动词后作表语，表示“身体状况好”，也作副词修饰动词。(E)quick、fast:作形容词皆表“快”。fast多指运动的物体，含持续的意思。quick多指一次动作的敏捷、突然，而且持续的时间较短。(F)real、true:形容词表“真的”。real强调真实存在的而不是幻想的，在句中常作定语；true指与事实标准和实际情况相符合，在句中作表语或定语。(G)hard、difficult:均表“困难”，但hard通常指体力上困难；difficult则指智力或技能上的困难，困难程度大于hard。它们都可作定语和表语。

二、精典名题导解

选择填空

1. It is generally believed that teaching is ___________it is a science.（NMET 2001）

A. an art much as

B. much an art as

C. as an art much as

D. as much an art as

解析：答案为D。本题可从考查形容词的同级比较点入手。在同级比较as…as 句式中，如果as后面的形容词作定语且其所修饰的名词前有不定冠词时，该冠词须置于形容词之后，即形成“as + 形容词+ a / an + 单数可数名词+ as”结构。这道题在名词专题中也有解析，不同的是观察视角不同，应注意培养发散思维。

2. It is always difficult being in a foreign country, __________if you don’t speak the language.(NMET 2000)

A. extremely

B. naturally

C. basically

D. especially

解析：答案为D。本题考查副词的词义辨析。注意掌握词语的准确含义，结合语境进行分析。A项意为“极端地”；B项意为“自然地”；C项“基本上”；D项“尤其，特别地”。根据句意“如果你不会讲（它的）语言，在国外你就总会困难重重”可知答案。

3. Professor White has written some short stories, but he is ______known for his plays.(NMET 1998)

A. the best

B. more

C. better

D. the most

解析：答案为C。本题考查副词的比较级和最高级。要把握句式之间的联系，抓住句子的隐藏信息，结合语境进行分析。根据句意，句中but后应有一词组be well known for…。同时，应注意到前后两个分句把professor White的短篇小说和戏剧进行了对比，故应用well的比较级。

4.I must be getting fat—I can do my trousers up.

A. fairly

B. hardly

C. nearly

D. seldom

解析：答案为D。本题考副词，且继续使用了破折号，对前句解释说明。句中的“do up”指“系上、扣上、包扎上”等意，故全句合理的意思是：我几乎系不上裤子了，（因此）我一定在发胖。B项hardly是“几乎不”的意思，正合题意。

5. The house smells as if it hasn’t been lived in for years.

A. little white wooden

B. little wooden white

C. white wooden little

D. wooden white little

解析：答案为A。本题考名词前置定事的排序。多个词同时作前置定语时，排列规律一般是：代词性定语+冠/指示/物主/所有格+数词（先序后基）+形容词+国籍/材料/用途形容词或名词或动名词+被修饰的名词，其中数个形容词同时出现时，多用下列顺序：性质+大小+形状+新旧+颜色，有时也要看与名词的密切关系，越密切，越靠近名词。按上文所述，wooden表材料，放在最后，white 表颜色，放在little之后，故选A。

6. That doesn’t sound very frightening, Paul. I’ve seen . What did you like most about the film?

A. better

B. worse

C. best

D. worst

解析：答案为B。考查比较级的用法，由句意可知，我还见过比frightening 更糟的，故选B。

语法复习专题五——介词和连词

一、考点聚焦

1、介词的分类与语法功能

（1）介词是虚词，不能单独作句子成分，必须与名词、代词（或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句等）构成介词短语，在句中充当一个成分。介词分为：简单介词，如at、in、for等；合成介词，如within、inside、onto、througout 等；短语介词，如according to、out of、because of、by means of、in spite of、instead of等。双重介词，如from behind / above / under、until after等。分词介词，如considering、including、judging(from / by) 等。

常见的介词宾语：名词、代词、动名词、从句、不定式等。如：

①It is going to rain this afternoon according to the weather forecast.

②He quarrelled with her yesterday.

③He succeeded in passing the final exam.

④I’m still thinking of how I can fulfil the task ahead of time.

⑤The professor will give us a talk on how to study English well.

（2）介词短语在句中可作表语、定语、状语和宾补等。如：

①This machine is in good condition.(表语)

②Where is the key to my bike?(定语)

③Nothing in the world could live without air or water.(状语)

④She always thinks herself above others.（宾补）

2、介词搭配

（1）“动词+介词”搭配：注意特定搭配与同一介词与多个动词搭配意义不同的情况。

①rob sb. of sth. / clear the road of snow(“夺去、除去”意

义的动词与of 连用)

②supply us with food / fill the glass with wine（“供给”意义的动词与with连用）

③make a desk of wood / make bread from flour / make the material into a coat （“制作、制造”意义与of、from、into连用）

④介词+ the + 部位与动词的关系（=动词+ sb.’s + 部位，可换用）

strike him on the head(“击，拍，碰，摸”意义与on连用)

catch him by the arm(“抓，拉，拿，扯”意义与by连用)

hit the boy in the face（“肚，胸，眼，脸”等人体前部与in连用）

⑤prevent(stop, keep)sb. from doing sth.(“阻止，禁止”意义与from连用)

⑥persuade(advise, warn)sb. into doing sth.（“说服，建议”意义与into连用）

⑦buy sb. for sth.(leave、get、win、gain、lose等“得失”意义与for连用)

⑧tell sth.to sb.(show、teach、sing、write、read等“告知”意义与to连用)

⑨give sth. to sb.（give、allow、promise、pass、hand等“授予”意义与to连用）

注意：⑦⑧⑨可换成buy sb.sth.双宾结构。

⑩say to sb.(suggest、explain、apologize、murmur、whisper与“对象”连用必须用to)不可说suggest sb.sth.。

同一动词与不同介词搭配意义不同。

for（寻找）to sth. of(听说) on(拜访) look to (眺望) agree with sb. hear call for(需要) at（看）on sth. from(收到信) in(请)同一介词与不同动词搭配，意义各异。

reply to the letter回信，sing(dance)to the music和……唱（跳），amount to 达到，加起来有……，devote to把……贡献给，drink to为……干杯，object to反对，look forward to 渴望，come to苏醒，belong to属于，search for搜……，ask … for … 寻找，use … for用作，leave for前往，take … f or误以为，call of倡导，wait for 等待，care for喜欢，make up for弥补损失，turn to求助（救）于，help oneself to 随意，agree to同意，compare … to把……比作，send for派人去请（拿）……，sail for驶向，航向，set out for动身去，go in for爱好……。

（2）常见“形容词+ 介词”搭配。

of 担心……

about / at sth. afraid angry

for 替……而担心 with sb.

for sth.渴望…… from 与……不同

amxious different

about sth. / sb 担心…… to … 不关心……

of 讨厌 with sb. tired strict

from/ with 因……疲倦 in sth.要求严格 at 擅长 with sb.受……欢迎 good for 对……有益 popular in some place 流行在…… of sb. to do so 友好 for … 因……而流行 with + 名词或what 从句 pleased

helpful to 对……有帮助

at + 抽象名词（听 / 看到……而高兴） to sb.为人所知 be familiar with 熟悉 known for 因……而出名

as 作为……出名 be familiar to 为……熟知（悉） sorry for … 替……后悔 disappointed at sth.失望 from 缺席 rich in 富有…… absent

in 离开此地去了……

worthy of 值得的，glad about sth. for sb.为某人某事高兴，far from 离……远，grateful for sth. to sb.为某事感激某人，free from 没有……（免除……），proud of(take pride in)自豪，satisfied with (by)满意，sure of / about 确信，fond of 喜欢，fit for 适合，busy with sth.(in doing sth.)忙着干某事，full of 充满，ready for 准备，similar to 相似，wrong with 不对；有毛病……

（3）“名词 + 介词”要注意习惯搭配和意义区分。 the absence of water 缺水 the hope of success 成功的希望

have a chance of (for) entering college 上大学的机会 take pride in them 为他们感到骄傲 the key to the question 问题的答案 a medicine for cough 治咳嗽的药 the ticket for tomorrow 明天的票 in Beijing 去了北京 his abesence from Beijing 不在北京

to study 学习方法

the way

of studying maths 学习教学的方法

3、核心介词用法归纳与辨析

（1）表示时间的介词in 的用法如下。

表示在某一较长时间内，如世纪、年、月、季、周等一般用介词in ， 如：in the 1990s, in the year, in January, in(the) winter / summer / fall / spring, in

the first week of May 。

还可以用时段名词组成固定短语或词组。如：in a while, in no time, in the daytime, in a short while, in time, in the morning (afternoon, evening)。但要注意：

①at night / at noon, in the day(在白天),in the night （大夜间）。 ②in five days （weeks, months, years ）中in 意思是“在……以后”。 ③in 和during 表一段时间内两词可互用。如：in the night, during the night, in the war, during the war 。但略有区别：当接表示“活动”的抽象名词时多用during ，接“活动”的动名词及短语时用in 。如：

during the discussion in discussing the problem during her stay in Hubei in playing basketball during the course of in digging the tunnel （2）在具体的某一天或某天上午、晚上、前夕，常用on 。 on Sunday(s).on Tuesday morning

on Christmas Day(但at Chrismas),on Christmas Eve, on Children’s Day

on March 8, on the morning (afternoon, evening)of Oct.1

early on the morning of Oct.1(区别：in the late / early morning of Oct.1) on a rainy night, on warm winter days

(3)表示某一时刻或某一点时间用at,如小时、分钟等。 at breakfast(supper, lunch),at six

at noon (sunrise, sunset, midday, night, midnight, dawn)

at the age of 15, at the time of war,但in time of danger/ trouble 。 注意：有些时间名词前不接介词。如： next day 、last Sunday 、that morning 、these years

one 、each 、any 、every 、some 、all 修饰时,一般不用介词,如some day one day 、yesterday / afternoon,the night before （4）till 、until 、to 的用法。

①till(until)与持续动词连用一般用于肯定句中，与短暂动词连用一般用在否定句中。如：

He waited for me till twelve o’clock.

He didn’t get up till (until) 10 a.m. (不可用to).

但注意：在句首出现或强调句型中一般不用till 而用until 。如： Not until 9 a.m.did Mr.Smith come back to school.

②to 表“终结”时常用和from 连用，但要注意不与from 连用时的意义。如：from July to September, from six to(till)eight （从……到……为止），但from morning till night （从早到晚），不能用to 。from … to 常构成习惯搭配，不可换用其他介词。（A ）表持久连续、传递、转移的含义。from time to time(不时，有时)，from day to day (天天),from hand to hand(不断传下去)，from place to place （处处，到处），from side to side(左右摇摆)，from door to door （家家户户），from house to house （挨家挨户），from shop to shop （一个商店接一个商店）。(B)表起始终止的全过程或程度加深、状态变化。from beginning to end(从头到尾，自始至终)（from the beginning to the end of…）;from hand to mouth(仅能糊口)，from bad to worse(越来越糟)，from head to foot(从头到脚),from top to bottom （整个地，彻底地），from top to toe(全身)，from start to finish （自始至终，从头到尾）。（C ）from one + 名词 + to another 表示“依次”。如from one car to another （顺着车厢依次地）。（D ）名词 + by + 同一单数名词，表示“一个一个地

”，要与from … to短语区别开：one by one 一个一个地；little by little(bit)一点一点地；step by step 一步一步地，逐渐地（但by and by 不久以后）；sentence by sentence逐句地；day by day一天一天地；side by side(with…)(和……)并肩，一起；shoulder to shoulder肩并肩地，齐心协力；hand in hand 手拉手，紧紧地;face to face 面对面。

（5）in、after、later

①in + 一段时间：表示说话时为起点一段时间之后，与一般将来时连用；但表示“在……之内”时，用于各种时态。

②一段时间+ later(later是副词)：表示某一具体时间或某一方面具体时间算起的一段时间后。

③after + 一段时间表示：“在……之后”，用于一般过去时；但时间为点时间时，只能用after,即after + 点时间，用于各种时态。

The doctor will be with us in six minutes.

She graduated in 1981, and eight years later she became the manager of the factory.

He received her letter after four weeks.

另外，in + 一段时间+ ’s + time 与within + 一段时间的用法如下：

in a week’s time = in a week

They will arrive in three days’ time.(与将来时连用)

My brother’s birthday is in two weeks’ time.（作表语）

I’ll finish the book within two weeks.(within = in less than…用于各种时态，不超出，在……之内)

（6）地点介词at、on、in、to、across、through、over、under、below。

①at 在较小的场所，in在较大的场所，on在……的平面上。如at the

door、at the airport、at the station、at 55 Park Street、in China、in the north、in Asia、on the desk、on the wall等。

②on、at、in还可以表示两地相对位置。若A地属于B地，用in;A地位于B 地的外面且有边缘衔接用on；无边缘的衔接有to。如：

Japan lies to the east of China.(范围之外)

Taiwan lies in the southeast of China.（范围之外）

Hunan province lies on the west of Hubei province.(毗邻)

The island lies off the coast of China.(相隔一定距离)

③地点介词的引申、比喻意义：in the sun在阳光下，in the dark(ness)在黑暗中，in the dark不知道，in freezing weather在严寒天气中，in the mud在泥中，in the earth在地下,in the desert在沙漠中,in a heavy rain 在大雨中，in the snow / wind在雪/风中,in public 当众，in trouble 在困境中，get into trouble陷入困境，out of trouble摆脱困难，beyond hope绝望。

④across在物体表面“穿过”；through则表示在三维空间内部“穿过”。如：

They walked across the playground.

I walked through the forest.

⑤over / under / above / below。

over、above译作“在……之上”；under、below译作“在……的下面”，其区别在于over、under表示一种直接的、垂直的上下关系；而above、below则表示一般的“高于”或“低于”，不一定是垂直“在上”或“在下”。如：

A little boat is now under the bridge.

There is a bridge over the river.

The sun sinks below the horizon(地平线)

The window is well above the tree.

⑥表示地点介词的静态性和动态性

He walked to the station（静态，表示方向和目的地）

He walked towards the station.(动态，只表示方向)

He is kind to (towards)us.（两者通用）

He is at the station.(静态，表示地点)

They arrived at the station.(动态，表示地点)

He swam away from the ship.(动态“离开”)

He stood away from the shop.(静态“远离”)

He fell onto the floor.(动态“到地面”)

The city is on the Changjiang River.(静态“平面”)

Go off the road.偏离了道路（动态“离去”）

Come along the river.沿着河过来（线）

across the fields 跨过田野……，over the desert跨越沙漠

across the river横跨这条河……，over the hill翻过这座山

be in the house(静态，在这里……)stay out of the car(静态，在……外)

go into the house(动态，进入)fly out of the country(动态，离开)

（7）表示方式、手段、工具的介词

①by the year/hour/day按年/小时/天。如He rent a house by the year(day,hour).(按by+the+单位名称)但to the pound按磅算，to the ton按吨计。

②表泛指的方式、手段

by post/mail邮寄，by telephone(radio),但on the phone/on the radio/on TV(电讯器材)，by electricity用电，by machinery用电器，by hard work,learn sth.by heart,through the satellite,through practice,through his own efforts,through experience,through the telescop

②交通工具类

by bus/train/car/taxi(road)

by bike/bicycle,on horse back/on foot

by plane/jet/spaceship,by air

by ship/boat/lifeboat,by sea/by water

另外：by means of 用……方法，by way of 经由，取道于，用……方法，with the help (permission)of sb./with sb.’s help (permis-

sion)。

④表方式、手段的其他用法

He beat the dog with a whip.(with+工具机器)

One smells with his nose.(with+人体器官，但by hand“手工，用手”)

He stood up with pride.(with+情绪、情感、态度的名词)

注意：使用语言、材料、文字等用in。如in English(ink,pencil)。另外如：in high (good,low)spirits,in anger,in joy,in comfort,in sorrow,in safety,in danger,in need,in debt,in love,in fun,in pain,in tears,in surprise,in good(poor)health,in good order,in flower,in a way,in a low voice,in silence,in(with)satisfaction,in a hurry,in(with)words,live/feed on food,kneel on one’s knee,take(catch)sb.by surprise(出其不意)

（8）表示“除……之外”的几组常用介绍比较。

①besides 除……以外，（还有）。作副词时意思是“而且，更何况”。

Well all went to the cinema besides Shaw.除了肖外，我们都去了电影院。

It was too late to see a film, and besides, I was tired.

②except除去，除……之外（不再有）。

We all went except John.我们都去了，约翰没有。

在否定句中，两词可以换用，如：

He has no other hats except / besides this one.

③except for除了……（对句子主题进行细节校正或附加说明）后接名词、代词或what从句，此时与except that + 句子意思相同。

He was very clever except for carelessness.

④except that … 除了……一点以外。

He has not changed except that he is wearing dark glasses.

⑤but与except

but和except在表示“除了……以外”时可以通用，但应注意以下三点：

①前面有不定人词、疑问代词在意义上对称时，多用but。

All but one are here.

Nobody but I likes making model ships.

②后接不定式短语为排除对象时，多用but。

He has nothing to do but wait.（前有do,后省to）

③but与一些固定结构连用。

have no choice but to do sth.只得做某事，can not but do sth.不得不,can not help but do sth.不得不……，but for … 如不是……

（9）between与among.

between通常指两者之间。也可以用于三者以上的两者之间。如：

Ann is between Tom and Bill.

Switzer land lies between France, Germany, Australia and Italy.

They soon finished the work between themselves.(共同，合作)

She was busy between cooking, washing, sewing and looking after the baby.(表示接连不断地，一个接一个地忙这忙那)

A horse can be seen between trees now.

among表示三者以上之间。如：

The story is said to have happened in a village among the hills.

He was happy to be among friends again.

We must agree among ourselves.(一起，共同)我们必须达成共识。

London is among the largest cities.( = one of与最高级连用)

（10）表原因的介词for、because of、due to。

He didn’t come to the meeting because of his illness.

The reason for his coming late is that he was ill.

He was praised for his bravery and courage.

The accident is due to your careless driving.

(11)不定式复合结构中的for、of。

这里所说的不定式复合结构形式指的是for 或of加上人或事，作动词不定式逻辑主语的结构。

①It is clever of you to answer it like that.

②It is quite hard for me to explain why.

注意：两句中的of和for的使用，表语形容词能够说明不定式逻辑主语的性质、特征与面貌时用of,如果说明不定式行为本身的性质、状态等则用for。

（12）兼作连词和副词的介词。

①after、since、till / still、before这些词既是介词，又是连词。

The children went home at once after school.

They went to bed after they had finished the job.

②in、on、along、down、up、after、before、along、beyond等介词可兼作副词。

He ran down the hill.（介词）

Can you lift that box down from the shelf for me ?(副词)

③有的介词可以兼作连词和副词。

All the students got to school before me.(before为介词)

We do want to buy something now before prices go up.(连词)

Haven’t I seen you before?(before为副词)

（13）介词的省略。

①表示时间的介词on、at 、in的省略。在next、last、yesterday、tomorrow、each、one、any、every、all等词之前，可以省略，也可以不省略。如（at）last weekend、（on）that day等。

②介词for表示时间的省略要求。（A）以all开头的名词短语，for要省略。如：I stayed with her all he morning.（B）表示一段时间的短语之前，for可以省略，也可以不省略。如：I have been waiting hereI (for) more than three hours.（C）否定句中，表示时间的短语前的for不能省略。如：I haven’t seen you for thirty years.(D)时间状语在主句之前，for不能省略。如：For the whole morning,the old man kept reading.

③某些动词短语之后的介词可以省略。

Nothing can prevent me(from)doing the job.

She spent nearly two hours(in)translating it.

（14）某些名词与介词构成的固定搭配。

①要求接to的名词有：key、answer、visit、entrance、apology、introduction、road等。

②要求接in 的名词有：interest、satisfaction、expert等。

He is expert in teaching small children.

(15)几个常用的并列连词。

①both … and, either … or, neither … nor

both … and“双方都”，连接句子的两个主语时，其后谓语动词通常用使用复数形式。either … or与neither … nor注意采取“就近原则”。

②not only … but also, as wel l as

注意：两者强调对象不同，not only … but also强调的是but also之后部分，而as well as则强调其前面的部分。not only … but also采取“就近原则”，而as well as只是一个插入语，采取“就远原则”。如：

Mr.Smith, as well as his wife and children, has come to Nanjing for a visit.

not only … but also结构中的not only可用于句首，连接两个分句时，第一个从句主谓要倒装。

Not only is he clever ,but also he is hard working.

（16）几个常用的从属连词。

①when、while、as都表示“当……时候”，when引导的从句的动作与主句的动词可同时发生，也可先后发生；as、while引导的从句则强调主句和从句的

动作同时发生。如：

When I go to the station, the train had already left.

He sang merrily as he was working.

②till、until均表示“到……时候止”，肯定句中的谓语必须是延续性动作。如：I worked till late at night.若主句谓语是终止性动词，则主句要用否定形式，意为动作“到……才……”开始发生。如：

She didn’t get up until her mother came in.

注意：till和until通常情况下可以互换，只是在句首时until比till更常用。

③though、although均引导让步状语从句，意为“虽然……”，although较正式，though最常用。如：

Thouth (Although)he was tired,he kept on working.

注意：though、although引导的从句不能与but、however连用，但可以与yet、still连用。though还可以与别的词结合使用，如even though、

as though,而although则不能这样搭配。

④no sooner … than、hardly … when、as soon as三者都表示“一……就”，“刚刚……就”的意思。（A）as soon as 置于主句前后都可以，而且有备各种时态。如：As soon as she gets here I’ll tell her about it. Mary left as soon as the finished the work.(B)hardly … when、no sooner … than不能表示将来的事，其主句的谓语动词一般用过去完成时，从句用过去时。若将hardly或no sooner放在句首，句子要倒装。如：No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.

⑤某些表示时间的名词（词组）也可用作从属连词。它们是：the moment, the minute,the instant, the day, the time, the first (second, third …) time, the spring (summer, autumn,winter), every(each, next, any) time(day),by the time,都可引导时间状语从句。如：

His mother died the spring he returned.

Call me up the minute he arrives.

二、精典名题导解

选择填空

1. The home improvements have taken what little there is _________my spare time.(NMET 2001)

A. from

B. in

C. of

D. at

解析：答案为C。本题考查句子结构中介词of的有法。what引导的从句作谓语have taken的宾语，而从句中的基本句型为“there is little of …”,表示“……有很少”，what 修饰little提到了从句句首。注意正确把握句子结构和介词用法，要明白of my spare time和in my spare time的区别。

2. ____________ production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year.(NMET 2000)

A. As

B. For

C. With

D. Through

解析：答案为C。本题考查with的复合结构作状语的用法。“with + 名词+ 不定式/分词/名词/形容词/介词短语等”可在句中作伴随、时间、原因、条件等状语。本题中with的复合结构作伴随状语。

3. The changes in the city will cost quite a lot, ___________they will save us money in the long run.（2000春季高考题）

A. or

B. since

C. for

D. but

解析：答案为D。本题考查并列连词or、for、but和从属连词的意义和用法。并列连词or通常表示选择关系；for表示因果关系；but表示转折关系；从属连词since表示原因。通过比较前后两个分句意思可知，它们是转折关系。

4. After she considered the problem, she got a tall box to stand ________.

A. on

B. up

C. above

D. by

解析：答案为A。不定式“to stand + 介词”作定语修饰a tall box,其中被修饰词在逻辑意义上是不及物动词，只有加上吊尾介词，句子意思才完整。吊尾介词往往由于受到汉语的影响而缺少，吊尾介词使用的场合有：

（1）定语从句中，先行词被一个不及物动词所修饰，不及物动词后要接介词，先行词被“动词+ 介词”组成的短语动词所修饰，介词常在句尾。

He is the man I just spoke to.

(2)what、whose、who、whatever等引导的宾语从句，宾语从句出现吊尾介词。

I can’t imagine what it is like.

(3) 强调句型，特殊疑问句中由于被强调部分和疑问词位置变更，常出现吊尾介词。

It was the poor boy that we gave the books to.

What for? Where to? Who with?

(4)不及物动词的不定式修饰表“涉及对象、场合、工具、方式、材料”等意义的名词时常带吊尾介词。

a room to live in, a bench to sit on

There is nothing to worry about.

She is a good girl to work with.

(5)某些形容词后接不定式或“动词+ 介词”型短语，动词的不定式形式表“反射”，常用吊尾介词。

①fit、easy、hard、comfortable、difficult、heavy等形容词后。

②The river is good to swim in.

The box is too heavy to carry.

③be worth doing sth.,be worthy of being done / to be done, want/

require / need doing

5.Roses need special care they can live through winter.

A. because

B. so that

C. even if

D. as

解析：答案为B。本题考状语从句。全句意为：玫瑰花需要特殊关心，以便过冬（为了安全度过冬天）。其余选项不合逻辑。

6. you call me to say you’re not coming, I’ll see you at the theatre.

A. Though

B. Whether

C. Until

D. Unless

解析：答案为D。本题考状事从句，全句意为：我将在剧院门口等你，除非你打电话说你不来了。D项表条件，符合句意。A项表让步，意为尽管；B项表让步，意为“不管……（还是……）；”C项表时间，意为“直道……（才……）”，均不和逻辑。

7.Several weeks had gone by I realized the painting was missing.

A. as

B. before

C. since

D. when

解析：答案为B。本题考查连词的用法。时间had passed(gone)by before S + did…在不知不觉中过……（已过去了）。

语法复习专题六——数词

一、考点聚焦

1、序号表示法

（1）单纯的序号，可在基数词前加number,简写为No.。如：No.1第一号