英语自考本科英语语法名词解释
1．Predicative modal auxility
The Predicative modal auxility is a category of modal auxiliary. The predictive meaning, rather homogeneous in nature, is concerned with the speaker’s assuption or assessment of probability and, in most cases, indicates the speaker’s confidence in the truth of his statement. For example, might, may, could,can.
2.Anaphoric refernce
Anaphoric refernce: refernce backwards in the text. A personal pronoun, for example, often has anaphoric reference, i.e. you have to look at the preceding context to see what it refers to. For example, ann was studying for her exams. She found it difficult to concentrate. In this example, she has anaphoric reference.
3.Non-finite verbs:
The non-finite verbs are so called because they are not marked for ttense of for subject-verb concord. We recognite three types of non-finite verbs: infinitive, -ing participle and –ed participle.
4.Extraposition
The extraposition is defined as the replacement of the postponed item by a substitute form.
5. Text
The term text refers to a unified passage. A text may be spoken or written, prose or verse, dialogue or monologue. It may be anything from a single proverb to a whole play, from a momentary cry for help to all-day discussion on a committee.
6. participles
Participles belong to non-finite verb type.
There are two kinds of participles: -ing participle and –ed participle.
7. What is dangling participle?
When the subject of a participle is not expressed, it is normally understood to be the subject of the main clause. We call this kind of participle dangling participle.
8. What is “fronting”?
“fronting” is a term which refers to the removal of an item from its unmarked post-subject position to the marked pre-subject position. As fronting moves into the initial position an item which does not usually belong there, such a grammatical device disturbs the expected route of information flow and inevitable brings about unusualness, i.e. “this man over there people in the vicinity have
a very low opinion of.”
9. Define “ellipsis”
The basic principle of ellipsis is leaving out something understood and hence produces imcomplete sentences with such a structure as to presuppose a preceding item. Ellipsis, somehow like substitutions, sets up cohesion on the basis of structural recoverability with reference to the linguistic context. Here are three types of ellipsis:
nominal: why give me two cups of coffee? I only asked for one.
a.Verbal:A: have you seen him before?
B: yes, I have.
b.clausal: A: will it rain tomorrow?
B: perhaps.
10.Determiners
Determiners refer to words which are used in the premodification of a noun phrase and which typically precede any adjectives that premodify the head word.
11. the major function of prepositions
The major function of prepositions is to connect nouns, verbs andadjectives to other parts of the sentence, e.g.. I get uo early in the morning.
12.disjunct
Disjuncts convey a comment on the content of the clause to which they are peripherally attached.
13. adjunt
Adjunt is a word or a group of words which we add to a clause to say something the circumstances of an event or situation, for example, when, where or how it occurs.
14.What is double relative clause?
It is used to cover all the verb forms that express assumptions contrary to the given fact or not likely to be materialized, and becomes a far less important verbal category than was suggested. 15.Coordination
Coordination is realized by coordinators which join units at the same level.
16.Subordination
Subordination is realized by subordinators, involves the linking of units at different levels so that they form a hierarchy. A subordinator introduces a subordinate clause which is attached to the main clause.
18.Double genitive
Double genitive, also referred to as the “post genitive”, is also called because it is a combination of the genitive and the of-phrase, such as a friend of my brother’s.
21.noun classes
Nounclasses include proper nouns and common nouns.
Common nouns include countable nouns and mass nouns.
Countable nouns include concrete nouns and abstract nouns.
22. Proper nouns
Proper nouns denote individual persons, places,etc. a proper noun normally begins with a capical letter, has no plural form and cannot occur after an article.
23.Mass nouns
Nouns cannot take plural are called mass nouns.
24. Collective noun
Collective nouns refer to a group of people, animal and things, which are usually countable. 25.Union noun
It is also called "partitive", is a very special class of words that is used to specify the quantities measures and shapes of the modified noun such as: piece, batch, bunch, item, etc.
26. Plural invariables
Nouns are always occur in plural form.
27.Plural compounds
Three tendencies are at work in the inflection of compounds for plural: pluralize the last element, pluralize the first element and plurize both first and the last elements.
28.Singular invariables
Singular invariable are normally invariable singulars, proper nouns and mass nouns belong to singular invariables.
29.Alternative questions:
Those questions that suggest two (or more) alternatives and usually imply that one of them could be true.
30.How-exclamations:
Exclamations that are led by the adverb ‘how’. It highlights the adjective, adverb, or verb in exclamations.
31.Foreign plurals：
They are words borrowed from some other languages which still take their original forms of plural，Most often，they are from-Latin，French，Greek：alumna--alumnae，index--indices，plateau--plateaux，analysis—analyses，etc.
32. Genitives
Forms or construction used to denote possession, measurement or source.
Example: John’s car; a moment’s digression; the resistance of Iraq
33.Non-progressive verbs
verbs that cannot occur in the progressive aspect.
34.Tense
Any one of the inflected forms in the conjugation of a verb that indicates the temporal location of an event or a state of affairs.
35.Aspect
Aspect reflects the way in which the verb action is regarded or experienced with respect to time.
36.Get-passive and be-passive
Get-passive is far less popular than be-passive. The reasons are: first, get-passive is generally avoided in forma syle, and even in informal English it is far less frequent than be-passive. Second, semantically, get-passive is typically used to refer to an event, rather than a state; to denote the consequence rather that the rocess, of an event; and to lay emphasis on what happens(usu. Unfavorably) to the subject as a result of the event, rather than who actually causes the event.
37.pseudo-passive:
A pseudo-passive sentence is passive in form but active in meaning. Its ed-participle is adjectivalized so that it becomes a subject complement. As an adjective, it can occur in a comparative construction, with a variety of prepositional phrases other than by-phrase, and with other link verbs besides be and get.
38. V oice:
A property of verbs or a set of verb inflections indicating the relation between the subject and the action expressed by the verb.
39.Mood:
A set of verb forms or inflections used to indicate the speaker's attitude toward the factuality or likelihood of the action or condition expressed. In English the indicative mood is used to make factual statements, the subjunctive mood to indicate doubt or unlikelihood, and the imperative mood to express a command.
40.be-passive：
The passive made up of ‘auxiliary be + v-ed’. For example:The book was written by Hamilton.
be-subjunctive:
41. Allomorph
An allomorph is an indistinctive variant of a morpheme.
42.The be-subjunctive
It is formally marked by the use of the base of the verb; that is , the verb invariably occurs in the base form free from the concord constraints with the subject and from the tense agreement with other verbs.For example:It is important that the boss handle it in person.
43. Modal auxiliary:
One of a set of English verbs, including can, may, must, ought, shall, should, will, would and etc., that are characteristically used with other verbs to express mood or tense.
44.The bare infinitive?
The infinitive, which occurs as a verb in the base form without to is called bare infinitive. Preposition: In some languages, a word placed before a substantive and indicating the relation of that substantive to a verb, an adjective, or another substantive, as English at, by, in, to, from, and with.
45. Concord:
It also termed ‘agreement’, can be defined as ‘the relationship between two grammatical units such that one of tem displays a particular feature that accords with a displayed feature in the other.
46.Statements:
Statements in the form of simple sentences are the foundation stone of all the english sentences. Their primary function is to convey information, in a positive way or in a negative. There are two major types of statements on a polarity-positive statement and negative statement.
47. Assertion:
An assertivesentence is either an interrogative sentence or a negative sentence. It is associated to assertive words.
48.Non-assertion:
A non-assertive sentence is either an interrogative sentence or a negative sentence. It is associated to non-assertive words and negative words.
49. A negative statement
A negative statement basically exoresses the speaker’s negative attitude toward his proposition. The negation of a statement can be accomplicated by inseting a variety of negative words, among which “not” is by far the most commonly used either in writing or in speaking.
50.Transferred negation
Transferred negation refers ti the shift if nagation from the subordinate clause, where it semantically belongs to, the main clause. It normally occurs with such verbs as think, believe, suppose, imagine and expect, that is, verbs that express “opinion”.
51. Semi-negatives
Semi-negatives refer to words which are negative in meaning but no in appearance. They include seldom, rarely, scarcely, hardly, barely, little, few,etc. their similarities to the ordinary negative items are such that they are followed by non-assertive rather than assertive words and that they are followed by positive than negative tag questions.
52.Yes-no questions
They are so called because they can be answered by a simple “yes” or “no”. they challenge the validity of the proposition by way of asking for confirmation or denial of the statement they contain. They are normally spoken with a final rising tone.
53. Non-finite clauses
The non-clasuses are the ones that leave subjects unsaid and verbs in non-finite forms
54.Wh-questions
They covers all questions that normally begins with wh-series of words, i.e. what, when, why, who, whose, which and how. Spoken with a final falling tone, they are sometimes called “information questions” because they require some specific information in the reply. Rather, they ask for details about a part of it.
55. AlternativeQuestions
They fall into two subclasses: one is formed on the basis of yes-no quedtions; the other on the basis of wh-questions. They suggest two alternatives and usually imply that one of them could be true. They expect one of the suggested answers.
56.Tag questions
They are also called “disjunctive questions”. A tag question normally consists of a statement and a question tag. The tag is a yes-no question cut the statement. Contration is the norm in a negative tag.
https://www.360docs.net/doc/d27078595.html,mands
Commands are also called directives. It is used by the speaker or writer when they intends to get thing done. They typically take the form of an imperative sentence and the main verb in an imperative sentence takes the base form and the sentence generally goes with a subject. Negative imperatives are generally formed by adding “don’t”in the intial position and substituting non-assertive word for assertive word where applicable.
58.Exclamations
There are two major types if exclamations: what-exclamations and how-exclamations. They are very emotional; they express the extent of our impression of something, typically our surprise, excitement, amazement, disappoinment, hatred and so on. They are followed by an exclamation mark.
59. What-exclamations
It is kind of exclamation which is introduced by what, “what”, a determiner in a what-exclamation, helps to identify the idea expressed by the noun phrase where it belongs. The what-noun phrase can be object, complement, adverbial or even subject. The what-noun phrase can be a singular countable noun and it can also be a plural or an uncountable noun.
60. How-exclamation
This exclamation is introduced by how.”how” is an adverb. It high-lights the adjective, adverb, or verb in exclamations.
61.Morph
A morph is the realization of an orthographic form in writing or a phonetic form in speaking of a morpheme.
62. Morpheme
A morpheme is the minimal distinctive grammatical unit, and is the lowest unit in grammatical hierachy. Morphemes are actually abstract elements of analysis. What occurs is an orthographic form in writing termed “morph” which realizes the morpheme.
63. Free morpheme
A free morpheme is a morpheme that has a meaning of its own and can be used independently.
A free morpheme can be a simple word or the root of a derivative..
64.Finite clauses
The finite clauses are the ones that have subjects and finite verbs as predicates.
65. Bound morpheme
A free morpheme is a morpheme that doesn’t have a meaning of its own and can’t be used independently. Bound morphemes only posses additional or grammatical meanings.
66. Simple sentence
The simple sentence is a sentence that contains one clause.
67. Compoud sentence
The compoud sentence is a sentence that contains more than one clause, usually joined by conjunctions like and, or, but, etc.
https://www.360docs.net/doc/d27078595.html,plex sentence
The complex sentence is a sentence that contains more than one clause that are joined together by subordinating one to another.
69. Noun phrases
The noun phrase can be classified partly by its external function and partly by its internal structure. The head word of a noun phrase is typically a noun of a pronoun, which may be premodified and/or postmodified by a variety of items on various levels ranging from word to phrase.
70. Common nouns
They can be classified into countable nouns and mass nouns, of which, countable nouns may take singular and plural forms.
71. Countable nouns
They refer to the nouns that can take plural forms.
72. Number
Number is one of the imporatnt criteria in diatinguishing classes of nouns. In terms of number, some nouns are variable and some are usually not.
73. Irregular plurals
By definition, irregular plurals are unpredicable form the form of corresponding singulars, which means that generalization is usually not applicable and that the plurals have to be tlisted and learned as individual lexical units. The general types of irregulat plurals include: nouns with irregular spelling or pronunciation of both, nouns with zero plurals and nouns that take foreign plurals.
74. Unit nouns
Unit nouns, also referred to as “partitives”, are a very special class if words that are used ti specify the quantities of the modified noun. They are especially used to indicate the plural notion of a mass noun. But unit nouns also modify countable nouns by referring to numble, measure, shape, etc.
75. Co-occurrence of determiners
They mean determiners may no-occur in the premodification of a noun phrse; that is, two of more determiners may modify one and the same head word. In such cases, each determiner take a relatively fixed position on the sequence.
76.Articles
As a derterminer, it premodifies a head noun. In the english language, there two articles: the definite article “ the”and the indefinite article “a(n)”. the two terms indicate some of the semantic implications of article usage.
77. Zero articles
It means nouns that use plural forms and go without an article.
78. Forms of genitive
The genitive is generally formed in writing by adding “’s”to singular nouns and to the plural nouns that do not end in-s. plural nouns that end in –s take apostrophe as genetive marker.
79.Group genitive
The group genitive is a term that refers the genitive formed by adding “’s” to the last element of a postmodified or coordinates noun phrase.
80.Local genitive
The genitive is sometimes used alone without a following noun. Nouns used in the local genitive are invariably nouns referring to persons and denoting residence, public buidings, places where business is conducted.
81. Auxiliary vebs
They do not comply with the definition of verb, because they are not used alone, except in elliptical sentences. But they share some of the verb characteristics, it si classified as a subdivision of verbs.
82. Simple verb phrase
A verb phrase that consists of a head wors only is referred to as a simple verb phrase.
83. Complex verb phrase
A verb phrase that has premodification is referred to as a complex verb phrase.
84.Classification of verbs
Verbs can be classified into lexical verbs and auxiliarues. Lexical verbs can be further divided into transitive, intransitive and copula verbs. And auxiliaries also can be further divided into primary and modal verbs.
85.The simple present
It is primarily used to express the present time and typically implies the sense of permence. Other uses of the simple present include reference to the past and to the future in appropriate contexts. 86.The simple past tense
It is primarily associated with reference to the past time. Other uses of the simple past include situations where it is used to express hypothesis, special attitudes, etc. in which case it may refer to the present of the future.
87. Present progressive
The present progressive may refer ti different temporal distinctions in different contevts with a variety of semantic overtones such as duration, simultaneity, temporariness, incompleteness, vividness, emphasis, etc.
88. ProgressiveVerbs
They can be classified into action verbs, transition verbs and sensation verbs.
89. Non-progressive verbs
They can be classified into relational verbs, perception verbs and attitudinal verbs.
90.The past progressive
Generally, the past progressive has the characteristics of both the past tense and the progressive aspect. It can be used to denote simultaneity, incompleteness, temporariness, characteristic habit, etc.-quite similar to the present progressive, only fixed in the past time frame.
91.The present perfect progressive
It is used to express the unfinished idea of the present perfect.
92.The present perfect
It is basically used to denote a relation between the past and the present,i.e. to refer ti a past
occurrence as conceived to be realted with the present.
93.The past perfect
It is typically used to refer ti “a past in the past”. A definite moment or period in the past is taken as the point of departure. The past perfect also has two basic uses: finished use and unfinished use. Another important use of the past perfect is found in a hypothetical expression to refer to noun-fact.
94. The past perfect progressive
It is to strengthen the sense if future continuation and to replace the past prefect in its unfinished use. The past perfect progressive in its finished use also carries the implication of recency or immediacy of an early state of affairs.
95.The present progressiver
As a future time expression, the present progressive refers to a future happening as the result of the present plan and carries the implication that some preparation may have bee happening. It usually goes with a time adverbial when it serves as a future time expression.
96.Subjunctive mood
Subjunctive mood is used to cover all the verb forms that express assumptions contrary to the given fact or not likely to be materialized, and becomes a far less important verbal category than was suggested.
97. The were-subjunctive
The were-subjunctive is the smallest grammatical category because it has only one form-were. It is used with all subjects regardless of their person distinctions, thus formally contrasting with the indicative forms of be. The subjunctive “were” is usually found in subordinate clauses expressing hypothesis.
98.The non-finite verb phrase or clause
A phrase or clause where the main verb occurs in the non-finite form is termed a non-finite phrase or clause.
99. The infinitive
It occurs as a verb in the base form which may go with or without to, the former being called the to-infinitive and the latter the bare infinitive.
100.The –ing participle
The -ing participle used to be called “the person”or “the gerund”. Now the two “participles”have merged into one because, whatever function they may perform in a given context, they take the same form,which is the foundation stone for present grammatical categorization.
Like the infinitive, the –ing participle can serve as the subject in a clause, the modifier of a noun, the object to a verb or the adverbial. Also like the infinitive, its object-to-verb function could be the most problem atic and, therefore, deserves our due attention.
101.The –ed participle
It is so termed because it is the form not the meaning that is a stressed in categorizing, and because the –ed participle does not necessary denote the past time, it can perform a variety of grammatical functions.
102. Non-inherent adjectives
The identify qualities in an indirect way.
103.Adjectives
The adjective, according to the modern grammar, is defined by their positions, their function,
and their forms, as attributive function, predicative function, premodification by the intensifier “very”, and comparative forms.
104.Semantic classification of adjectives
Adjectives can be classified in terms of three scales: stative/dynamic, gradable/nongradable, and inherent/non-inherent. The three scales are really three different ways of slicing of the same bread and could be complementary with each other.
105. Gradable adjectives
They refer to adjectives which can take comparative forms, inflectional of periphrastic, or they can be modified by intensifiers like “very” and “so”and graded on a scale of intensity.
106. Non-gradable adjectives
They refer to adjectives which can not take comparative forms, adjectives which exclusively act as attributes, adjectives denoting provenance and adjectives with an absolute meaning.
107.Inherent adjectives
Adjectives denoting inherent qualities characterize the referent of the noun.
108. Restrictive adjectives
Restrictive adjectives help identify the referent of the noun by describing its distinctive qualities. 109. Non-restrictive adjectives
Non-restrictive adjectives merely provide some additional information which is usually not essential for the identification of the referent.
110. Marked adjectives
Marked adjective usually presuppose the qualities of the referent with restrictive meanings. 111.Unmarked adjectives
An unmarked adjective usualy doesn’t suppose the qualities of the referent with non-restrictive meanings.
112. Comparison
Comparison refers to adjectives, adverbs and some determiners that are gradable. Grammarians have generalized three degrees of comparison: positive degree, comparative degree and superlative degree, which are neatly correctly with three grammatical constructions.
https://www.360docs.net/doc/d27078595.html,parative constructions
They refer to the three degrees of comparison expressed by three comparative constructuins: Positive degree:as…as
Comparetive degree: more…than…
Superlative degree : the most.
114. Prepositions
A preposition is a closed word class. Its major function is to connect words of the noun, verb and adjective classes to other parts of the sentence. In form, prepositions are either simple or complex.
A preposition is usually meaningful in its own right, unless it is attached to a noun, a verb, or an adjective to form a fixed collocation.
115. Simple prepositions
Simple prepositions consitute a closed class. Usually there is only one word in simple prepositions.
116.Forms of prepositions
Prepositions can be divided into two types:simple preposition and complex prepositions. Complex prepositions can be further divides into prepositions consisting of two words and those of more
than two words.
https://www.360docs.net/doc/d27078595.html,plex prepositions
A complex preposition connsists if two words or more than two words. In principle, a complex preposition is an unalterable, fixed form.
118. Free prepositional phrases
A free prepositional phrase also consists of two words or more than two words. In principle, a free prepositional phrase is a changeable unfixed prepositional phrase.
119.Prepositions relating to place
It means prepositions indicate the place where or something is, or the place where an action occurs.
120.Durative prepositions
It means prepositions which denote temporal durations.
121.Non-durative prepositions
It refers to prepositions which denote temporal positions,i.e. the points of time.
122. Coordinators
They can divided into central coordinators, correlative coordinators,semi-coordinators and quasi-coordinators. The functions of coordinators are to be used to join units in coordination. 123. Central coordinators
They are also called pure coordinators because they are typically used to put together units at the same syntactic level.
124. Correlative coordinators
They are almost invariably found conjoining two parallel units
125.Semi-coordinators
They are used to act not only as coordinators but also as conjuncts often.
126. Quasi-coordinators
They behave sometinms like coordinators, and attimes like subordinators or prepositions.
127. The main clause
In a complex sentence, the attached clause on the higher level is termed the main clause.
128. The subordinate clause
In a complex sentence, the attached clause on the lower level is termed the subordinate clause. 129. Subordinators
Subordinators can be divided into simple, complex, correlative and marginal subordinators. They are used to introduce subordinate clauses which are attached to the main clauses.
130. Subordinate clauses
The majoriety of the subordinate clauses bear a atatus marker-the subdinator. Sundinator clauses are usualy divided into three tyoes by their function: relative clauses, adverbial clauses and nominal clauses. In form, subordinate clauses may also be diveded into finite clauses, non-finite clauses and verbless clauses.
131.The relative clause
The relative clause is often defined as a clausal modifier of preceding noun or noun phrase. It occures in the form of a finite or non-finite clause.
132. A restrictive clause
A restrictive clause provides essential information for the identification of what its antecedent refers to.
初中英语语法知识点总结
英语语法大全 初中英语语法学习提纲 一、词类、句子成分和构词法： 1、词类：英语词类分十种： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before .
10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如：I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。 如：He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如： Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市)
(完整版)英语语法专业术语
英语语法专业术语 语法grammar 句法syntax 词法morphology 结构structure 层次rank 句子sentence 从句clause 词组phrase 词类part of speech 单词word 实词notional word 虚词structural word 名词noun 专有名词proper noun 普通名词common noun 可数名词countable noun 不可数名词uncountable no 抽象名词abstract noun 具体名词concrete noun 物质名词material noun 集体名词collective noun 个体名词individual noun 介词preposition 连词conjunction 动词verb 主动词main verb 及物动词transitive verb 不及物动词intransitive verb 系动词link verb 助动词auxiliary verb 情态动词modal verb 规则动词regular verb 不规则动词irregular verb 短语动词phrasal verb 限定动词finite verb 非限定动词infinite verb 使役动词causative verb 感官动词verb of senses
动态动词event verb 静态动词state verb 感叹词exclamation 形容词adjective 副词adverb 方式副词adverb of manner 程度副词adverb of degree 时间副词adverb of time 地点副词adverb of place 修饰性副词adjunct 连接性副词conjunct 疑问副词interrogative adverb 关系副词relative adverb 代词pronoun 人称代词personal pronoun 物主代词possessive pronoun 反身代词reflexive pronoun 相互代词reciprocal pronoun 指示代词demonstrative pronoun 疑问代词interrogative pronoun 关系代词relative pronoun 不定代词indefinite 物主代词possessive pronoun 名词性物主代词nominal possessive 形容词性物主代词adjectival possessive pronoun 冠词article 定冠词definite article 不定冠词indefinite article 数词numeral 基数词cardinal numeral 序数词ordinal numeral 分数词fractional numeral 形式form 单数形式singular form 复数形式plural form 限定动词finite verb form 非限定动词non-finite verb form
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google搜索从入门到精通4.0
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初二英语语法总结大全
初二期末英语必考的十二大语法点 一. 形容词/副词的比较级和最高级 1. 形容词/副词的比较级和最高级的构成规则 （1）单音节词和少数以-er，-ow结尾的双音节单词，比较级在后面加-er，最高级在后面加-est。 ①单音节单词 small→smaller→smallest short→shorter→shortest tall→taller→tallest great→greater→greatest ②少数以-er，-ow结尾的双音节单词 clever→cleverer→cleverest
narrow→narrower→narrowest （2）以不发音e结尾的单音节单词，比较级在原形后加-r，最高级在 原级后加-st。 large→larger→largest nice→nicer→nicest able→abler→ablest （3）以一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节（即：辅音＋元音＋辅音）单词中，先双写末尾的辅音字母，比较级加-er，最高级加-est。 big→bigger→biggest hot→hotter→hottest fat→fatter→fattest （4）以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的双音节词，把y改为i，比较级加-er，最高级加-est。 easy→easier→easiest heavy→heavier→heaviest
busy→busier→busiest happy→happier→happiest （5）其他双音节词和多音节词，比较级在前面加more，最高级在前面加most。 beautiful→more beautiful→most beautiful different→more different→most different easily→more easily→most easily （6）有少数形容词、副词的比较级和最高级是不规则的，必须熟记。 good→better→best well→better→best bad→worse→worst ill→worse→worst old→older/elder→oldest/eldest many/much→more→most little→less→least far →further/farther→ furthest/farthest
常用英语语法-日常
一、引出开头 1：It is well-known to us that……（我们都知道……）==As far as my knowledge is concerned, …（就我所知…） 2：Recently the problem of…… has been brought into focus. ==Nowadays there is a growing concern over ……（最近……问题引起了关注） 3：Nowadays（overpopulation）has become a problem we have to face.（现今，人口过剩已成为我们不得不面对的问题） 4：Internet has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.（互联网已在我们的生活扮演着越来越重要的角色，它给我们带来了许多好处但也产生了一些严重的问题）5：With the rapid development of science and technology，more and more people believe that……（随着科技的迅速发展，越来越多的人认为……） 6：It is a common belief that……==It is commonly believed that……（人们一般认为……）7：A lot of people seem to think that……（很多人似乎认为……） 8:It is universally acknowledged that + 句子（全世界都知道...） 二、表达不同观点 1：People's views on……vary from person to person. Some hold that……However, others believe that……（人们对……的观点因人而异，有些人认为……然而其他人却认为……）2：People may have different opinions on……（人们对……可能会持有不同见解） 3：Attitudes towards （drugs）vary from person to person.==Different people hold different attitudes towards（failure）（人们对待吸毒的态度因人而异） 4:There are different opinions among people as to……（对于……人们的观点大不相同） 三、表示结尾 1：In short, it can be said that……（总之，他的意思是……） 2：From what has been mentioned above, w e can come to the conclusion that……（从上面提到的，我们可以得出结论……） 3：Taking all these factors into consideration, we naturally/reasonably come to the conclusion that……（把所有的这些因素加以考虑，我们自然可以得出结论……） 4：Hence/Therefore, we'd better come to the conclusion that……（因此，我们最好的出这样的结论……） 5:There is no doubt that (job-hopping)has its drawbacks as well as merits.（毫无疑问，跳槽有优点也有缺点） 6：All in all, we cannot live without……,but at the same time we must try to find out new ways to cope with the problems that would arise.（总之，我们没有……无法生活，但同时我们必须寻求新的解决办法来面对可能出现的新问题） 四、提出建议 1：It is high time that we put an end to the (trend).（该是我们停止这一趋势的时候了）2：There is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to the problem of……（毫无疑问，对……问题应予以足够重视） 3：Obviously ,if we want to do something … it is essential that……（显然，如果我们想要做么事，很重要的是……） 4：Only in this way can we ……（只有这样，我们才能……） 5：Spare no effort to+V（不遗余力的） 五、预示后果
【英语】 英语语法填空专题练习(及答案)及解析
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如何成为金牌自由翻译(法磊)
?法磊推荐的书，网站 ●英语写作能力：《高级英语写作手册》（英文版北京外国语大学出版社） ●双语能力：英汉对照读物 ●做个知识渊博的杂家：1）先去国内各大门户网站了解一下新闻，再去 China Daily,新华网英文版了解英文的表达法，可以学到本土特色东西的表 达法。 2）浏览国外新闻网站，就同一个话题，摘取一段换，揣摩表达方法。 3）浏览论坛，如翻译中国，译网情深，https://www.360docs.net/doc/d27078595.html,/ 4）《中国翻译》 5）http://blog.hjenglish/wuzhongdong北外教授博客 6）《Google 从入门到精通》 ?翻译路上的交通证（考证一方面是一种凭证，另一方面也是一种 学习过程） ●上海高级口译证书和CATTI笔译二级证书 ●参加比赛：韩素音青年翻译奖 CCTV希望之星英语风采大赛 ?翻译路上的工具 ●搜索引擎：1）缩略语的搜索：缩略语+所属范畴 专有名词的搜索：如，中国银行业监督管理委员会+bank 2）名言名句的翻译要事先搜索是否有更地道的翻译 3）对于不确定的搭配可利用搜索引擎搜索，如果超过20个网页有这样的 表达，且大多数为外国网站，则可以运用 4）小语种的翻译可以借助先转换为英语再转换为中文（资料少的情况下） 语种互译网站：https://www.360docs.net/doc/d27078595.html,/translate-t ●TRADOS软件 ●专业术语在线词典：https://www.360docs.net/doc/d27078595.html,/ ●word,excel,ppt,pdf，autocad(工科翻译)的熟练使用，包括排版 ?翻译中的思维与方法 ●以段为单位，理解大意后，再翻译每个句子，然后再从整段出发修改 句子。翻译的句子要考虑阅读者的思维习惯。 ●只要保证语义不变，句子形式、语法结构都可以改变。 ●翻译中的修改，1）先修改低级错误，如标点，错别字 2）对照原文逐句看翻译正确与否 3）抛开原文，看译文是否通顺 4）再对照 5）搁置几天后再修改 ●翻译初期，要先做英译中，学学正确的英语表达方法。
英语语法术语
常见的语法术语摘要 1.名词noun 动词verb 形容词adjective 数词numeral 代词 pronoun 2.介词preposition 副词adverb 连词conjunction 冠词article 感叹词 interjection 3.结构：structure 简单句simple sentences 并列句compound sentences 4.复合句complex sentences 倒装句inverted sentences 省略句elliptical sentences 5.陈述句declarative sentences 疑问句interrogative sentences 6.祈使句imperative sentences 感叹句exclamatory sentences 7.否定句negative sentences 被动句passive sentences 8.虚拟语气句subjunctive sentences 同义句synonymous sentences 9.歧义句ambiguous sentences 委婉句euphemisms 强调句emphasis 10.疑难句difficult sentences 叙述句narrative sentences 说明句expository sentences 11.议论句argumentative sentences 人物描写句descriptive sentences of people 12.动作描写句：descriptive sentences of actions 13.环境描写句descriptive sentences of environment 14.名人语句quotations 格言句maxims 谚语句proverbs 15.状语adverbial 补语complement 宾语object 宾语补助语objective complement 16.表语predicative 主语subject 谓语predicate 谓语动词finite verb 17.非谓语动词non-finite verb 情态动词modal verb 18.并列coordination 选择alternative 转折transition 对比contrast 19.原因cause 结果effect 20.动词时态verb tenses 21.一般现在时simple present (tense) 22.一般过去时simple past (tense) 一般将来时simple future (tense) 23.过去将来时future (tense) in the past 现在完成时present perfect (tense) 24.过去完成时past perfect (tense) 将来完成时future perfect (tense) 25.现在进行时present continuous (tense) 过去进行时past continuous (tense) 26.将来进行时future continuous (tense) 27.现在完成进行时present perfect continuous (tense) 28.主句main clause 从句subordinate clause 29.限定性定语从句restrictive attributive clause 30.非限定性定语从句non-restrictive attributive clause 31.宾语从句object clause 壮语从句adverbial clause 主语从句subject clause 32.表语从句predicative clause 同位语从句appositive clause 33.双重复合句double complex sentences 34.多重复合句multiple complex sentences 35.插入语parenthesis 36.IT引导的句子IT sentences
初中英语语法大全(总结篇)
资料收集于网络，如有侵权请联系网站删除 1 (see 、hear 、notice 、find 、feel 、listen to 、look at (感官动词)+do eg:I like watching monkeys jump 2 （比较级and 比较级）表示越来越怎么样 3 a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟（容易） 4 agree with sb 赞成某人 5 all kinds of 各种各样a kind of 一样 6 all over the world = the whole world 整个世界 7 along with同……一道，伴随…… eg : I will go along with you我将和你一起去 the students planted trees along with their teachers 学生同老师们一起种树 8 As soon as 一怎么样就怎么样 9 as you can see 你是知道的 10 ask for ……求助向…要…（直接接想要的东西）eg : ask you for my book 11 ask sb for sth 向某人什么 12 ask sb to do sth 询问某人某事ask sb not to do 叫某人不要做某事 13 at the age of 在……岁时eg：I am sixteen I am at the age of sixteen 14 at the beginning of …… ……的起初；……的开始 15 at the end of +地点/+时间最后；尽头；末尾eg : At the end of the day 16 at this time of year 在每年的这个时候 17 be /feel confident of sth /that clause +从句感觉/对什么有信心，自信 eg : I am / feel confident of my spoken English I feel that I can pass the test 18 be + doing 表：1 现在进行时2 将来时 19 be able to (+ v 原) = can (+ v 原）能够…… eg : She is able to sing She can sing 20 be able to do sth 能够干什么eg :she is able to sing 21 be afraid to do (of sth 恐惧，害怕…… eg : I'm afraed to go out at night I'm afraid of dog 22 be allowed to do 被允许做什么 eg: I'm allowed to watch TV 我被允许看电视I should be allowed to watch TV 我应该被允许看电视 23 be angry with sb 生某人的气eg : Don't be angry with me 24 be angry with(at) sb for doing sth 为什么而生某人的气 25 be as…原级…as 和什么一样eg : She is as tall as me 她和我一样高 26 be ashamed to 27 be away from 远离 28 be away from 从……离开 29 be bad for 对什么有害eg : Reading books in the sun is bad for your eyes 在太阳下看书对你的眼睛不好 30 be born 出生于 31 be busy doing sth 忙于做什么事be busy with sth 忙于…… 32 be careful 当心；小心 33 be different from…… 和什么不一样 34 be famous for 以……著名
英语语法1术语汇总
BE-subjunctive be-型虚拟式object complement 宾语补语 noun phrase of amount or quantity 表示数量概念的名词词组 infinitive 不定式full sentence完全句headword中心词dynamic verb 动态动词cleft sentence 分裂句main clause主句nominative absolute construction 独立主格结构direct object 直接宾语present perfective progressive现在完成进行体subject complement主语补语predicate verb 谓语动词determiner限定词ordinal numeral序数词verbless clause 无动词分句finite verb phrase限定动词词组 possessive pronoun 物主代词gender性main verb 主动词 antecedent先行项subjunctive mood 虚拟式 irregular verb 不规则动词root 词根demonstrative pronoun指示代词semi-auxiliary 半助动词compound complex sentence 并列复杂句passive voice 被动态coordinate construction 并列结构comparative clause 比较分句indefinite pronoun 不定代词 intransitive verb不及物动词vocabulary词汇bound morpheme粘附词素uncountable noun不可数名词morpheme词素central determiner中位限定词indicative mood 陈述式affix 词缀proper noun专有名词 abstract noun 抽象名词phrasal verb 词组动词 notional concord 意义一致原则auxiliary助动词active voice主动态 open class 开放词类linking verb 连系动词 historical present 历史性现在时conjunction 连词 unit noun 单位名词reflexive pronoun 反身代词 second person 第二人称unemphatic use非强调性用法 definite article 定冠词basic clause type分句基本类型 fractional numeral分数词closed class封闭词类 generic reference 类指derivative noun 派生名词 old English古英语complex sentence复杂句 relative clause 关系分句adverb phrase 副词词组 function word 功能词compound word复合词 countable noun 可数名词genitive noun 名词属格 article 冠词notional subject实义主语interjection 感叹词regular plural 规则复数transitive verb 及物动词 past perfective progressive 过去完成进行体mood 语气 implied conditional 含蓄条件句suffix后缀feminine gender阴性collective noun集体名词post-determiner后位限定词 indirect object 间接宾语principle of proximity就近原则 primary auxiliary 基本助动词sentence 句子 concord一致voice 语态common gender通性 question 疑问句base form原形SVOC主—动—宾—补结构imperative mood 祈使式predeterminer前位限定词 inflectional affix 屈折词缀number数voice态 personal pronoun 人称代词double genitive 双重属格 tense 时mood式ditransitive verb双宾语及物动词
【英语】高二英语语法填空模拟试题含解析
【英语】高二英语语法填空模拟试题含解析 一、高中英语语法填空 1．阅读下面材料，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Since ________ first fully artificial plastic was invented in 1907, humans ________(find) innumerable uses for the material. It has found ________(it) way into our tools, our clothes and even our bodies. In a new study in ________(environment) science and technology, researchers estimate the average American eats more than 50,000 pieces of microplastic particles, ________(small) than 5 millimeters in length every year and breathes in another 50,000. Although the health ________(effect) of consuming these tiny bits of plastic are unclear, researchers stress the real volume that people are ________(casual) swallowing is alarming. The largest contributor came ________ drinking bottled water, in ________ the bottle itself added more than 32 times more plastic to a diet ________(compare) with tap water, The Guardian reports. 【答案】the；have found；its；environmental；smaller；effects；casually；from；which；compared 【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章提出了人工塑料渗入到我们生活的方方面面。在环境科学与技术的一项新研究中，研究人员估计，美国人平均每年吃掉5万多块塑料微粒，这些微粒的长度小于5毫米，再吸入5万粒塑料微粒。主要诱因是饮用瓶装水。（1）考查冠词。句意：自从1907年第一个完全人工塑料被发明以来。根据first可知此处用冠词the。故填the。 （2）考查时态。句意：人类已经发现了这种材料的无数用途。since引导的时间从句要用一般过去时，主句要用现在完成时。分析句子成分可知，主语是humans，故谓语动词为have found。故填have found。 （3）考查代词。句意：它已经渗入我们的工具、我们的衣服甚至我们的身体。way是名词，此处应该用形容词性物主代词修饰名词。故填its。 （4）考查形容词。句意：在环境科学与技术的一项新研究中。此处要用形容词修饰名词science and technology（科学与技术）。故填environmental。 （5）考查形容词。句意：美国人平均每年吃掉5万多块塑料微粒，这些微粒的长度小于5毫米，再吸入5万粒塑料微粒。根据than可知此处要用形容词比较级。故填smaller。（6）考查名词。句意：尽管食用这些小塑料碎片对健康的影响尚不清楚。根据the health 是主语的一部分，可知此处用名词作主语，且谓语动词是are，故用可数名词复数，填effects。 （7）考查副词。句意：但研究人员强调，人们随意吞下的塑料碎片的实际数量令人担忧。此处要用副词修饰动词swallowing 。故填casually。 （8）考查介词。句意：最大促成物来自饮用瓶装水。come from，固定短语，“来自”。故填from。 （9）考查定语从句。句意：瓶装水在日常饮食中添加的塑料量是自来水的32倍多。分析句子成分可知，先行词为drinking bottled water，指物，且作in的宾语，故此处填which。故填which。
法律英语学习经验
法律英语学习经验 1、法律专业且英语较好，或英语专业，掌握一定法律知识。个人觉得前者比后者更容易学好法律英语。本人属于前者。 2、学习外语最重要的是工具书，学习法律英语也不例外，拥有一本好的工具书是非常重要的。下面推荐几本很不错的工具书。 （1） Black’s Law Dictionary (7th版) 布莱克法律辞典（第七版），1999年出版，共1738页，英文原版，价格697元，网络上有卖的。大些的法律书店也有卖的。 （2）牛津现代法律用语辞典 法律出版社引进的英文原版，共953页，价格170元。该书主要是对一些法律词语进行了语法、语义上的分析，比如同义词、近义词比较，一些词语的拼写不同等。 （3）元照英美法词典 价格是380元，质量在国内同类工具书中算是最好的，但也存在一些错误和不足。详见本论坛帖子《元照英美法词典》求疵。 以上三本工具书是我用过的，都很不错。下面是我没用过的，但其他专家推荐的： （4） Oxford Law Dictionary 牛津法律词典 （5） Merriam-Webster’s Law Dictionary 1996年版，16美元。 此外陈忠诚所著《英汉汉英法律用语辩证词典》也不错，有真材实料。至于其他的英汉、汉英法律辞典，最好别买，大概都是剪刀加浆糊的产物；人云亦云，有很多错误的，误人子弟。 宋雷也主编过一大部头的、与元照同样规模的法律英语词典，其内容还未仔细研读，在此不作评论。 如果大家没钱，可以用网上词典，在此推荐https://www.360docs.net/doc/d27078595.html,，很不错的词典搜索引擎。
3、多读英文原版教材和文章，理解词的具体运用和英美法律制度，扩大词汇量。 4、多看他人有关文章、著作及有关法律的正式英文译本，去伪存真。前提是你的知识量足够大，能一眼看出其真伪对错。《中国翻译》、《上海翻译》、《中国科技翻译》经常刊载法律翻译方面的文章，可惜多为泛泛之作，少见精品。 关于如何学好法律英语，我的经验大体就这些。但如果要作一个好的法律翻译，这些显然是不够的，这又是另外一个话题了。 关于如何学好法律英语，每个人的基础不一样，学习的习惯也不一样，所以很难有一个"万精油"的方法。 这里仅有几点个人经验，供参考： 1.坚持看原版的法律新闻，最好的地方如下： https://www.360docs.net/doc/d27078595.html,/ ，如果上网方便，最好每天去一次，哪怕是时间只够把新闻标题看完…… 2.坚持用原版的法律词典，最好的当然是black’s law dictionary,不过，这两个地方的法律词典也不 错:https://www.360docs.net/doc/d27078595.html, ,https://www.360docs.net/doc/d27078595.html, .当然，刚开始用原版的法律词典可能有些不习惯，从长远来看，这是非常有好处的。 3.坚持读原版的法律书籍， 4.坚持听原版的法律节目，cnn和abc及bbc每周都有与法律有关的节目，这些节目网上也可以收听，只不过要通过代理服务器，还好，这个网站可以访问：https://www.360docs.net/doc/d27078595.html, , 只是这里的节目没有原文对照，听起来有些难。还有一些：坚持分析原版的案件,坚持用英语写读书笔记和日记，坚持用英语思考，用英语和朋友，和