外文翻译
咸阳师范学院2012届
本科毕业生外文文献翻译
学生姓名：张斌
学生学号：0808014123
专业名称：化学
班级：化学0801班
指导老师：张知侠
西南鸢尾根茎精油的化学成分和生物活性
DENG Guo-bin, ZHANG Han-bo, XUE Hong-fen, CHEN Shan-na and CHEN Xiao-lan
生物系, 中国云南昆明 650091
摘要
西南鸢尾根茎一直被用作治疗转硫基和消肿。水蒸气蒸馏法提取西南鸢尾根茎中的精油,并获得了0.23%的精油产量。使用气体色谱-质谱联用仪分析出31个化学成分,香豆素,粘霉烯,吗吩醇,阿珠莫林,荜茄醇,樟脑,榄香烯,T-荜茄醇等被确定。用精油对醋酸钙不动杆菌展出的抗菌活性。芽孢杆菌,芽孢乳酸杆菌,另梭状芽孢杆菌、大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌杆菌,葡萄球菌和小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌等进行了抗真菌和抗氧化活性测试。
关键词:西南鸢尾根茎，精油，抗菌，抗氧化，气相色谱-质谱，化学成分
引言
鸢尾属属于鸢尾科家庭共超过220种,58种的在中国被发现的。鸢尾物种有巨大的药用价值，还用于癌症的治疗,炎症，细菌和病毒感染。西南鸢尾根茎主要分布在中国西南部的云南。在中国的西南地区传统医生用它来消除血瘀和肿胀。但其化学成分和生物活性仍然是未知的。在本文中, 西南鸢尾根茎精油被用于成分分析及其生物活性测试。
材料和方法
植物材料：
采于中国西南地区云南省中甸县，式样被中国云南大学的马绍斌教授鉴定并凭证被存放在这里。精油提取：
根茎(1kg)用赫尔辛基型水蒸气蒸馏装置蒸馏大约3小时。经过无水硫酸钠干燥后植物精油质量产率为0.23%。过滤后,储存在大约4℃的条件下以备化学分析。精油用高效气相色谱-质谱法进行成分分析，后进行抗真菌和抗氧化活性试验。
气相色谱-质谱分析：
使用气相色谱-质谱技术析精油化学成分。质谱是安捷伦6890 N GC / 5973 MSD-SCAN电子轰击离子化模式(70eV)和HP-5MS苯甲基聚硅氧烷,30mm×0.25mm,涂层厚度0.25μm)毛细管(PA)。注入端口温度设置为220℃,而压力在进口维持在3.96 Pa。HP-5MS(30mm×0.25mm×0.25μm膜)是从60℃到150℃在3℃/min持续 3.5min。用氦气作载体流量在0.7mL/min。记录的质谱在惠普5 937系列质量选择性检测器(MSD)中。成分确定了他们的相对保留时间和质谱这些标准，计算机质谱图检索数据库：NIST.147。
抗菌测试
测试微生物：
测试菌种被选为感染了人体的菌种。革兰氏阳性和革兰氏阴性细菌选为生物测试生物。测试生物有机体来源于云南大学的生物学院。
接种实验过程：
为了确保细菌完全适应肉汤,测试前24小时感染测试肉汤用适当的接种了无菌的有机体。该过程对每个菌种可以重复。接种的菌株在25℃下培养24小时。类。
抗菌活性的测定：
纸片扩散法是测定精油抗菌活性的一种方法。用5.0μg/mL的精油培养溶液平铺在培养皿上。用滤纸(6mm直径) 浸渍10μL溶液，后放置在接种板上储存在4℃条件下2h,然后培养24小时，记录其测试结果。抗生素庆大霉素(10μg/mL)作为积极的控制和完全的酒精溶液作为消极的控制。
确定最低抑制浓度 (MIC)和最低杀菌浓度（MBC）：
采用微量稀释肉汤法来测定MIC和MBC，这是根据美国委员会临床实验室标准, (NCCLS 1999)进行的。
抗真菌测试
测试微生物：
被选择的真菌是造成严重的人体系统和皮肤感染的菌种。用于抗真菌测试的四个真菌物种,即
白色念珠菌,黑曲霉、曲霉菌、青霉。这些菌种来源于取云南大学微生物学院，真菌的物种是纯菌株。
抗真菌活性测定：
培养基是10mL完全混合的精油培养液。然后加入精油到烧瓶中，3烧瓶用于每个精油浓度测试，精油使用量分别为25、50、100μL。在阴性对照烧瓶中,没有精油加入。在积极控制,1.2 g的克霉唑霜(10mg/L)被溶解在10mL的酒精和100μL克霉唑溶液进行测试。烧瓶在室温下不停摇动培养7天。经过7天后,把真菌的菌丝收集过滤干燥并称重。真菌用蒸馏水洗涤3次,然后擦干,在60℃干燥。随后被打压一个敏感的平衡和重量吗筛选器的纸是减去的体重这种滤纸和残留得到的重量菌丝。抑制水平计算公式:抑制率(%)=(C-T)/C×100
这里C是指菌丝干重的烧瓶,T是意味干重的菌丝及测试烧瓶。
抗氧化剂测试
精油抗氧化剂测试是用β-胡萝卜素进行漂白测试。一个股票的解决方案的酸混合液是准备如下:0.5毫克β-胡萝卜素被解散了在1毫升的氯仿(HPLC级)和25μL亚油酸在200mg40mg之间。氯仿通过使用一个完全消失真空蒸发器然后,100 mL蒸馏水是加氧创用力摇晃。Aliquots(2.5ml)的这种反应混合真正的被添加到熔融琼脂(10ml)。一个或安吉颜色制作。那时的琼脂倒到培养皿(25ml/个)。这个培养皿满是黑色塑料排除光。洞(4mm直径)被输入进琼脂我们荷兰国际集团的一个虫。纯石油(25μL)被转到孔和培养皿当时在45℃培养4 h。一个区域的保色性孔周围培养后精油属性。分别直径测量酒精和抗坏血酸(10mg/ml)作为一个消极和积极的控制。
结果
精油的化学成分：
主要精油成分如表1所示。共测定出31化合物占精油质量的99.99%以上。其中马兜铃酮为（40.26%）和花侧柏烯(10.88%)是最丰富的成分。还测定出香豆素(6.40%),粘霉烯(5.19%),吗吩醇(4.64%),阿珠莫林，樟脑（2.57%),榄香烯(2.52%),t-荜茄醇(1.97%) 2,7-辛二烯-1-醇（1.86%)，芳香族羟基(1.81%),柠檬烯(1.56%),莰烯(1.46%)。
表1西南鸢尾根茎精油的化学成分
西南鸢尾根茎抗菌药物测试：
从表2可以看出,精油显著的抗菌活动对所有的细菌物种测试。然而,肺炎克雷伯菌和铜绿假单胞
菌并不容易精油低浓度。曾经提出了耶尔森氏菌和变形杆菌寻常性天疱疮测试的MIC值。2个不同的之间的相关性检查筛选方法一致,更大的与低中等收入国家抑制区。
表2 西南鸢尾根茎精油抗菌的MIC值和抑制区域直径
抗真菌活性：
表3中所示的结果表明,西南鸢尾根茎精油对所有的4真菌物种测试特别是在10μL毫升1浓度有显著的抗真菌活性。结果是类似岗位-有效控制(克霉唑)在100μL毫升1每烧瓶。2之间的关联不同的检查方法检查一致,大抑制率与MIC的关系。
表3 西南鸢尾根茎精油抗真菌的MIC值和抗真菌活性
抗氧化活性：
从西南鸢尾根茎精油表现出显著的清除属性。它表明抗氧化活性14.7毫米意味着保色性区(表4)。
表4 西南鸢尾根茎精油抗氧化活性
讨论
许多鸢尾物种已报告他们的医疗使用。从这些物种的化合物孤立有报道称,杀虫活性，抗肿瘤，抗氧化剂,在抗肿瘤、抗痉挛治疗有良好的效果。水蒸气蒸馏法提取的西南鸢尾根茎精油及抗菌活性,并会诱发一种短暂的低血压伴随着消极杀菌效果。9种化合物被孤立起来,其结构的基础上,用气体色谱-质谱联用仪从根状茎的的土耳其裔。原油西南鸢尾根茎精油提取的根茎显示拥有降血脂和降胆固醇活性。像这些物种报道以前, 西南鸢尾根茎精油也表现出很强的抗菌、抗真菌和抗氧化活性。
这些活动可能归因于存在香豆素,粘霉烯,吗吩醇,阿珠莫林，樟脑,榄香烯在精油。
据报道,粘霉烯有很广泛的生物活性包括强有力的抗真菌,效果和脂质过氧化的抑制。芳香族羟基,柠檬烯,莰烯有强大的抗菌活性。这些化学成分发挥它们有害的影响通过对这些微生物的破坏细菌或真菌膜的完整性。α-蒎烯和β-蒎烯能够破坏细胞完整性,因此,在呼吸和离子传输过程。他们还增加在酵母细胞中,膜透性孤立的线粒体。
较高的抗真菌活性可能是由于以下组件的存在本质精油。樟脑已被证明有强烈反对真菌属性。吗吩醇新发现的这种精油可以作为激进的采用代理。挥发油含有碳氢化合物、含氧量的单萜有更大的抗氧化性能。看起来,观察到合适自由基关系的西南鸢尾根茎精油可能造成了岗位-有效的影响在国防工厂。松木和云杉的生产材料来抵抗这一点攻击的病原体。
这项研究表明,精油从奥镁的西南鸢尾根茎有一个潜在的具有抗菌、抗真菌和抗氧化剂的代理和可能是有效的制药和化妆品行业。更多的搜索是需要确定这个。
致谢
这项研究工作得到了国家自然科学基金会(30560033)和云南省自然科学基金会
(2007C001M)。作者非常感激马绍斌教授对于识别植物材料填充物-荷兰国际集团的研究设施。
参考文献
1.Adams R P. 1995. Identification of Essential Oil Components by Gas Chromatography-Mass
Spectroscopy. Allured Pubilshing Corp, Carol Stream, USA.
2.Battelli M G, Barbieri L, Bolognesi A, Buonamici L, Valbonesi P,Polito L, Damme E J M V,
Peumans W J, Stripe F. 1997.Ribosome-inactivating lectins with polynucleotide: adenosine
glycosidase activity. FEBS Letters, 408, 355-359.
3.Bonfils J P, Pinguet F, Culine S, Sauvaire Y. 2001. Cytotoxicity of iridals, triterpenoids from Iris, on
human tumor cell lines A2780 and K562. Planta Medica, 67, 79-81.
4.Burits M, Asres K, Buclar F. 2001. The antioxidant activity of the essential oils of Artemisia afra,
Artemisia abyssinica and Juniperus procera. Phytotherapy Research, 15, 103-108.
5.Byers J A. 1995. Host tree chemistry affecting colonization in bark beetles. In: Carde R T, Bell W J,
eds, Chemical Ecology of Insects. vol. 2. Chapman and Hall, New York. pp. 154-213.
6.Choudhary M I, Naheed S, Jalil S, Alam J M, Rahman A U. 2005.Effects of ethanolic extract of Iris
germanica on lipid profile of rats fed on a high-fat diet. Journal of Ethnopharmacology,98, 217-220. 7.Filipowicz N, Kaminski M, Kurlenda J, Asztemborska M. 2003.Antibacterial and antifungal activity
of juniper berry oil and its selected components. Phytotherapy Research, 17, 227-231.
8.Hanawa F, Tahara S, Mizutani J. 1991. Isoflavonoids produced by Iris pseudacorus leaves treated
with cupric chloride.Phytochemistry, 30, 157-163.
9.Hideyuki I, Miyake Y, Yoshida T. 1995. New piscicidal triterpenes from Iris germanica. Chemical
Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 43, 1260-1262.
10.Mau J L, Lai E Y C, Wang N P, Chen C C, Chang C H, Chyau CC. 2003. Composition and
antioxidant activity of the essential oil from Curcuma zedoaria. Food Chemistry, 82, 583-591.
https://www.360docs.net/doc/d310342333.html,ler H E. 1971. A simplified method for the evaluation of antioxidants. Journal of American Oil
Chemists’ Society, 48,91.
12.Miyake Y, Ito H, Yoshida T. 1997. Identification of iridals as piscicidal components of Iridaceous
plants and their conformations associated with CD spectra. Canadian Journal of Chemistry, 75, 734-741.
13.Murray P R, Baron E J, Pfaller M A, Tenover F C, Yolke R H.1995. Manual of Clinical Microbiology.
6th ed. ASM,Washington D.C.NCCLS (National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards).1999.
Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing: Ninth International Supplements.
Approved standard M100-S9.
14.Orhan I, Nasim S, Sener B, Ayanoglu F, Ozguven M, Choudhary M I, Rahman A U. 2003. Two
isoflavones and bioactivity spectrum of the crude extracts of Iris germanica rhizomes. Phytotheraphy Research, 17, 575-577.
15.Oumzil H, Ghoulami S, Rhajaoui M, Ilidrissi A, Fkih-Tetouani S, Faid M, Benjouad A. 2002.
Antibacterial and antifungal activity of essential oils of Mentha suaveolens. Phytotherapy Research, 16, 727-731.
16.Rahman A U, Shama N, Irfan B, Saima J, Ilkay O, Bilge S,Choudhary M I. 2003. Anti-inflammatory
isoflavonoids from the rhizomes of Iris germanica. Journal of Ethnopharmacology,86, 177-180.
17.Tepe B, Donmez E, Unlu M, Candan F, Daferera D, Vardar-Unlu G, Polissiou M, Sokmen A. 2004.
Antibacterial andantioxidative activities of the essential oils and methanol extracts of Salvia cryptantha (Montbret et Aucher ex Benth.)and Salvia multicaulis (Vahl). Food Chemistry, 84, 519-525.
18.Uribe S, Ramirez T, Pena A. 1985. Effects of a-pinene on yeast membrane functions. Journal of
Bacteriology, 161, 195-200.
19.Zhao Y T, Noltie H J, Mathew B. 2000. Iridaceae. In: Wu Z Y,Raven P H, eds, Flora of China. vol. 24.
Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis. pp. 297-313. (in Chinese)
五味子精油的无溶剂微波萃取工艺优化
及DPPH自由基清除作用
陈小强，张莹，祖元刚，于雪莹，李家磊
(东北林业大学森林植物生态学教育部重点实验室，黑龙江哈尔滨 150040)
摘要
为了优化五味子精油的萃取工艺条件，采用无溶剂微波萃取技术萃取五味子精油，考察了3个变量(萃取时间，微波功率，预处理加水量)对精油得率的影响，并通过均匀设计法确定最佳萃取工艺条件；利用GC-MS对优化条件下得到的精油进行成分分析，通过DPPH法检测精油的自由基清除能力。结果表明：最佳的工艺条件为萃取时间50min、微波功率800W、预处理加水量40%，优化的精油得率为0.92%；精油的GC-MS 分析共鉴定出35种成分，占精油总量的91.06%，依兰烯(34.81%)、β-雪松烯(10.74%)和α-佛手柑油烯(9.22%)为其中的3种主要成分；精油清除DPPH自由基的IC50 值为 3.01mg/mL。采用无溶剂微波萃取五味子精油工艺可行。
关键词：五味子；精油；无溶剂微波萃取；化学成分；DPPH自由基清除活性。
中图分类号：TS264.3 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1002-6630(2011)14-0085-05
引言
精油来自于植物中挥发性化合物是混合物。在最近年,人们越来越关注利用至关重要油的芳香疗法,他们称这一特定的必不可少的油有良好的生物活性(抗真菌、抗氧化剂,杀灭幼虫,细胞毒性、凋亡活动,等等)[4]。许多植物精油许多植物具有抗菌和属性用于食品保存、自然治疗、化妆品和医药行业。
在中国五味子有被用作镇静剂治疗慢性咳嗽,自汗,心悸,遗精在各种处方 [5]。自1950年代以来五味子精油的分离和鉴定在美国被广泛研究[6]。几个活性物质年代，结合的研究,包括木酚素[7]类、萜类[8]和多糖[9]。很多研究都显示主要生物活性成分对是木酚素[6-7] 此外,它被建议的精油美国拥有各种不同类成分,对预防咳嗽,抑制纤溶酶原活化,促进DNA合成[10]。
微波萃取溶剂(SFME)是一种结合了微波加热和蒸馏技术来提取植物精油。如果新鲜植物材料应用于SFME法没有必要添加溶剂或水,如果干用植物原料,将样品通过浸润在水中。SFME一直被用来从香草药[11]和香料[13]提取精油。
我们所掌握的最好知识,没有关于使用SFME研究五味子精油的抗氧化能力的信息。在目前的研究中,使用SFME提取五味子精油已经被测试。一个均匀设计开发的重要性进行了排序三个主要的影响SFME因素。精油的化学组成造成优化条件分析抗氧化活性的精油是的DPPH自由基消除作用。材料和方法
1.1材料和试剂
植物原料是从中国哈尔滨中药商店购买。植物被聂少全教授鉴定。标本凭证(编号. 037001001061002)存储在重点实验室的森林植物生态标本馆(东北林业大学)。所有的溶剂及化学分析品位从当地供应商购买。DPPH、二叔丁基对甲酚和其他化学试剂是购自西格玛奥德里奇。
1.2仪器
MAS-II微波合成反应工作站是从Sineo购买（中国上海微波化学技术有限公司），6890 GC / MS 购自美国安捷伦，UV-2550分光光度计购自日本岛津。
1.3无溶剂萃取法提取植物精油
在大气压下用一个典型的SFME过程进行。100 g的植物通过浸泡在水中，然后放置在圆底烧瓶(500毫升)中加热。冷却系统内是微波进行精油浓缩提取。浓缩水是抽取提供统一的条件温度和湿度的提取。精油在收集在棕色的瓶中，精油用无水硫酸钠干燥，用量比是1 mL:1.0 g，然后储存在4℃下直到分析和测试。
一个相同的设计(UD)方法，考察了最佳条件下提取五味子精油。提取进行了三个因素和不同条件:提取时间(20、30、40、50min)、微波电力(300、400、500、600、700、800 W)和大量的水(40%,60%,80%,100%,120%,140%)。这个范围的各因素的初步结果的基础上实验。精油产率(%)是相
关变量。
1.4精油成分分析
精油分析用安捷伦6890气体色谱设备在火焰离子化检测器(FID)和DB-17MS 毛细管柱(30m ×0.25mm ×0.25μm)。检测器温度设定在220和290℃。气相色谱温度是从40℃升高到250℃，速度是5℃/min 。氦气作为载气；流速是1ml/min 。在手动和分离模式下把稀释样品(1:50醚，V / V) 1.0μL 注入。不用修正的FID 面积百分比数据通过电子传输到数据库。
精油成分分析用相同条件下的安捷伦的6890高效气相色谱，配备了一个安捷伦5973质谱仪在电子碰撞模式(70eV)。组分的确定是基于比较相对保留时间和质量谱，从标准NIST 02数据库获得。烷烃用作参考点来计算相对保留值(RRI)。
1.5 DPPH 自由基清除活性
修改的DPPH 程序是用来测量五味子精油DPPH 自由基消除能力。一个解决方案的DPPH 在甲醇(25μg /ml)准备，和1.8毫升的这种解决方案增加了0.2ml 解决方案的精油在甲醇在不同浓度。这种混合物被强烈震动和主要-在室温下的维护为30分钟在黑暗中。然后,在517nm 的吸光度测量30min 后。以下的DPPH 自由基清除活性公式:
100A A -A %0
t 0?=）清除作用（ A 0在这里是的吸收度控制样品(没有精油)和存在的吸收的样本(t=30min)。样品浓度提供50%抑制实验(IC50)计算了策划的抑制作用对样品浓度百分比。
1.6统计分析
上面描述的每一个进行测量填写一式三份。结果均以意味着标准偏差进行了研究,分析了数据处理系统(DPS 版本9.5,杭州睿丰集团有限公司)。
2 结果和讨论
2.1优化的提取条件
这个相同的设计已经成功应用于许多领域，如化学和化学工程，医药和调查设计。UD 的主要优点是，它可以用于实验中，许多条件都比传统设计要好很多。
表1 五味子精油的产率和实验条件
初步实验的基础上产生的影响一些因素对提取率的精油,如萃取时间、功率和大量的水被认为,和主要因素和级别设置值见在表1中。收益率是大众精油提取相对于美国的质量对粉末。一个回归进行了分析适合数学模型实验数据在最优的目标地区的研究。二阶多项式逐步回归分析模型,它是一种经验主义之间的关系产生和测试变量在编码单元中给定公式(1),可以描述了预测模型：
Y=－0.994049571＋0.015728040494X1＋0.0027750172366X2＋0.009206264350X3－
0.0000015518707483X22－0.000028443877551X32－0.0000030952380952X1X2－
0.00006871983022X1X3－0.000004073992987X2X3 (1)
公式（1）表明,提取效率是团体-相当受所有的三个参数进行调查,参数的影响以及互动。这个多个系数R = 0.985066指出的相关性一个接近实验和预测之间的协议,问题的最重要的石油产量。处境系数-标量(R2)的预测模型是0.970355,暗示良好的健康,和预测模型似乎合理的代表对观测值。诸多的优化值s给出的软件是以下:提取时间50分钟,功率786.2130 W和大量的水43.1047%,估计提取率最高,基于此模型的是0.9510%。
如预期的那样,提取率的精油增加三个因素。事实上,因为它出现在初步研究结果SFME提取可以持续到没有更多的精油提取,如在水蒸气蒸馏法(HD)。然而,开采SFME的时间应该比这个更低HD 是有趣的提取效率的角度。这个辐照功率确定水的蒸发率或混合的水和精油SFME期间。这个更大的蒸发率越大,其收益率精油。湿度水平下的矩阵微波加热是非常重要的,因为它强调了这个初步研究。水吸收微波,然后加热,允许给一个提取温度接近100℃。这水会产生激烈的原位挤压的区域粉,四周低的地区的压力,使腺体和容器破裂,那么石油流向外观。
2.2精油的化学成分
五味子精油的获得了美国南方通过优化SFME在产率为0.92%。组件分析了精油的气相色谱-质谱(gc - ms)，共分析出35个成分,占精油总质量的91.06%。他们的相对综述了保留指数和百分比在表2。精油样品倍半萜类丰富。光甘草素(34.81%),β-环氧甲烷(10.74%)，α-佛手柑内酯（9.22%)是主要的组件,行脚商-荷兰国际集团54.77%的精油。作文挥发油的美国南方水蒸气蒸馏法获得的已发表[18-19)。据李大光[18],α-金合欢烯(14.37%),联苯酚(11.93%)和松脂岩(8.25%)构成了主要的竞争挥发油的美国南方。同时,根据朱镕基[19],金合欢烯含量是最高的,但只有在14.34%。化学成分的比较研究的最重要的石油从属的物种是穷,因为成分的植物精油可以根据不同的地理、气候、季节性和吗实验条件。
表2用SFME提取五味子精油的化学成分
2.3 DPPH自由基消除实验
几份报告发表在生理活动—物种的关系的属[9]。然而,我们找不到报告处理抗氧化活性的美国对精油。在目前的研究中,自由基-清除能力的精油进行评判这个DPPH化验(图1)。有正相关和之间DPPH激进——精油的因素。IC50值较低和更大的DPPH自由基的致死率表明抗氧化剂较高活动。
IC50的的精油(3.01±0.15)mg/ mL,这已远远超过了合成抗氧化二叔丁基对甲酚吗(IC50 =
0.43mg/mL±0.05mg/mL)。抗氧化活性的精油,4.5毫克/毫升类似二叔丁基对甲酚,0.5毫克/毫升。在
生物活性精油的通常依赖他们的主要组件。研究人员研究了活性化学成分的精油表明,单萜具有更高的抗氧化剂吗效应[20]。此外,一些精油丰富有抗氧化化合物也潜在的[21]。主要美国对精油成分的决心被(表2)。因此,我们认为缺乏最基本的单萜油对美国是其中的一个可能原因其脆弱的抗氧化活性。
图1 五味子精油自由基消除性质
3 结论
目前的研究支持了这种想法:SFME可能是一个可靠的方法对提取精油来自美国南方的水果,收率达0.92%的下最佳工艺条件。基本的组成石油所获得的优化SFME表示,美国对精油有高含量的倍半萜,主要零部件的盘庚(34.81%),β-环氧甲烷(10.74%)，α-金合欢烯(9.22%)占54.77%石油。精油弱氧化剂展出因特网-密度(IC50 3.01mg/mL),相比于那些二叔丁基对甲酚。然而,美国对果实已被用于食品和药品在中国拥有悠久历史;进一步调查来概念-吃了实效性的精油在需要持仓抗菌活性。
参考文献
[1] SHAHSA V ARI N, BARZEGAR M, SAHARI M A, et al. Antioxidant activity and chemical
characterization of essential oil of Bunium persicum[J]. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 2008, 63(4): 183-188.
[2] PA VELA R. Larvicidal property of essential oils against Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera:
Culicidae)[J]. Industrial Crops and Products, 2009, 30(2): 311-315.
[3] GONCALVES M J, CRUZ M T, CA V ALEIRO C, et al. Chemical,antifungal and cytotoxic evaluation of
the essential oil of Thymus zygis subsp. Sylvestris[J]. Industrial Crops and Products, 2010, 32(1): 70-75.
[4] YANG Yang, YANG Yue, YAN Runwei, et al. Cytotoxic, apoptotic and antioxidant activity of the essential
oil of Amomum tsaoko[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2010, 101(11): 4205-4211.
[5] WANG Baolian, HU Jinping, TAN Wei, et al. Simultaneous quantifica-tion of four active schisandra
lignans from a traditional Chinese medicine Schisandra chinensis (Wuweizi) in rat plasma using liquid chromatog-raphy/mass spectrometry[J]. Journal of Chromatography B, 2008, 865(1/2): 114-120.
[6] PAN Siyuan, HANG Dong, HAN Yifan, et al. A novel experimental model of acute hypertriglyceridemia
induced by schisandrin B[J]. Euro-pean Journal of Pharmacology, 2006, 537(1-3): 200-204.
[7] STACCHIOTTI A, LI-VOLTI G, LA V AZZA A, et al. Schisandrin Bstimulates a cytoprotective response
in rat liver exposed to mercuric chloride[J]. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2009, 47(11): 2834-2840. [8] HUANG Shengxiong, HAN Quanbin, LEI Chun, et al. Isolation and characterization of miscellaneous
terpenoids of Schisandra chinensis[J].Tetrahedron, 2008, 64(19): 4260-4267.
[9] MENG Xianjun, GAO Xiaoxu, LI Jihai, et al. Study on antioxidant activity and preparation of
polysaccharides from fruit of Schisandra Chinensis (Turcz) Baill[J]. Food Science and Technology, 2009, 34(5):267-271.
[10] ZHANG Shengna, WU Suxiang. Research progress of chemical compo-sitions and pharmacological
effects of volatile oil in Schisandrae chinensis and Schisandrae sphenantherae[J]. Journal of Chinese Medicinal Materials, 2007, 30(1): 118-120.
[11] BAYRAMOGLU B, SAHIN S, SUMNU G. Solvent-free microwave extraction of essential oil from
oregano[J]. Journal of Food Engineering,2008, 88(4): 535-540.
[12] OKOH O O, SADIMENKO A P, AFOLAYAN A J. Comparative evalu-ation of the antibacterial activities
of the essential oils of Rosmarinus officinalis L. obtained by hydrodistillation and solvent free microwave extraction methods[J]. Food Chemistry, 2010, 120(1): 308-312.
[13] LUCCHESI M E, CHEMAT F, SMADJA J. Solvent-free microwave extraction of essential oil from
aromatic herbs: comparison with conven-tional hydrodistillation[J]. Journal of Chromatography A, 2004, 1043(2): 323-327.
[14] WANG Ziming, DING Lan, LI Tiechun, et al. Improved solvent-free microwave extraction of essential
oil from dried Cuminum cyminum L.and Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim[J]. Journal of Chromatography A,2006, 1102(1/2): 11-17.
[15] WANG Ziming, WANG Lu, LI Tiechun, et al. Rapid analysis of the essential oils from dried Illicium
verum Hook. f. and Zingiber officinale Rosc. by improved solvent-free microwave extraction with three types of microwave-absorption medium[J]. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 2006, 386(6): 1863-1868.
[16] BOUNATIROU S, SMITI S, MIGUEL M G, et al. Chemical composition, antioxidant
and antibacterial activities of the essential oils isolated from Tunisian Thymus capitatus Hoff. et Link[J].
Food Chemistry, 2007, 105(1): 146-155.
[17] JIN Yisu, PENG Xiaofang, LIANG Yizeng, et al. Uniform design-based sensitivity analysis of circadian
rhythm model in Neurospora[J]. Comput-ers & Chemical Engineering, 2008, 32(8): 1956-1962.
[18] LI Xiaoning, CUI Hui, SONG, Youqun, et al. Analysis of the essential oil of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.)
Baill. with GC/MS[J]. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica, 2001, 36(3): 215-219.
[19] ZHU Fengmei, DU Bin, LI Jun, et al. Determination of the essential oil from Schisandra chinensis
(Turcz.) Baill by GC-MS[J]. Food and Fermentation Industries, 2008, 34 (3): 149-152.
[20] TEPE B, SIHOGLU-TEPE A, DAFERERA D, et al. Chemical compo-sition and antioxidant activity of
the essential oil of Clinopodium vulgare L.[J]. Food Chemistry, 2007, 103(3): 766-770.
[21] EI-MASSRY K F, EI-GHORAB A H, FAROUK A. Antioxidant activity and volatile components of
Egyptian Artemisia judaica L.[J]. Food Chemistry, 2002, 79(3): 331-336.
工业设计专业英语英文翻译
工业设计原著选读 优秀的产品设计 第一个拨号电话1897年由卡罗耳Gantz 第一个拨号电话在1897年被自动电器公司引入，成立于1891年布朗强，一名勘萨斯州承担者。在1889年，相信铃声“中央交换”将转移来电给竞争对手，强发明了被拨号系统控制的自动交换机系统。这个系统在1892年第一次在拉波特完成史端乔系统中被安装。1897年，强的模型电话，然而模型扶轮拨条的位置没有类似于轮齿约170度,以及边缘拨阀瓣。电话，当然是被亚历山大格雷厄姆贝尔（1847—1922）在1876年发明的。第一个商业交换始建于1878（12个使用者），在1879年，多交换机系统由工程师勒罗伊B 菲尔曼发明,使电话取得商业成功,用户在1890年达到250000。 直到1894年，贝尔原批专利过期，贝尔电话公司在市场上有一个虚拟的垄断。他们已经成功侵权投诉反对至少600竞争者。该公司曾在1896年，刚刚在中央交易所推出了电源的“普通电池”制度。在那之前，一个人有手摇电话以提供足够的电力呼叫。一个连接可能仍然只能在给予该人的名义下提出要求达到一个电话接线员。这是强改变的原因。 强很快成为贝尔的强大竞争者。他在1901年引进了一个桌面拨号模型，这个模型在设计方面比贝尔的模型更加清晰。在1902年，他引进了一个带有磁盘拨号的墙面电话，这次与实际指孔，仍然只有170度左右在磁盘周围。到1905年，一个“长距离”手指孔已经被增加了。最后一个强的知名模型是在1907年。强的专利大概过期于1914年，之后他或他的公司再也没有听到过。直到1919年贝尔引进了拨号系统。当他们这样做，在拨号盘的周围手指孔被充分扩展了。 强发明的拨号系统直到1922年进入像纽约一样的大城市才成为主流。但是一旦作为规规范被确立，直到70年代它仍然是主要的电话技术。后按键式拨号在1963年被推出之后，强发明的最初的手指拨号系统作为“旋转的拨号系统”而知名。这是强怎样“让你的手指拨号”的。 埃姆斯椅LCW和DCW 1947 这些带有复合曲线座位，靠背和橡胶防震装置的成型胶合板椅是由查尔斯埃姆斯设计，在赫曼米勒家具公司生产的。 这个原始的概念是被查尔斯埃姆斯（1907—1978）和埃罗沙里宁（1910—1961）在1940年合作构想出来的。在1937年，埃姆斯成为克兰布鲁克学院实验设计部门的领头人，和沙里宁一起工作调查材料和家具。在这些努力下，埃姆斯发明了分成薄片和成型胶合板夹板，被称作埃姆斯夹板，在1941年收到了来自美国海军5000人的订单。查尔斯和他的妻子雷在他们威尼斯，钙的工作室及工厂和埃文斯产品公司的生产厂家一起生产了这批订单。 在1941年现代艺术博物馆，艾略特诺伊斯组织了一场比赛用以发现对现代生活富有想象力的设计师。奖项颁发给了埃姆斯和沙里宁他们的椅子和存储碎片，由包括埃德加考夫曼，大都会艺术博物馆的阿尔弗雷德，艾略特诺伊斯，马尔塞布鲁尔，弗兰克帕里什和建筑师爱德华达雷尔斯通的陪审团裁决。 这些椅子在1946年的现代艺术展览博物馆被展出，查尔斯埃姆斯设计的新的家具。当时，椅子只有三条腿，稳定性问题气馁了大规模生产。 早期的LCW（低木椅）和DWC（就餐木椅）设计有四条木腿在1946年第一次被埃文斯产品公司（埃姆斯的战时雇主）生产出来，被赫曼米勒家具公司分配。这些工具1946年被乔治纳尔逊为赫曼米勒购买，在1949年接手制造权。后来金属脚的愿景在1951年制作，包括LCW（低金属椅）和DWC（就餐金属椅）模型。配套的餐饮和咖啡桌也产生。这条线一直
外文翻译
Load and Ultimate Moment of Prestressed Concrete Action Under Overload-Cracking Load It has been shown that a variation in the external load acting on a prestressed beam results in a change in the location of the pressure line for beams in the elastic range.This is a fundamental principle of prestressed construction.In a normal prestressed beam,this shift in the location of the pressure line continues at a relatively uniform rate,as the external load is increased,to the point where cracks develop in the tension fiber.After the cracking load has been exceeded,the rate of movement in the pressure line decreases as additional load is applied,and a significant increase in the stress in the prestressing tendon and the resultant concrete force begins to take place.This change in the action of the internal moment continues until all movement of the pressure line ceases.The moment caused by loads that are applied thereafter is offset entirely by a corresponding and proportional change in the internal forces,just as in reinforced-concrete construction.This fact,that the load in the elastic range and the plastic range is carried by actions that are fundamentally different,is very significant and renders strength computations essential for all designs in order to ensure that adequate safety factors exist.This is true even though the stresses in the elastic range may conform to a recognized elastic design criterion. It should be noted that the load deflection curve is close to a straight line up to the cracking load and that the curve becomes progressively more curved as the load is increased above the cracking load.The curvature of the load-deflection curve for loads over the cracking load is due to the change in the basic internal resisting moment action that counteracts the applied loads,as described above,as well as to plastic strains that begin to take place in the steel and the concrete when stressed to high levels. In some structures it may be essential that the flexural members remain crack free even under significant overloads.This may be due to the structures’being exposed to exceptionally corrosive atmospheres during their useful life.In designing prestressed members to be used in special structures of this type,it may be necessary to compute the load that causes cracking of the tensile flange,in order to ensure that adequate safety against cracking is provided by the design.The computation of the moment that will cause cracking is also necessary to ensure compliance with some design criteria. Many tests have demonstrated that the load-deflection curves of prestressed beams are approximately linear up to and slightly in excess of the load that causes the first cracks in the tensile flange.(The linearity is a function of the rate at which the load is applied.)For this reason,normal elastic-design relationships can be used in computing the cracking load by simply determining the load that results in a net tensile stress in the tensile flange(prestress minus the effects of the applied loads)that is equal to the tensile strength of the concrete.It is customary to assume that the flexural tensile strength of the concrete is equal to the modulus of rupture of the
网络营销外文翻译
E---MARKETING (From:E--Marketing by Judy Strauss,Adel El--Ansary,Raymond Frost---3rd ed.1999 by Pearson Education pp .G4-G25.) As the growth of https://www.360docs.net/doc/d310342333.html, shows, some marketing principles never change.Markets always welcome an innovative new product, even in a crowded field of competitors ,as long as it provides customer value.Also,Google`s success shows that customers trust good brands and that well-crafted marketing mix strategies can be effective in helping newcomers enter crowded markets. Nevertheless, organizations are scrambling to determine how they can use information technology profitably and to understand what technology means for their business strategies. Marketers want to know which of their time-ested concepts will be enhanced by the Internet, databases,wireless mobile devices, and other technologies. The rapid growth of the Internet and subsequent bursting of the dot-com bubble has marketers wondering,"What next?" This article attempts to answer these questions through careful and systematic examination of successful e-mar-keting strategies in light of proven traditional marketing practices. （Sales Promotion;E--Marketing；Internet；Strategic Planning ） 1.What is E--Marketing E--Marketing is the application of a broad range of information technologies for: Transforming marketing strategies to create more customer value through more effective segmentation ,and positioning strategies；More efficiently planning and executing the conception, distribution promotion,and pricing of goods,services,and ideas;andCreating exchanges that satisfy individual consumer and organizational customers` objectives. This definition sounds a lot like the definition of traditional marketing. Another way to view it is that e-marketing is the result of information technology applied to traditional marketing. E-marketing affects traditional marketing in two ways. First,it increases efficiency in traditional marketing strategies.The transformation results in new business models that add customer value and/or increase company profitability.
建筑类外文文献及中文翻译
forced concrete structure reinforced with an overviewRein Since the reform and opening up, with the national economy's rapid and sustained development of a reinforced concrete structure built, reinforced with the development of technology has been great. Therefore, to promote the use of advanced technology reinforced connecting to improve project quality and speed up the pace of construction, improve labor productivity, reduce costs, and is of great significance. Reinforced steel bars connecting technologies can be divided into two broad categories linking welding machinery and steel. There are six types of welding steel welding methods, and some apply to the prefabricated plant, and some apply to the construction site, some of both apply. There are three types of machinery commonly used reinforcement linking method primarily applicable to the construction site. Ways has its own characteristics and different application, and in the continuous development and improvement. In actual production, should be based on specific conditions of work, working environment and technical requirements, the choice of suitable methods to achieve the best overall efficiency. 1、steel mechanical link 1.1 radial squeeze link Will be a steel sleeve in two sets to the highly-reinforced Department with superhigh pressure hydraulic equipment (squeeze tongs) along steel sleeve radial squeeze steel casing, in squeezing out tongs squeeze pressure role of a steel sleeve plasticity deformation closely integrated with reinforced through reinforced steel sleeve and Wang Liang's Position will be two solid steel bars linked Characteristic: Connect intensity to be high, performance reliable, can bear high stress draw and pigeonhole the load and tired load repeatedly.
工业设计外文翻译
Interaction design Moggridge Bill Interaction design，Page 1-15 USA Art Press, 2008 Interaction design (IxD) is the study of devices with which a user can interact, in particular computer users. The practice typically centers on "embedding information technology into the ambient social complexities of the physical world."[1] It can also apply to other types of non-electronic products and services, and even organizations. Interaction design defines the behavior (the "interaction") of an artifact or system in response to its users. Malcolm McCullough has written, "As a consequence of pervasive computing, interaction design is poised to become one of the main liberal arts of the twenty-first century." Certain basic principles of cognitive psychology provide grounding for interaction design. These include mental models, mapping, interface metaphors, and affordances. Many of these are laid out in Donald Norman's influential book The Psychology of Everyday Things. As technologies are often overly complex for their intended target audience, interaction design aims to minimize the learning curve and to increase accuracy and efficiency of a task without diminishing usefulness. The objective is to reduce frustration and increase user productivity and satisfaction. Interaction design attempts to improve the usability and experience of the product, by first researching and understanding certain users' needs and then designing to meet and exceed them. (Figuring out who needs to use it, and how those people would like to use it.) Only by involving users who will use a product or system on a regular basis will designers be able to properly tailor and maximize usability. Involving real users, designers gain the ability to better understand user goals and experiences. (see also: User-centered design) There are also positive side effects which include enhanced system capability awareness and user ownership. It is important that the user be aware of system capabilities from an early stage so that expectations regarding functionality are both realistic and properly understood. Also, users who have been active participants in a product's development are more likely to feel a sense of ownership, thus increasing overall satisfa. Instructional design is a goal-oriented, user-centric approach to creating training and education software or written materials. Interaction design and instructional design both rely on cognitive psychology theories to focus on how users will interact with software. They both take an in-depth approach to analyzing the user's needs and goals. A needs analysis is often performed in both disciplines. Both, approach the design from the user's perspective. Both, involve gathering feedback from users, and making revisions until the product or service has been found to be effective. (Summative / formative evaluations) In many ways, instructional
外文翻译
Journal of Industrial Textiles https://www.360docs.net/doc/d310342333.html,/ Optimization of Parameters for the Production of Needlepunched Nonwoven Geotextiles Amit Rawal, Subhash Anand and Tahir Shah 2008 37: 341Journal of Industrial Textiles DOI: 10.1177/1528083707081594 The online version of this article can be found at: https://www.360docs.net/doc/d310342333.html,/content/37/4/341 Published by: https://www.360docs.net/doc/d310342333.html, can be found at:Journal of Industrial TextilesAdditional services and information for https://www.360docs.net/doc/d310342333.html,/cgi/alertsEmail Alerts: https://www.360docs.net/doc/d310342333.html,/subscriptionsSubscriptions: https://www.360docs.net/doc/d310342333.html,/journalsReprints.navReprints: https://www.360docs.net/doc/d310342333.html,/journalsPermissions.navPermissions: https://www.360docs.net/doc/d310342333.html,/content/37/4/341.refs.htmlCitations: - Mar 28, 2008Version of Record >>
建筑-外文翻译
外文文献： Risk Analysis of the International Construction Project By: Paul Stanford Kupakuwana Cost Engineering Vol. 51/No. 9 September 2009 ABSTRACT This analysis used a case study methodology to analyse the issues surrounding the partial collapse of the roof of a building housing the headquarters of the Standards Association of Zimbabwe (SAZ). In particular, it examined the prior roles played by the team of construction professionals. The analysis revealed that the SAZ’s traditional construction project was generally characterized by high risk. There was a clear indication of the failure of a contractor and architects in preventing and/or mitigating potential construction problems as alleged by the plaintiff. It was reasonable to conclude that between them the defects should have been detected earlier and rectified in good time before the partial roof failure. It appeared justified for the plaintiff to have brought a negligence claim against both the contractor and the architects. The risk analysis facilitated, through its multi-dimensional approach to a critical examination of a construction problem, the identification of an effective risk management strategy for future construction projects. It further served to emphasize the point that clients are becoming more demanding, more discerning, and less willing to accept risk without recompense. Clients do not want surprise, and are more likely to engage in litigation when things go wrong. KEY WORDS:Arbitration, claims, construction, contracts, litigation, project and risk The structural design of the reinforced concrete elements was done by consulting engineers Knight Piesold (KP). Quantity surveying services were provided by Hawkins, Leshnick & Bath (HLB). The contract was awarded to Central African Building Corporation (CABCO) who was also responsible for the provision of a specialist roof structure using patented “gang nail” roof
工业设计产品设计中英文对照外文翻译文献
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 中英文翻译原文：
DESIGN and ENVIRONMENT Product design is the principal part and kernel of industrial design. Product design gives uses pleasure. A good design can bring hope and create new lifestyle to human. In spscificity,products are only outcomes of factory such as mechanical and electrical products,costume and so on.In generality,anything,whatever it is tangibile or intangible,that can be provided for a market,can be weighed with value by customers, and can satisfy a need or desire,can be entiled as products. Innovative design has come into human life. It makes product looking brand-new and brings new aesthetic feeling and attraction that are different from traditional products. Enterprose tend to renovate idea of product design because of change of consumer's lifestyle , emphasis on individuation and self-expression,market competition and requirement of individuation of product. Product design includes factors of society ,economy, techology and leterae humaniores. Tasks of product design includes styling, color, face processing and selection of material and optimization of human-machine interface. Design is a kind of thinking of lifestyle.Product and design conception can guide human lifestyle . In reverse , lifestyle also manipulates orientation and development of product from thinking layer.
外文翻译中文版(完整版)
毕业论文外文文献翻译 毕业设计（论文）题目关于企业内部环境绩效审计的研究翻译题目最高审计机关的环境审计活动 学院会计学院 专业会计学 姓名张军芳 班级09020615 学号09027927 指导教师何瑞雄
最高审计机关的环境审计活动 1最高审计机关越来越多的活跃在环境审计领域。特别是1993-1996年期间，工作组已检测到环境审计活动坚定的数量增长。首先，越来越多的最高审计机关已经活跃在这个领域。其次是积极的最高审计机关，甚至变得更加活跃：他们分配较大部分的审计资源给这类工作，同时出版更多环保审计报告。表1显示了平均数字。然而，这里是机构间差异较大。例如，环境报告的数量变化，每个审计机关从1到36份报告不等。 1996-1999年期间，结果是不那么容易诠释。第一，活跃在环境审计领域的最高审计机关数量并没有太大变化。“活性基团”的组成没有保持相同的：一些最高审计机关进入，而其他最高审计机关离开了团队。环境审计花费的时间量略有增加。二，但是，审计报告数量略有下降，1996年和1999年之间。这些数字可能反映了从量到质的转变。这个信号解释了在过去三年从规律性审计到绩效审计的转变（1994-1996年，20％的规律性审计和44％绩效审计;1997-1999：16％规律性审计和绩效审计54％）。在一般情况下，绩效审计需要更多的资源。我们必须认识到审计的范围可能急剧变化。在将来，再将来开发一些其他方式去测算人们工作量而不是计算通过花费的时间和发表的报告会是很有趣的。 在2000年，有62个响应了最高审计机关并向工作组提供了更详细的关于他们自1997年以来公布的工作信息。在1997-1999年，这62个最高审计机关公布的560个环境审计报告。当然，这些报告反映了一个庞大的身躯，可用于其他机构的经验。环境审计报告的参考书目可在网站上的最高审计机关国际组织的工作组看到。这里这个信息是用来给最高审计机关的审计工作的内容更多一些洞察。 自1997年以来，少数环境审计是规律性审计（560篇报告中有87篇，占16％）。大多数审计绩效审计（560篇报告中有304篇，占54％），或组合的规律性和绩效审计（560篇报告中有169篇，占30％）。如前文所述，绩效审计是一个广泛的概念。在实践中，绩效审计往往集中于环保计划的实施（560篇报告中有264篇，占47％），符合国家环保法律，法规的，由政府部门，部委和/或其他机构的任务给访问（560篇报告中有212篇，占38％）。此外，审计经常被列入政府的环境管理系统（560篇报告中有156篇，占28％）。下面的元素得到了关注审计报告：影响或影响现有的国家环境计划非环保项目对环境的影响;环境政策;由政府遵守国际义务和承诺的10％至20％。许多绩效审计包括以上提到的要素之一。 1本文译自：S. Van Leeuwen.(2004).’’Developments in Environmental Auditing by Supreme Audit Institutions’’ Environmental Management Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 163–1721
营销-外文翻译
外文翻译 原文 Marketing Material Source：Marketing Management Author：Philip Kotler Marketing Channels To reach a target market, the marketer uses three kinds of marketing channels. Communication channels deliver messages to and receive messages from target buyers. They include newspapers, magazines, radio, television, mail, telephone, billboards, posters, fliers, CDs, audiotapes, and the Internet. Beyond these, communications are conveyed by facial expressions and clothing, the look of retail stores, and many other media. Marketers are increasingly adding dialogue channels (e-mail and toll-free numbers) to counterbalance the more normal monologue channels (such as ads). The marketer uses distribution channels to display or deliver the physical product or service to the buyer or user. There are physical distribution channels and service distribution channels, which include warehouses, transportation vehicles, and various trade channels such as distributors, wholesalers, and retailers. The marketer also uses selling channels to effect transactions with potential buyers. Selling channels include not only the distributors and retailers but also the banks and insurance companies that facilitate transactions. Marketers clearly face a design problem in choosing the best mix of communication, distribution, and selling channels for their offerings. Supply Chain Whereas marketing channels connect the marketer to the target buyers, the supply chain describes a longer channel stretching from raw materials to components to final products that are carried to final buyers. For example, the supply chain for women’s purses starts with hides, tanning operations, cutting operations, manufacturing, and the marketing channels that bring products to customers. This supply chain represents a value delivery system. Each company captures only a certain percentage of the total value generated by the supply chain. When a company acquires competitors or moves upstream or downstream, its aim is