主旨大意题、细节推理题分析

主旨大意题、细节推理题

探究点一细节理解题

一、题型特点与命题方式

所谓细节题，是指原文提到了某事物、现象或理论，题干针对原文具体叙述本身发问。一般包括直接理解题(在原文中可直接找到答案，常用who, what, when, where, why和how等提问)、语义转化题(需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换，两者存在表达上的差异，有时需要进行加工或整理后方能得出结论)、数字计算题、排列顺序题、图表图画题等。抓住文段中的事实和细节是做好该题型的关键，也是做好其他类型题的基础。这类题型的题干常为：

When / Where did the story happen?

Which of the following statements is (not) correct?

该题型几乎都可以在文章中直接找到与答案有关的信息，或是其变体。所以，搜查信息在阅读中非常重要，它包括理解作者在叙述某事时使用的具体事实、数据、图表等细节信息。做这类题一般采用寻读法，即先读题，然后带着问题快速阅读短文，找出与问题有关的词语或句子，再对相关部分进行分析对比，找出答案。

二、解题思路与应试技巧

细节题是针对文中某个细节、某句话或某部分具体内容设置问题，正确答案的根据一定可以在原文中找到，即原文的改写往往成为正确选项。

通常细节题的正确选项有以下特征：

1．对原文句子中的关键词进行替换。把原文中的一些词换成意义相近的词，成为正确选项。

2．词性或者语态的变化。把原文中的一些词变换一下词性，或者改变原文句子的语态，给考生制造障碍。

3．语言简化。把原文中的复杂语言进行简化，成为正确答案。

4．正话反说。把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项(适用于寻找错误选项的题目)。

干扰项也是以文章中的某个细节设题，若不仔细辨别，很容易把它当成正确选项。干扰项有以下特征：

1．将原文内容扩大或缩小。把原文中的限定词去掉或替换，使该选项看似正确，实际上却是错误选项。

2．把未然当已然。改变文中某句话的时态，如把将来时变成现在时，把未发生的事情当成已发生的事情。

3．无中生有。即选项内容是根据主观想象或推测得出的结论，而文中并未涉及。

4．偷换概念。把原来做该事的“张三”换成“李四”，所述细节确实与原文一致，一不小心就会误选。

5．文不对题。这类题最不容易辨别，选项中的描述与原文完全一致，确属原文中的一个细节，这时要回到题干，看该选项是否能回答题干所提的问题。

下面结合最新高考试题，对细节题的不同类型加以解读。

1．直接信息题

对此类题型，考生可以首先从问题中找到关键词，然后以此为线索，运用略读及查阅的技巧在文中迅速寻找这一细节。找到后再把这一部分内容仔细阅读一遍，仔细比较所给选项与文中细节的细微区别，在准确理解细节的前提下，最后确定最佳答案。

例1

Wanted, Someone for a Kiss

We’re looking for producers to join us on the sound of London Kiss 100 FM.You’ll work on the station’s music programmes.Music production experience in radio is necessary, along with rich knowledge of modern dance music.Please apply(申请) in writing to Producer Vacancies, Kiss 100.

…

Who should you get in touch with if you hope to work in a radio station?

A．Producer Vacancies, Kiss 100.

B．Mrs R．Oglivie, Palmlace Limited.

C．The Enterprise Shopping Centre.

D．Wealden District Counci l.

【解析】A直接细节题。这则广告是招聘电台播音员的，因此A最合适。

例２As a young girl growing up in the 1930s, I always wanted to fly a plane, but back then it was almost unheard of for a woman to do that.I got a taste of that dream in 2001, when my husband arranged for me to ride in a hot air bal loon for my birthday.

...

What happened to the author in 2001?

A．She flew an airplane.

B．She entered a competition.

C．She went on a hot air balloon ride.

D．She moved into a retirement community.

【解析】C直接细节题。根据I got a taste of that dream in 2011，when my husband arranged for me to ride in a hot air balloon for my birthday.可以选出最佳答案。

2．间接信息题

做这类题目时，考生需要对原文信息进行加工处理，然后再进行进一步的推理或鉴别，这是介于事实细节题和推理判断题之间的一种题型，对考生来说有一定难度。

例3

…

On occasion, I teach a course called History Matters for a group of higher education managers.My goals for the class include a full discussion of historical themes and ideas.Because I want students to thoroughly study the material and exchange their ideas with each other in the classroom，I have a rule—no laptops, iPads, phones, etc.When students were told my rule in advance of the class, some of them were not happy.

…

Some of the students in the history class were unhappy with______.

A．the course material

B．others’ misuse of technology

C．discussion topics

D．the author’s class regulations

【解析】D间接细节题。根据I have a rule—no laptops, iPads，phones，etc....some of them were not happy可知答案。在这里我们需要把“rule”以及后面的some of them were not happy进行转换。

探究点二主旨大意题

主旨大意题主要是测试考生对一篇文章或一段文字的深层理解程度以及在速读中准确把握文章主旨大意的能力。一般针对某一语段或某一语篇的主题标题或目的设题。这类题目考查的范围是：基本论点、文章标题、主题或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括、归纳、推理、判断等逻辑思维方法，对文章进行高度概括或总结。

要准确地抓住文章的主题思想，就要十分留意文章的开头和结尾，要抓住文中具有概括性的信息，从上下文连贯的意思来理解全文，看作者主要谈的是什么，透过文字叙述的过程来归纳主题，再从选择项中找出最符合表达主题思想的选项。有些干扰项，从局部看也许不算错，但从全局看却又片面。这类干扰项与正确答案之差，其实是局部与全局之差。考生在做题时不要为局部现象迷惑，而忽略了文章的整体思想。

一、题型特点与命题方式

【设题类型】

1．概括文章大意；

2．选出最佳题目(标题)；

3．概括人物特点。

【设问形式】

1．标题类

(1)The best title / headline for this passage might be__________.

(2)The text (passage) could be entitled __________.

(3)What is the best title for the passage?

(4)Which of the following would be suitable as a title for the passage?

2．大意类

(1)This passage chiefly deals with __________.

(2)What’s the topic of the article?

(3)What is the subject discussed in the text?

(4)With what topic is the passage chiefly concerned?

二、解题思路与应试技巧

做这类题时常用略读法。快速阅读文章找出各个段落的主题句。把各个段落的主题句联系起来着眼于全文结构安排，了解文章的重心，就能概括出文章的中心。文章的标题是中心思想最精炼的表达形式，选择的标题意义范围要能涵盖全文，不能太大也不能太小。命题者在出这类题时，常常利用生活常识编造干扰项，把文中的细节当主旨，利用局部信息编造干扰项，编制超出文章范围的标题或不能涵盖文章中心意义的标题来考查考生的理解程度，考生要特别留意。

下面结合高考试题，谈谈标题类和大意类试题的解题技巧。

1．标题类

标题是段落中心思想最精炼的表达形式。在阅读中不仅要求考生能够通过自己已知的信息概括出段落的中心思想，而且还要对概括出的中心思想加以提炼，拟定出段落的标题。在测试中能够迅速而准确地选择标题。

文章标题可以是单词、短语，也可以是句子。标题可帮助读者迅速推测出整篇文章的主要内容，抓住文章讨论的中心，把握作者的观点和意图。它的特点是：短小精悍，多为短语；涵盖性强，一般要求能覆盖全文，其确定的范围要恰当，既不能太大，也不能太小；精确性强，不能随意改变语言表意的程度及色彩。

技巧归纳

(1)利用主题段来概括标题

主题段一般在文章的第一段和最后一段，一般来说第一段经常提出文章的主题或最后一段总结文章的主题，知道了文章的主题也就知道了文章的中心，把中心概括成一句话或一个短语——文章的标题。

(2)利用主题句来概括标题

解题的关键是要抓住每一段的首尾句，要注意贯穿文章始终的词语。通过寻找文章的主题句，并对主题句进行概括和提炼，从而确定文章的标题。

做此类题时，要避免以下三种错误：

(1)概括不够(多表现为部分替代整体，从而缩小了范围)；

(2)过度概括(多表现为人为扩大范围)；

(3)以事实、细节替代文章大意。

2．大意类

解答该题型最关键的是找出主题句，把握文章大意。

概括大意的方法是：先看首尾或各段开头再看全文找主题句，若无明显主题句，就通过关键词句来概括(如议论文中寻找表达作者观点态度的词句，记叙文寻找概括情节和中心的动词或反映人物特点的形容词)。文中出现两种或两种以上的不同观点时，务必牢记作者的观点才是体现全文中心的。此时，要注意一些转折词，如but, yet, however, although, in spite of, by contrast, on the contrary等。当文章中表示相反的观点时，往往用到这些词。答题时要弄清哪个是作者的观点，排除迷惑性信息，准确归纳主旨大意。

例2

……

The EP has no exposed heating parts that can cause a fire.The outside of the EP only gets warm to the touch so that it will not burn children or pets.

……

56．What is mainly discussed in Paragraph 2?

A．The heat of the EP.

B．The safety of the EP.

C．The appearance of the EP.

D．The material of the EP.

答案B

解析段落大意题。第二段说EP裸露的部分不会引起火灾，且EP的外表不会烫伤孩子们及宠物，故第二段讲了EP的安全性。

二、课堂练习：

A

You probably know who Marie Curie was,but you may not have heard of Rachel Carson.Of the outstanding ladies listed below,who do you think was the most important woman of the past 100 years? Jane Addams(1860-1935)

Anyone who has ever been helped by a social worker has Jane Addams to thank.Addans helped the poor and worked for peace. She encouraged a sense of community(社区)by creating shelters and promoting education and services for people in need In 1931,Addams became the first American woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize.

Rachel Carson(1907-1964)

If it weren’t for Rachel Carson, the environmental movement might not exist today.Her popular 1962 book Silent Spring raised awareness of the dangers of pollution and the harmful effects of chemicals on humans and on the world’s lakes and oceans.

Sandra Day O’Connor(1930-present)

When Sandra Day O’Connor finished third in her class at Stanford Law School, in 1952,she could not find work at a law firm because she was a woman. She became an Arizona state senator(参议员) and ,in 1981, the first woman to join the U.S. Supreme Court. O’Connor gave the deciding vote in many important cases during her 24 years on the top court.

Rosa Parks(1913-2005)

On December 1,1955,in Montgomery,Alabama,Rasa Parks would not give up her seat on a bus to a passenger. Her simple act landed Parks in prison.But it also set lff the Montgmery bus boycott. It lasted for more than a year, and kicked off the civil-rights movement. “The only tired I was, was tired lr giving in,”said Parks.

21.What is jane Addams noted for in history?

A. Her social work.

B. Her lack of proper training in law.

C. Her efforts to win a prize.

D. Her community background.

22. What is the reason for O’Connor’s being rejected by the law firm?

A. Her lack of proper training in law.

B. Her little work experience in court.

C. The discrimination against women.

D. The poor financial conditions.

23. Who made a great contribution to the civil-rights movement in the US?

A. Jane Addams.

B. Rachel Carson.

C. Sandra Day O’Connor.

24. What can we infer about the women mentioned in the text?

A. They are highly educated.

B. They are truly creative.

C. They are pioneers.

D. They are peace-lovers.

B

Grandparents Answer a Call

As a third generation native of Brownsville, Texas, Mildred Garza never pleased move away,. Even when her daughter and son asked her to move to San Antonio to help their children, she politely refused . Only after a year of friendly discussion did Ms Gaf finally say yes. That was four years ago. Today all three generations regard the move to a success,giving them a closer relationship than they would have had in separate cities.

No statistics show the number of grandparents like Garza who are moving closer to the children and grandchildren. Yet there is evidence suggesting that the trend is growing. Even President Obama’s mother-in-law, Marian Robinson, has agreed to leave Chicago and into the White House to help care for her granddaughters. According to a study grandparents com. 83 percent of the people said Mrs. Robinson ‘s decision will influence the grandparents in the American family. Two-thirds believe more families will follow the example of Obama’s family.

“in the 1960s we were all a little wild and couldn’t get away from home far enough to prove we could do it on our own,”says Christine Crosby, publisher of grate manazine for grandparents .We now realize how important family is and how important”” to be near them, especially when you’re raining children.”

Moving is not for everyone. Almost every grandparent wants to be with his or her grandchildren and is willing to make sacrifices, but sometimes it is wiser to say no and visit frequently instead. Having your grandchildren far away is hard, especially knowing your adult child is struggling, but giving up the life you know may be harder.

25. Why was Garza’s move a success?

A．It strengthened her family ties.

B．It improved her living conditions.

C．It enabled her make more friends.

D．It helped her know more new places.

26.What was the reaction of the public to Mrs. Robinson’s decision?

A．17% expressed their support for it.

B．Few people responded sympathetically.

C．83% believed it had a bad influence.

D．The majority thought it was a trend.

27. What did Crosby say about people in the 1960s?

A．They were unsure of raise more children.

B．They were eager to raise more children.

C．They wanted to live away from their parents.

D．They bad little respect for their grandparent.

28. What does the author suggest the grandparents do in the lasr paragraph?

A. Make decisions in the best interests' of their own

B. Ask their children to pay more visits to them

C. Sacrifice for their struggling children

D. Get to know themselves better

A 篇阅读21 -24ACDC