实变函数与泛函分析基础+第三版_高等教育出版社+课后答案

实变函数与泛函分析基础+第三版_高等教育出版社+课后答案
实变函数与泛函分析基础+第三版_高等教育出版社+课后答案

材料科学基础课后作业及答案(分章节)

第一章 8.计算下列晶体的离于键与共价键的相对比例 (1)NaF (2)CaO (3)ZnS 解:1、查表得:X Na =0.93,X F =3.98 根据鲍林公式可得NaF 中离子键比例为:21 (0.93 3.98)4 [1]100%90.2%e ---?= 共价键比例为:1-90.2%=9.8% 2、同理,CaO 中离子键比例为:21 (1.00 3.44)4 [1]100%77.4%e ---?= 共价键比例为:1-77.4%=22.6% 3、ZnS 中离子键比例为:2 1/4(2.581.65)[1]100%19.44%ZnS e --=-?=中离子键含量 共价键比例为:1-19.44%=80.56% 10说明结构转变的热力学条件与动力学条件的意义.说明稳态结构与亚稳态结构之间的关系。 答:结构转变的热力学条件决定转变是否可行,是结构转变的推动力,是转变的必要条件;动力学条件决定转变速度的大小,反映转变过程中阻力的大小。 稳态结构与亚稳态结构之间的关系:两种状态都是物质存在的状态,材料得到的结构是稳态或亚稳态,取决于转交过程的推动力和阻力(即热力学条件和动力学条件),阻力小时得到稳态结构,阻力很大时则得到亚稳态结构。稳态结构能量最低,热力学上最稳定,亚稳态结构能量高,热力学上不稳定,但向稳定结构转变速度慢,能保持相对稳定甚至长期存在。但在一定条件下,亚稳态结构向稳态结构转变。 第二章 1.回答下列问题: (1)在立方晶系的晶胞内画出具有下列密勒指数的晶面和晶向: (001)与[210],(111)与[112],(110)与 [111],(132)与[123],(322)与[236] (2)在立方晶系的一个晶胞中画出(111)和 (112)晶面,并写出两晶面交线的晶向指数。 (3)在立方晶系的一个晶胞中画出同时位于(101). (011)和(112)晶面上的[111]晶向。 解:1、 2.有一正交点阵的 a=b, c=a/2。某晶面在三个晶轴上的截距分别为 6个、2个和4个原子间距,求该晶面的密勒指数。 3.立方晶系的 {111}, 1110}, {123)晶面族各包括多少晶面?写出它们的密勒指数。 4.写出六方晶系的{1012}晶面族中所有晶面的密勒指数,在六方晶胞中画出[1120]、 [1101]晶向和(1012)晶面,并确定(1012)晶面与六方晶胞交线的晶向指数。 5.根据刚性球模型回答下列问题:

研究生英语综合教程(课后习题答案)

Unit One Task 1 1.A 2.C 3.B 4.C 5.D 6.D 7.D 8.C 9.A 10.D 11.A 12.B Task 2 1.public(c) 2.discipline(b) 3.strength(a) 4.reference(a) 5.strength(d) 6.public(a) 7.demonstrated(b) 8.discipline(c) 9.references(c) 10.personality(a) 11.discipllining(d) 12.demonstrates(a) 13.public(d) 14.reference(b) 15.personality(c) Task 3 1.employment 2.paid 3.adjust 4.setting 5.discouraged 6.credit 7.cite 8.demonstrate 9.teamwork 10.rules Unit Two Task 1 1.A 2.B 3.B 4.C 5.B 6.A 7.B 8.C 9.A 10.C Task 2 1. bud (n.); budding (adj.) 2. access (n.); access (v.) 3. taste (n.);tasted (v.) 4. fool (n.); fooling (v.) 5. produces (v.); produce (n.) 6. garnish (v.); garnishes (n.) 7. reigns (v.); reign (n.) 8. concern (n.); concerned (v.) 9. named (v.); name (n.) 10. practiced (v.); practice (n.) Task 3 1) integration 2) choice 3) handed 4) aspiring 5) steaming 6) masterpieces 7) pleasure 8) partake 9) amazing 10) presented Unit Three Task 1 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.B 5.A 6.B 7.C 8.A Task 2 1. stack up against 2. struck a chord 3. amounted to 4. chopping off 5. appeal to 6. pick up on 7. turned out 8. fade away 9. brought together 10. pulled off 11. thrust upon 12. be kept clear of Task 3 1) swirling 2) delivered 3) glowed 4) intervals 5) converge 6) wanderings 7) navigate 8) jealousy 9) presence 10) absorbed Unit Four Task 1 1.A 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. B 6. C 7. D 8. C 9. A 10. C Task 2 1. maintained (a) 2. romantic (a)

研究生学术综合英语课文翻译unit1-4

第一单元? 如何发表演说 斯蒂芬·卢卡斯? ???? 在人类创造的万物中,语言可能是最卓越的一项创造。通过语言,我们可以分享经验、阐明价值观念、交流思想、传播知识、传承文化。确实,语言对于思想本身至关重要。和流行的信仰不同的是:语言并不是简单地反映事实,而是通过对事件意义的思考来帮助人们感悟现实。? ???? 优秀的演说者尊重语言并懂得如何驾驭语言。语言是演说者展示才能的工具,对于他们来说,如同其他职业的工具一样,语言也有特殊的功用。作为一名演说者,你应该意识到话语的意义,并懂得如何准确无误地使用语言,使其表达清楚,趣味横生,恰如其分。? 如同数字对于会计的重要性一样,准确地使用语言对于演说者至关重要。在没有确切知道一个词语的意思之前,千万不要盲目使用。碰到没有把握的词语,一定要查词典追根究底。当你准备演讲之前,一定要不断地问自己:“我究竟想说些什么?我究竟想表达什么样的意思?”因此,对于一篇演讲稿的用词来说,必须准确无误。? 如果语言表达清楚无误,听众就能很快抓住你的意思。鉴于此,演说者应该使用那些对于大多数人来说非常熟悉的词语,这些词语不需要任何专业背景就能够理解;演说者应该使用那些表达具体而不是相对抽象的词语;并且千万不要乱堆砌辞藻,哗众取宠。? 准确生动地使用语言能够使你的演说贴近生活。有一种方法可以使你的语言更加生动形象,那就是通过展开联想或创造语言图示。通过使用表达具体的词语、明喻或者暗喻等手法可以展开想像。明喻是对事物不同之处的比较,不过有些是相同的:它们总是包含“像……一样”或者“如同……一样”这样的连词。暗喻是一种隐性的比喻,它能够把两个形式不同但是有一些相通之处的事物联系在一起,暗喻不包含“像……一样”或者“如同……一样”这样的连词。? 另一种让你的演说生动形象的方法是注重语言的节奏感。有四种修辞格可以让你的语言富有节奏感:排比、重复、头韵和对比。排比是将一组或一系列具有相似结构的词语、短语或者句子排列在一起;重复是在一系列短句或者长句的开头或者结尾使用相同的一句话或者一组词语;头韵是指邻近或者相邻的几个句子中的首个词语的辅音字母相同;对比是将一些意思相反的词语或者句子并列在一起,通常使用排比结构。 恰当地使用语言是指语言的运用要符合特定的场合、特定的观众和特定的主题。同时,恰当地使用语言还意味着演说者要有自己的语言风格,而不是模仿他人的口吻。如果演说者的语言在各个方面都能够做到恰如其分,那么这篇演说成功的机率就会大大提高。??????? 优秀的演说并不是空穴来风、缺乏论据的决断。演说者必须找到强有力的论据来支持其观点。实际上,熟练地使用论据经常是区别一篇优秀演说词和一篇空洞演说词的关键所在。一般来说,通常有三种论据材料:事例、统计数据和证词。? ???????在演说过程中,你可以使用一些简明扼要的例子——比如过去发生的一个很具体的事件——有时候,你可以罗列好几个简明的例子,借此增强听众的印象。扩展性的例子——描述、叙述或者奇闻轶事——通常长一些,但更具体。夸张性的例子描述想像中的情形,这种例子能够将相关的想法有效地传达给听众。这三种例子都能够帮助演说者理清思绪、加强印象或者使演说更加娓娓动听。为了使表达更加富有效果,例子应该生动活泼,丰富多彩。 只要演说者对于统计数据用之得当并且加以解释,这些数据将有助于有效地传达信息,听众也能从统计数据中获益匪浅。最重要的是:演说者应该对统计数据了如指掌,并且运用得恰如其分。由于数据很容易操纵和捏造,因此,对于演说者来说,一定要确保图表没有张冠李戴,并且要确保统计方法正确,数据来源可靠。?

《抽象代数基础》习题解答

《抽象代数基础》习 题 答 解 于延栋编 盐城师范学院数学科学学院二零零九年五月

第一章 群 论 §1 代数运算 1.设},,,{c b a e A =,A 上的乘法”“?的乘法表如下: 证明: ”“?适合结合律. 证明 设z y x ,,为A 中任意三个元素.为了证明”“?适合结合律,只需证明 )()(z y x z y x ??=??. 下面分两种情形来阐明上式成立. I.z y x ,,中至少有一个等于e . 当e x =时,)()(z y x z y z y x ??=?=??; 当e y =时,)()(z y x z x z y x ??=?=??; 当e z =时,)()(z y x y x z y x ??=?=??. II .z y x ,,都不等于e . (I)z y x ==.这时,)()(z y x e x x z z e z y x ??=?===?=??. (II)z y x ,,两两不等.这时,)()(z y x x x e z z z y x ??=?==?=??. (III)z y x ,,中有且仅有两个相等. 当y x =时,x 和z 是},,{c b a 中的两个不同元素,令u 表示},,{c b a 中其余的那个元素.于是,z z e z y x =?=??)(,z u x z y x =?=??)(,从而,)()(z y x z y x ??=??.同理可知,当z y =或x z =时,都有)()(z y x z y x ??=??. 2.设”“?是集合A 上一个适合结合律的代数运算.对于A 中元素,归纳定义∏=n i i a 1为: 111a a i i =∏=,111 1+=+=????? ??=∏∏r r i i r i i a a a . 证明: ∏∏∏+==+==???? ??????? ??m n k k m j j n n i i a a a 1 11.

最新基础综合英语课后习题翻译Unit1-6-邱东林版

李明是学化学的,性格开朗幽默,颇有魅力,但英语成绩不佳,每次只能勉强及格。老师警告他,英语不好会阻碍他拿奖学金,并亮出了自己的王牌:如果李明不努力,就让他考试不过关。老师还告诉他,学习英语不能只为了文凭,否则他即使大学毕业,也还是个半文盲。李明虽然保持镇定,但他明白,他的学业生涯正在攸关之际,必须安心下来埋头学习,坚持不懈。 Li Ming was a chemistry major, a charmer noted for his easygoing and humorous temperament. However, his English was so poor that he always barely got by. The teacher admonished him that his poor English would be an impediment to scholarship. What’s more, she showed her trump card: if Li Ming did not work hard. She would flunk him. He was also told that he should not learn English merely for the sake of his diploma, otherwise, even after graduation from university, he would still be semiliterate. Although Li Ming did not lose his composure, he was well aware that he had to settle down to work and follow through because his academic life was at stake. Unit 2 我的朋友琳达接受过良好的教育,既美丽又端庄,三十好几依然没有人向她求婚。究其原因,她的事业心极强,整日扑在工作上,每天来往于住处和公司之间,根本没有时间和异性交往。一想到女儿这么大了还单身一人,她父母就焦虑不安。他们不知道该如何是好,甚至还去咨询一些社会学专家。但是事情在上个月出现了转机,公司的总部调琳达到培训部。在新的工作岗位上,琳达遇到了第一个触动她心弦的男人。从此,他们几乎每天约会,琳达意识到她会不顾一切地爱这个男人。决定嫁人的时候,她告诉了我这个好消息。虽然琳达的爱情让人想起电影中才会有的浪漫故事,我也担忧未来究竟会怎样,但我还是表达了我由衷的祝福,并爽快答应在婚礼那天做他们的伴娘和伴郎随从中的一员。 Linda, my good friend, has received good education and is both beautiful and elegant. She was not proposed to even when she was well over thirty. The reason is that she, as a career –oriented woman, is devoted to her work. Navigating between home and the company, she had hardly any time to socialize with people of the opposite sex. Her parents were gripped by anxiety at the thought of their daughter still remaining single at such an age. They did not know what to do and even consulted with some sociologists. But the situation began to change last month, when the headquarters of the company transferred Linda to the training department. On the new post, Linda met a man who tugged on her heartstrings for the first time. Ever since then, they dated virtually on a daily basis, and Linda realized that she would love the man beyond all reason. When she decided to take the matrimonial plunge, she informed me. Though Linda’s love is reminiscent of the romance that we see only in movies and I don’t know what the future will hold for her, I give her my heart-felt wishes and agree readily to be a member of the entourage of bridesmaids and groomsmen.

(完整word版)学术综合英语课后答案解析

Unit 1 C 1.The younger generation should continue to sustain and develop our fine traditions and long-standing culture. 2.In the course of preparing one’s speech, one should be clearly aware of how one could make effective use of statistics and examples to bolster one’s point of view. 3.An impromptu speech is one of the speaking skills that college students should learn and develop through practice. 4.By using simile and metaphor, you can make your language more vivid and more attractive to your audience. 5.The proper examples you cite might help reinforce the impression on your listeners and make your viewpoints more convincing. 6.When you are speaking, you should choose common and easy words and at the same time avoid clutter in your speech.

材料科学基础习题与答案

- 第二章 思考题与例题 1. 离子键、共价键、分子键和金属键的特点,并解释金属键结合的固体材料的密度比离子键或共价键固体高的原因 2. 从结构、性能等方面描述晶体与非晶体的区别。 3. 何谓理想晶体何谓单晶、多晶、晶粒及亚晶为什么单晶体成各向异性而多晶体一般情况下不显示各向异性何谓空间点阵、晶体结构及晶胞晶胞有哪些重要的特征参数 4. 比较三种典型晶体结构的特征。(Al 、α-Fe 、Mg 三种材料属何种晶体结构描述它们的晶体结构特征并比较它们塑性的好坏并解释。)何谓配位数何谓致密度金属中常见的三种晶体结构从原子排列紧密程度等方面比较有何异同 5. 固溶体和中间相的类型、特点和性能。何谓间隙固溶体它与间隙相、间隙化合物之间有何区别(以金属为基的)固溶体与中间相的主要差异(如结构、键性、性能)是什么 6. 已知Cu 的原子直径为A ,求Cu 的晶格常数,并计算1mm 3Cu 的原子数。 ( 7. 已知Al 相对原子质量Ar (Al )=,原子半径γ=,求Al 晶体的密度。 8 bcc 铁的单位晶胞体积,在912℃时是;fcc 铁在相同温度时其单位晶胞体积是。当铁由 bcc 转变为fcc 时,其密度改变的百分比为多少 9. 何谓金属化合物常见金属化合物有几类影响它们形成和结构的主要因素是什么其性能如何 10. 在面心立方晶胞中画出[012]和[123]晶向。在面心立方晶胞中画出(012)和(123)晶面。 11. 设晶面(152)和(034)属六方晶系的正交坐标表述,试给出其四轴坐标的表示。反之,求(3121)及(2112)的正交坐标的表示。(练习),上题中均改为相应晶向指数,求相互转换后结果。 12.在一个立方晶胞中确定6个表面面心位置的坐标,6个面心构成一个正八面体,指出这个八面体各个表面的晶面指数,各个棱边和对角线的晶向指数。 13. 写出立方晶系的{110}、{100}、{111}、{112}晶面族包括的等价晶面,请分别画出。

基础综合英语_1-5单元课后翻译

作文翻译 Unit 1 李明是学化学的,性格开朗幽默,颇有魅力,但英语成绩不佳,每次只能勉强及格。老师警告他,英语不好会阻碍他拿奖学金,并亮出了自己的王牌:如果李明不努力,就让他考试不过关。老师还告诉他,学习英语不能只为了文凭,否则他即使大学毕业,也还是个半文盲。李明虽然保持镇定,但他明白,他的学业生涯正在攸关之际,必须安心下来埋头学习,坚持不懈。 Li Ming was a chemistry major, a charmer noted for his easygoing and humorous temperament. However, his English was so poor that he always barely got by. The teacher admonished him that his poor English would be an impediment to scholarship. What’s more, she showed her trump card: if Li Ming did not work hard. She would flunk him. He was also told that he should not learn English merely for the sake of his diploma. otherwise, even after graduation from university, he would still be semiliterate. Although Li Ming did not lose his composure, he was well aware that he had to settle down to work and follow through because his academic life was at stake. Unit2 我的朋友琳达接受过良好的教育,既美丽又端庄,三十好几依然没有人向她求婚。究其原因,她的事业心极强,整日扑在工作上,每天来往于住处和公司之间,根本没有时间和异性交往。一想到女儿这么大了还单身一人,她父母就焦虑不安。他们不知道该如何是好,甚至还去咨询一些社会学专家。 但是事情在上个月出现了转机,公司的总部调琳达到培训部。在新的工作岗位上,琳达遇到了第一个触动她心弦的男人。从此,他们几乎每天约会,琳达意识到她会不顾一切地爱这个男人。决定嫁人的时候,她告诉了我这个好消息。 虽然琳达的爱情让人想起电影中才会有的浪漫故事,我也担忧未来究竟会怎样,但我还是表达了我由衷的祝福,并爽快答应在婚礼那天做他们的伴娘和伴郎随从中的一员。 Linda, my good friend, has received good education and is both beautiful and elegant. She was not proposed to even when she was well over thirty. The reason is that she, as a career –oriented woman, is devoted to her work. Navigating between home and the company, she had hardly any time to socialize with people of the opposite sex. Her parents were gripped by anxiety at the thought of their daughter still remaining single at such an age. They did not know what to do and even consulted with some sociologists. But the situation began to change last month, when the headquarters of the company transferred Linda to the training department. On the new post, Linda met a man who tugged on her heartstrings for the first time. Ever since then, they dated virtually on a daily basis, and Linda realized that she would love the man beyond all reason. When she decided to take the matrimonial plunge, she informed me. Though Linda’s love is reminiscent of the romance that we see only in movies and I don’t know what the future will hold for her, I give her my heart-felt wishes and agree readily to be a member of the entourage of bridesmaids and groomsmen. Unit 3 食品供应商缺乏诚信已经成为当今社会的一大问题。部分企业欺骗公众,故意散布假消息,颂扬食品添加剂是食品工业的伟大成就,并声称适量的添加剂对健康有益无害。部分有良知的科学家对食品添加剂的含量和毒性展开了深入的病理学研究。研究结果表明,部分常见的食品添加剂经长期,可能会对健康产生危害,这被认为是食品安全研究方面极为重要的

学术综合英语unit1_5课后习题答案解析

Task 2 A contrary to implicit assertion look up adapted Sustain unbiased In the course of metaphor clutter B bolster credible impromptu sparingly anecdote Credentials testimony hypothetical paraphrase juxtaposition Task 3 Translation B.发言提纲是有效发言的基础。通过写发言提纲,你可以确保你的思想是相关联的,你的思路从一点谈到另一点,你的讲话结构是连贯的。通常,准备讲演你可以采用两种提纲方式:详细准备提纲和简单发言提纲。 在准备发言提纲中,应该写出你的特定目的及中心思想,并以连贯的方式确定主要观点和次要观点,发言提纲应该由简要的提要组成,这些提要在你讲话时能够给予你一些帮助。发言提纲还应该包括帮助你记忆的重点词或重点短语。在写发言提纲时,可采用准备提纲的模式,尽可能使你的发言提纲简要,同时,要确保提纲清晰,易于辨认。 C. 1. The younger generation should continue to sustain and develop our fine traditions and long-standing culture. 2. In the course of preparing one’s speech, one should be clearly aware of how one could make effective use of statistics and examples to bolster one’s point of view. 3. An impromptu speech is one of the speaking skills that college students should learn and develop through practice. 4. By using simile and metaphor, you can make your language more vivid and more attractive to your audience. 5. The proper examples you cite might help reinforce the impression on your listeners and make your viewpoints more convincing. 6. When you are speaking, you should choose common and easy words and at the same time avoid clutter in you speech. 7. When you write a paper, citing the views from some experts is a good way to make your ideas more credible. 8. A good method of delivering a speech will improve its quality and will help convey the speakers’ ideas clearly and interestingly. 9. You should mot blindly use a word that you are not sure about, and if you are not sure, look up the word in a dictionary. 10. Your language should adapt to the particular occasion and audience. If your language is appropriate in all respects, your speech is successful. D. Before you deliver an academic speech, you should, first of all, get well prepared for it. Then, you should make your major points clear in your speech, and your speech should be well organized. When speaking, you should not speak too fast, and your language should be exp licit. Don’t always read the notes you prepared beforehand. From time to time, you should look at your audience. On one hand, you can show your respect to your audience, and on the other hand, you will be able to go on with your speech more smoothly.

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G V G v A a3G v 6a2 3 得临界晶核边长a K G V

临界形核功 将两式相比较 可见形成球形晶核得临界形核功仅为形成立方形晶核的 1/2。 2-3为什么金属结晶时一定要有过冷度?影响过冷度的因素是什么?固态金属熔化时是否 会出现过热?为什么? 答:金属结晶时要有过冷度是相变热力学条件所需求的, 只有△ T>0时,才能造成固相的自 由能低于液相的自由能的条件,液固相间的自由能差便是结晶的驱动力。 金属结晶需在一定的过冷度下进行,是因为结晶时表面能增加造成阻力。固态金属熔 化时是否会出现过热现象,需要看熔化时表面能的变化。如果熔化前后表面能是降低的, 则 不需要过热;反之,则可能出现过热。 如果熔化时,液相与气相接触,当有少量液体金属在固体表面形成时,就会很快覆盖 在整个固体表面(因为液态金属总是润湿其同种固体金属 )。熔化时表面自由能的变化为: G 表面 G 终态 G 始态 A( GL SL SG ) 式中G 始态表示金属熔化前的表面自由能; G 终态表示当在少量液体金属在固体金属表面形成 时的表面自由能;A 表示液态金属润湿固态金属表面的面积;b GL 、CSL 、CSG 分别表示气液相 比表面能、固液相比表面能、固气相比表面能。因为液态金属总是润湿其同种固体金属,根 据润湿时表面张力之间的关系式可写出:b SG 》6GL + (SL 。这说明在熔化时,表面自由能的变 化厶G 表w o ,即不存在表面能障碍,也就不必过热。实际金属多属于这种情况。如果固体 16 3 3( G v )2 1 32 3 6 2 (G v )2 b K t K 4 G V )3 G V 6( 4 G v )2 64 3 96 3 32 r K 2 ~G ?, 球形核胚的临界形核功 (G v )2 (G v )2 (G v )2 G b K 2 G v )3 16 3( G v )2

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翻译 Unit 1 李明是学化学的,性格开朗幽默,颇有魅力,但英语成绩不佳,每次只能勉强及格。老师警告他,英语不好会阻碍他拿奖学金,并亮出了自己的王牌:如果李明不努力,就让他考试不过关。老师还告诉他,学习英语不能只为了文凭,否则他即使大学毕业,也还是个半文盲。李明虽然保持镇定,但他明白,他的学业生涯正在攸关之际,必须安心下来埋头学习,坚持不懈。 Li Ming was a chemistry major, a charmer noted for his easygoing and humorous temperament . However, his English was so poor that he always barely got by. The teacher admonished him that his poor English would be an impediment to scholarship. What’s more, she showed her trump card: if Li Ming did not work hard. She would flunk him. He was also to ld that he should not learn English merely for the sake of his diploma. otherwise, even after graduation from university, he would still be semiliterate. Although Li Ming did not lose his composure, he was well aware that he had to settle down to work and follow t hrough because his academic life was at stake. Unit2 我的朋友琳达接受过良好的教育,既美丽又端庄,三十好几依然没有人向她求婚。究其原因,她的事业心极强,整日扑在工作上,每天来往于住处和公司之间,根本没有时间和异性交往。一想到女儿这么大了还单身一人,她父母就焦虑不安。他们不知道该如何是好,甚至还去咨询一些社会学专家。但是事情在上个月出现了转机,公司的总部调琳达到培训部。在新的工作岗位上,琳达遇到了第一个触动她心弦的男人。从此,他们几乎每天约会,琳达意识到她会不顾一切地爱这个男人。决定嫁人的时候,她告诉了我这个好消息。虽然琳达的爱情让人想起电影中才会有的浪漫故事,我也担忧未来究竟会怎样,但我还是表达了我由衷的祝福,并爽快答应在婚礼那天做他们的伴娘和伴郎随从中的一员。 Linda, my good friend, has received good education and is both beautiful and elegant. She was not proposed to even when she was well over thirty. The reason is that she, as a career -oriented woman, is devoted to her work. Navigating between home and the company, she had hardly any time to socialize with people of the opposite sex. Her parents were gripped by anxiety at the thought of their daughter still remaining single at such an age. They did not know what to do and even consulted with some sociologists. But the situation began to change last month, when the headquarters of the company transferred Linda to the training department. On the new post, Linda met a man who tugged on her heartstrings for the first time. Ever since then, they dated virtually on a daily basis, and Linda realized that she would love the man beyond all reason. When she decided to take the matrimonial plunge, she informed me.Though Linda’s love is reminiscent of the romance that we see only in movies and I don’t know what the future will hold for her, I give her my heart-felt wishes and agree readily to be a member of the entourage of bridesmaids and groomsmen. Unit3食品供应商缺乏诚信已经成为当今社会的一大问题。部分企业欺骗公众,故意散布假消息,颂扬食品添加剂是食品工业的伟大成就,并声称适量的添加剂对健康有益无害。部分有良知的科学家对食品添加剂的含量和毒性展开了深入的病理学研究。研究结果表明,部分常见的食品添加剂经长期,可能会对健康产生危害,这被认为是食品安全研究方面极为重要

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第一章 第二章 第一章 1. 如果在群G 中任意元素,a b 都满足222()ab a b =, 则G 是交换群. 证明: 对任意,a b G ∈有abab aabb =. 由消去律有ab ba =. □ 2. 如果在群G 中任意元素a 都满足2a e =,则G 是交换群. 证明: 对任意,a b G ∈有222()ab e a b ==. 由上题即得. □ 3. 设G 是一个非空有限集合, 它上面的一个乘法满足: (1) ()()a bc ab c =, 任意,,a b c G ∈. (2) 若ab ac =则b c =. (3) 若ac bc =则a b =. 求证: G 关于这个乘法是一个群. 证明: 任取a G ∈, 考虑2{,,,}a a G ??. 由于||G <∞必然存在最 小的i +∈ 使得i a a =. 如果对任意a G ∈, 上述i 都是1, 即, 对任意x G ∈都有2x x =, 我们断言G 只有一个元, 从而是幺群. 事实上, 对任意,a b G ∈, 此时有: ()()()ab ab a ba b ab ==, 由消去律, 2bab b b ==; 2ab b b ==, 再由消去律, 得到a b =, 从而证明了此时G 只有一个元, 从而是幺群. 所以我们设G 中至少有一个元素a 满足: 对于满足 i a a =的最小正整数i 有1i >. 定义e G ∈为1i e a -=, 往证e

为一个单位元. 事实上, 对任意b G ∈, 由||G <∞, 存在 最小的k +∈ 使得k ba ba =. 由消去律和i 的定义知k i =: i ba ba =, 即be b =. 最后, 对任意x G ∈, 前面已经证明了有最小的正整数k 使得k x x =. 如果1k =, 则2x x xe ==, 由消去律有x e = 从而22x e e ==, 此时x 有逆, 即它自身. 如果1k >, 则11k k k x x xe xx x x --====, 此时x 也有逆: 1k x -. □ 注: 也可以用下面的第4题来证明. 4. 设G 是一个非空集合, G 上有满足结合律的乘法. 如果该乘法 还满足: 对任意,a b G ∈, 方程ax b =和ya b =在G 上有解, 证明: G 关于该乘法是一个群. 证明: 取定a G ∈. 记ax a =的在G 中的一个解为e . 往证e 是G 的单位元. 对任意b G ∈, 取ya b =的一个解c G ∈: ca b =. 于是: ()()be ca e c ae ca b ====. 得证. 对任意g G ∈, 由gx e =即得g 的逆. □ 5. 找两个元素3,x y S ∈使得222()xy x y =/. 解: 取(12)x =, (13)y =. □ 6. 对于整数2n >, 作出一个阶为2n 的非交换群. 解: 二面体群n D . □ 7. 设G 是一个群. 如果,a b G ∈满足1r a ba b -=, 其中r 是正整数, 证 明: i i i r a ba b -=, i 是非负整数.

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