全国外语翻译笔译课件整理
1-1.Analysis of the SL text
I had not known you a month before I felt that you were the last man in the world whom I could ever be prevailed on to marry. (Pride and Prejudice)
我认识你还不到一个月的时候，就觉得哪怕我一辈子找不到男人，也休想让我嫁给你。1-2.Understanding the meaning of diction in the context
1. It is an order from President Bush. I don‘t care if it is from bush, tree, or grass.
这是布什总统的命令，管他什么布什，布头儿，布片儿，我才不在乎呢。
2.If we don‘t hang together, they shall hang us separately.
我们必须共赴沙场，否则就得分赴刑场。
2-1.Expressing
Express the content and in the meantime keep the original form mainly including structure arrangement, image, and figure of speeches.
我从乡下跑到城里来，一转眼已经六年了。
Six years have passed by in a flash/ in a twinkle since I came to the city from the countryside.
?Keep the original content, sacrificing the form.
–有个农村叫张家庄，张家庄有个张木匠，张木匠有个好老婆，外号叫―小飞蛾‖，―小飞蛾‖生了个女儿叫艾艾。
–There was a village called Zhangjia Village, where lived Carpenter Zhang, who had a good wife, nicknamed little Moth, who gave birth to a girl called Ai‘ ai.
?Creation
–不爱红装爱武装。
–Prefer to face the powder, rather than powder the face.
–生当为人杰，死亦为鬼雄。
–Be man of men, be soul of souls.
–无边落木萧萧下
–boundless forest sheds leaves shower by shower
2-2.Re-expressing
? 1.Improving Chinese readability
–Cotton fells soft.
–棉花使人感到柔软。
–棉花摸上去柔软。
–Even if you go there, there wouldn't be any result.
–即使你去了，也不会有什么结果。
–你去了也是白去。
2. Getting rid of the bound of original words
?I have no opinion of him.
?我觉得他不怎么样。
?Their panic was their only punishment.
?他们只是受了一场虚惊。（有惊无险）
?Do you have a family?
?你有老婆和孩子吗？
PPT 1-2
?He was then bright in the eye.
?那时他眼里放出了光芒。
?此时他已（喝得）酩酊大醉。
?Calculation never makes a hero.
?计算界从来没有造出英雄。
?举棋不定永远成不了英雄。
?He is easily the best student in the class.
?他很容易地成了班上最好的学生。
?他绝对/无疑是班上最好的学生。（他比班上别的学生要好得多。）
?The stranger robbed his wife.
?那个陌生人抢了他的妻子。
?那个陌生人抢了他妻子的钱（东西）。
?I can‘t agree more.
?我不能同意更多了。
?我完全同意。（我举双手赞成。）
?Her mother died of difficult labor.
?她母亲劳累而死。
?她母亲死于难产。
?I won‘t do it to save my life.
?为了救自己的命，我不会干。
?我（宁）死也不干。
?I dare say he is honest.
?我敢说他是诚实的。
?我认为/我看/我觉得他是诚实的。
?They gave the boy the lie.
?他们对男孩说谎。
?他们指责男孩说谎。（他们指责男孩编造的这个谎言。）
?This is a very good price.
?这是一个非常好的价钱。
?真便宜。
?She sighed for her mother.
?她为她母亲叹了一口气。
?他很怀念母亲。（她渴望见到母亲。）
1-2.Understanding the meaning of diction in the context
1. The old man informed us that his wife had had thirteen children, one in every month of the year and one over besides.
老人风趣地告诉我们，他的妻子生了13个孩子，如果用一年十二个月的名字给他们取名的
话，还多出来一个。
2. …when he was a young fellow in the sixties.
当他还是个60多岁的年轻小伙子时。
3. Last night I heard him driving his pigs to market.
昨晚我听到他把猪赶到市场上去。。
昨晚我听到他鼾声如雷，声音就象把猪赶到市场一样。
3. General Smith and my father are on first name basis.
史密斯将军和我的父亲都是在第一名的基础上。
史密斯将军和我的父亲是直呼名字的知交。
中国学者及翻译家的学说
?钱钟书先生的―化境‖说
?傅雷的―神似‖说
?矛盾先生的―忠实‖、―通顺‖准则
?林语堂的―忠实标准、通顺标准、美好标准‖
?刘重德先生的―信、达、切‖三字标准(faithfulness, expressiveness and closeness)
?许渊冲的―三美‖说
?严复―信、达、雅‖
?林语堂―忠、顺、美‖
?梁实秋、赵景琛―宁错务顺‖
?鲁迅―宁信不顺‖
?瞿秋白―信顺统一‖
?傅雷―形似神似‖
?钱钟书―入化境界‖
?―等值论‖：以前苏联的费道罗夫为代表的：―等值翻译就是表达的原文思想内容完全准确并在修辞上、作用上与原文完全一致。‖
?―等效论‖：奈达先生的―动态对等‖(dynamic equivalence) 及―功能对等‖(functional equivalence)学说，强调读者反应，即译文读者对译文所产生的反应与原文读者对原文所作出的反应基本一致。
PPT 3 Differences between English and Chinese
形合vs.意合
?谦虚使人进步,骄傲使人落后。
Modesty helps one go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind.
?The isolation of the rural world, because of distance and the lack of transport facilities, is compounded by the paucity of the information media.
由于距离远，又缺乏交通工具，使农村社会与外界隔绝，而这种隔绝，又由于通讯工具不足而变得更加严重。
?由于距离远，又缺乏交通工具，使农村社会与外界隔绝，而这种隔绝，又由于通讯工具不足而变得更加严重。
Because there is a great distance and there are not enough transport facilities, the rural world is isolated. This isolation has become more serious because there are not enough information media.
Subject vs. Topic
Do you see the glass as half full rather than half empty?
盛有半杯水的杯子，你是否只考虑它有水的一半，而不管那没水的一半？
?So far, fears that genetically modified, pest-resistant crops might kill good insects as well as bad appear unfounded.
?到目前为止，我们所担心的是转基因抗虫害作物不仅杀死那些益虫还会杀死那些未被发现的害虫。
?到目前为止，那种对转基因抗虫害作物不仅杀死害虫还会杀死益虫的担忧看来并无事实根据。
?到目前为止，人们担心转基因抗虫害作物不仅杀死害虫还会杀死益虫，但这些担心看来并无事实根据。
?有人担心转基因抗虫害作物在杀死害虫的同时也可能杀死益虫，到目前为止，这种担心似乎没什么确实的根据。
Static vs. Dynamic
?Carlisle Street runs westward , across a great black bridge, down a hill and up again, by little shops and meat markets, past single-storied homes, until suddenly it stops against a wide green lawn.
?卡莱尔大街往西伸展，越过一座黑色大桥，爬下山岗又爬上去，经过许多小铺和肉市，又经过一些平房，然后突然朝着大片绿色草地中止了。
?此句属于主谓结构，句中只有一个谓语动词―runs‖,但通过七个不同的介词，把六个名词串起来使句子扩展开来。
1. 他深信，只有对历史加以透彻研究，才能真正学到知识。
?He is in the full conviction that real knowledge is the end product of a thorough study of the history.
2.火箭已经用来探索宇宙。
?Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.
3.你得喝几口水，把药丸吞下去。
?You have to wash the pill down with sips of water.
4.那个家伙老是滔滔不绝讲个不停。
?That fellow is very talkative.
Exercise
? 1. A second aspect of technology transfer concentrate on US high technology exports.
China has correctly complained in the past that the US was unnecessarily restrictive in limiting technology sales to China. Recently some liberalization has taken place and1 major increases in technology transfers have taken place as the result.
However2, some items continue to be subject to restrictions and unnecessary delay, in part because3 the US Government submits many items to COCOM for approval.
There is significant room for improvement with the US bureaucracy and COCOM.
?技术转让的第二个方面集中在美国的高技术出口方面。过去中国曾经抱怨说，美国
不必要限制对中国出售技术，这种抱怨是情有可原的。由于1近来限制有所放宽，技术转让大大增加，但是2，还有些项目继续限制出口或受到不必要的延误，其中部分原因是3；美国政府要把许多项目提交巴黎统筹委员会批准。美国的官僚主义和巴黎统筹委员会的做法都大有改进的余地。
? 2. All of us have read thrilling stories in which the hero had only a limited and specified time to live. Sometimes it was as long as a year; sometimes as short as twenty-four hours.
But always we were interested in discovering just how the doomed man chose to spend his last days or his last hours. I speak, of course, of free men who have a choice, not condemned criminals whose sphere of activities is strictly delimited.
?大家都读过扣人心弦的故事，故事中的主人公只能够活一段屈指可数的日子了。这段时间可能长达一年，可能短如24小时。我们常被这样的故事所吸引，特别想了解那个大限在即的人将如何度过他生命的最后时光。当然，我这里所说的是那些能够作出选择的自由人，而不是被判刑的囚犯。
中英文化背景差异
?骨瘦如柴be as lean as a rake
?对牛弹琴to cast pearls before swine
?滚石不生苔a rolling stone gathers no mass
?众人拾柴火焰高many hands make light work.
?竹篮打水一场空drawing water in a bamboo basket means drawing nothing.
?Hoist your sail when the wind is fair. 好风快扬帆
?Still waters run deep.静水流深
?In a calm sea, every man is a pilot. 海面平静，人人都可当舵手。
? A small leak will sink a great ship. 小洞不堵要沉大船。
?You are a lucky dog. 你是一个幸运儿。
?Every dog has his day. 凡人皆有得意日。
?Old dog will not learn new tricks. 老人学不了新东西。
?sick as a dog
?dog-tired
?天生有福
?俄国人：―穿着衬衣生下来的‖
?英国人：―生来嘴里就含着一把银勺‖（born with a silver spoon in one‘s mouth）
?德国人：―梳好了头才出世的‖
?―一箭双雕‖或―一举两得‖
?法语：―一块石头打两处‖
?英文：―一石打死二鸟‖（to kill two birds with one stone)
?俄语：―一枪打死两只免子‖
?德语：―一个拍子打两只苍蝇‖
联想上的不同
语言是表达思想的，而思想是客观的反映。由于受到客观条件的制约，不同的民族往往用不同的比喻表达同一思想。
例如：汉语用―山中无老虎，猴子称霸王‖，英语中类似的谚语有用―In the land of the blind, the one-eyed man is king ‖（盲人圈中，独眼称雄）。汉语说―身壮如牛‖，英语说―as strong as a
horse ‖; 汉语说―胆小如鼠‖，英语说―as timid as a hare‖。
宗教信仰不同
◆英语国家主要信仰基督教，有很多来自《圣经》里的人物、事件构成的具体特定内
涵的
◆词语。如：bear one‘s cross 背十字架；No coming to heaven with dry eyes 眼无泪水，
难进天堂；The way to Heaven is by weeping loss 忏悔难得升天堂; forbidden fruit 禁果。
◆而汉民族主要是信仰佛教和道教，因而有―临时抱佛脚‖，―道高一尺，魔高一丈‖，―放
下屠刀，立地成佛‖;―做一天和尚，撞一天钟‖；―不看僧面看佛面‖等;
社交礼节上的不同(1)
–你辛苦了
?You must have had a tiring journey. You must be tired from a long trip?
?Well done! That was a hard job. You‘ve got a hard job.
中英思维方式对比
?您（先）请！
?After you.
?可是我们已说到故事的后面去了。But we are getting ahead of the story.
?前事不忘，后事之师。
?Past experiences, if not forgotten, is a guide for the future. (Lessons learned from the past can serve as a guide in the future.)
翻译方法
直译（1）
?Easy come, easy go. 来得容易，去得快
?Strike while the iron is hot.趁热打铁
?Practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧
?Example is better than precept.身教胜于言传
?All roads lead to Rome. 条条大道通罗马
?雪中送炭to offer fuel in snowy weather
?一人得道，鸡犬升天even the dog swaggers when its master wins favor
?―瓜田李下‖ ―瓜田不纳履，李下不整冠‖
?Neither adjust your shoe in a melon patch，nor your hat under a plum tree。
意译（1）
?When in Rome，do as the Romans do. ―入乡随俗‖ ―到什么山，唱什么歌‖
?望子成龙to expect one‘s son to become an outstanding personage
? a cat on hot bricks 热锅上的蚂蚁
?天有不测风云Something unexpected may happen any time.
?Achilles‘ heel―阿克勒斯的脚后跟‖ (唯一致命的弱点‖更恰当。)
?The dog that will fetch a bone will carry a bone.你说别人坏话，他也会说你的坏活。
?We still love each other very much ，but we fight like cat and dog.
―我们常吵吵闹闹，但仍很相爱。‖
PPT4 Word Translation
第二章：英汉词法翻译
2.1 词义的选择
2.1.1 根据词类确定词义(part of speech)
英汉两种语言都有一词多类、一词多义的现象。如：
1. Like charges repel; unlike charges attract.
2. He likes mathematics more than physics.
3. Like knows like.
1.相同的电荷相斥，不同的电荷相吸。
2. 他喜欢数学甚于喜欢物理。
3. 英雄识英雄。
2.1.2 根据语境确定词义
一. 上下文(verbal context)
1. We hope Mr. White will not forget himself, gone are the days when a representative of
a large country in UN. may do whatever he likes.
我们希望怀特先生不要忘乎所以，在联合国里一个大国代表可以为所欲为的日子已经一去不复返了。
We hope that our most respected Secretary General will not forget himself, his poor health is known to everybody.
我们希望最可敬的秘书长先生不要过于操劳，要多多保重,他的健康状况欠佳是众所周知的。
二. 地点( place )
语境中的地点是话语所产生的地点。同一词语出现在不同的地点，其含义往往不同。
如：
1. The boy is drawing a cart.
那男孩正在画一辆大车。
那男孩正在拉一辆大车。
2. It’s time to go aboard.
该上车了。/ 该上飞机了。/ 该上船了。
三. 时间( time )
His daughter went to London last autumn.
他的女儿是今年秋天去的伦敦。
他的女儿是去年秋天去的伦敦。
四. 话题( topic )
话题即交际双方所谈及的内容。同一词语在不同的话题中具有语义上的专门化。如： messenger: 信使；一种传递信息的化学物质（遗传工程学）
carrier: 携带者；带菌体（医学、生物学）
shuttle: 梭子；航天飞机（航天）
base:
In business: 本金
In painting: 底涂
In military science: 根据地
五. 交际方式（ medium )
交际方式即语言传播的方式和媒介，有口头和书面之分，文白之差别。因而要确定
原文的文体和风格后再选择恰当的词义。
1. He wrote a letter to his friend.
2. Premier Wen wrote a letter to American President.
3. Mary received a love letter.
2.1.3 根据汉语习惯搭配确定词义
英语中有些词在同一词类中、具有相同意义的情况下，和不同的词搭配，译成汉语时还要根据与它搭配的词而选择最符合汉语习惯的词义。
1.He has great ears and eyes.
2. He has great wisdom, experience and knowledge.
他耳聪目明。
他有无穷的智慧，丰富的经验和渊博的知识。
Everybody‘s business is nobody‘s business. 三个和尚没水吃.
He proved to be a good listener.
1. 他在课上注意听讲。
2. 他是个遵守公共秩序的观众。
3. 他善于听取群众的意见。
a suicide letter
a thank-you letter
a letter to condolence
a Dear John letter
a get-well letter
a political “ Dear John ” 绝命信 感谢信 唁函 (女孩写给男孩的）绝交信 (祝病人康复的）慰问信 政治上的绝交信
1. He is a good chess player.
2. It is a good dinner.
3. She speaks good English.
4. I have done a good day’s work.
5. It was a girl with good manners.
6. The young brother wants to have the good half of the bread. 1.他棋艺高超。
2. 那是一顿丰盛的晚餐。
3. 她英语讲得很流利。
4. 我干了整整一天的活儿。
5. 这是一位举止得体的姑娘。
6. 小弟弟要那一大半面包。
1. Soft pillow
2. Soft music
3. Soft cushion
4. Soft wood
5. Soft money
6. Soft drink
7. Soft breeze
8. Soft light
9. Soft voice
10. Soft fire
11. Soft hat
12. Soft words 1. 软枕
2.轻柔的音乐
3.靠垫
4.软木
5.纸币
6.不含酒精的饮料
7.和风
8.柔光
9.低声
10.文火
11.呢帽
12.和蔼的话
2.2 词义的具体化、概括化和褒贬色彩
一. 词义的具体化
具体化是指在译文中，用所指意义较窄的词或词组替换原文中所指意义较广的词或词组。如： 1. The Great Wall is a must for most foreign visitors to Beijing.
2. Two year s‘ working is a must to the people who want to take up graduated examination.
1. 长城是任何一个外国游客必不可少的参观游览项目。
2. 对于参加研究生考试的人来说，两年的工龄是必备条件。
3. The Vietnam War was his enter to the new Administration, his third incarnation as a foreign policy consultant.
4. But I suspected that if I tried to release the wolf, she would turn aggressive and try to tear me to pieces.
3. 越南战争成了他进入新政府的敲门砖。他担任政府的对外政策顾问，那是第三次了。
4. 可是我想，要是我放了这只狼，她会凶狠地扑过来， 要把我撕成碎片的。
二. 词义的概括化
概括化是指在译文中用含义较广的单位替换原文中含义较窄的单位。如：
1. Every life has its roses and thorns. 每个人的生活都有甜和苦。
Enjoy free medical care
Enjoy advantages
Enjoy national protection
Enjoy mass support
Enjoy access to Internet
Enjoy prosperity
Enjoy a double-digit growth
Enjoy a revival
Enjoy an economical honey-moon
Enjoy a fine day Enjoy constant attention 享受公费医疗 具备优越条件 受到国家保护 得到广大群众支持 有机会进入国际互联网 处于繁荣时期 以两位数的百分比增长 重振雄风 在经济上打得火热 天气晴朗 一直为人们所关注
2. The girl will get killed, because she‘s always speeding.
这女孩会送命，因为她总是违反交通规则。
3. The matter was finally settled under the table. 事情终于私下解决了。
4. He earns scarcely enough to keep body and soul together.
他挣的钱几乎难以维持生活。
5. If you dare to play the fox with me ,I‘ll shoot you at once.
你要是敢和我耍滑头，我马上毙了你。
6. George likes to work with his hand; when it comes to books, he‘s square peg in a round
hole. 乔治喜欢干手工活，对念书可是格格不入。
三：词义的褒贬色彩
语言本身没有阶级性，但为了忠实于原文的思想内容，翻译是必须正确理解原作者的基本政治立场和观点，然后选用适当的语言手段来加以表达。如：
1. Mr. Brown felt greatly flattered when he received the invitation to deliver a lecture.
2. Hans was too obviously flattering the gentleman by saying he was the most courageous
man he had ever seen.
3. You‘re flattering me by saying that.
1.布朗先生接到作演讲的邀请时，感到非常荣幸。
2.汉斯说，这位先生是他所见过的最有胆识的人，这种阿谀奉承未免过于露骨。
3.你那么说，就过奖了。
1. She knows Peter is industrious and clever.
2. He is too clever for us.
1. 她知道彼得既勤奋又聪明。
2. 他太狡猾了。
There is no rule that has no exception. 任何规则都有例外。
Translate the following sentences:
1. The invention of machinery had brought into the world a new era—the Industrial Age.
Money had become King.
2. Because they know where they’ve come from, they know where they’re at, and they
know where they’re going.
3.John was an aggressive salesman who did his job quite well.
1.机器的发明使世界进入了一个新纪元即工业时代，金钱成了主宰一切的权威。
2.因为他们知道自己的起点，自己的处境，也知道自己的目标。
3.约翰是个积极肯干的推销员，他的工作干得很出色。
4. Hitler pursued an aggressive policy after he seized power.
5. I‘m afraid she‘s too far from the cradle for you.
6. I was not one to let my heart rule my head.
4.希特勒夺取了政权之后就推行侵略政策。
5.恐怕他对你来说岁数太大了。
6.我不是那种让感情统治理智的人。
1. It was not that he had plenty of money. 那并不是因为他很有钱
2. There is no living in the island. 那岛上不能居住
3. He wanted to go to sea. 他要去当水手
4. Don’t tell him home truth.不要对他讲逆耳的事实
5. This failure was the making of him. 这次失败实为他成功的基础
6. The boy cried because his schoolfellows called him names. 那孩子哭了，因为他的同
学骂了他。
PPT 5 Translation Techniques (1)
Conversion, Amplification, Omission
一、词类转译Conversion
在翻译过程中，如果绝对地按照原语的词性进行翻译，有时译文会显得晦涩或不符合译语的表达习惯。这时，我们可以对原语的词性进行转换翻译。英译汉中常见的词性转换有以下几个方面。
1.1 名词转译为动词
A) 一些习语中的主体名词可以转成动词
1. We wouldn‘t have any idea when the boy was born.
我们不可能知道这孩子是什么时候出生的。
2. I will not only forgive your infidelity to me but will do you all the service I can.
我不但原谅你对我的不忠实，还要尽力为你效劳。
3. As the man leaned over, the driver caught his first good look at the small cat-like face.
那个人弯下腰来，司机才第一次看清那张小小的猫儿脸。
1.2 由动词派生出来的名词可转译成动词
1. The government called for the establishment of more schools.
政府号召建立更多的学校。
2. There has been a tremendous expansion of kindergartens in both towns and villages.
城市和农村的幼儿园都在大量发展。
3. The new situation requires the formation of a new strategy.
新形势要求制定新战略。
1.3 含有动作意味的名词可转译成动词
1. Vietnamese War is a drain on American resources.
越南战争不断地消耗美国的资源。
2. In fact, the abuse of drugs has become one of America‘s most serious social problems.
事实上，滥用毒品已经成为美国最为严重的社会问题之一。
3. The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing.
看到我们的喷气式飞机，听到隆隆的机声，令我特别神往。
1.4 由动词+er构成的名词可转译成动词
1. His father is a non-smoker, but he is a chain-smoker.
他父亲根本不抽烟，他抽起烟来却一根接一根。
2. I am an amateur actor. He is a better player than I .
我是个业余演员，他演得比我好。
3. Talking with his son, the old man was the forgiver of the young man‘s past wrong doings.
在和儿子谈话时，老人宽恕了年轻人过去所干的坏事。
1.5. 介词转译成动词
1.He went to the shop for a bottle of wine. 他去小店买了一瓶酒
2.At noon, she came home for lunch. 中午，她回家吃午饭
3.He came to my home for help. 他来到我家，请求帮助
4.He came to me with a luggage. 他拿着行李向我走来
5. Up the street they went, past stores, across a broad square, and then entered a huge building. 他们沿着大街走去，经过一家家店铺，穿过一个宽阔的广场，然后走进一幢大楼
6. It is our goal that the people in the undeveloped areas will be finally off poverty.
. 我们的目标是使不发达地区的人民最终摆脱贫困。
1.6.形容词可以转译成动词
1. It was a very informative meeting.
会上透露了很多信息。
2. The manager is grateful to the customers for their valuable suggestions.
经理感谢顾客们提出的宝贵意见。
3. Animals become indifferent to their young as soon as their young can look after themselves.
一旦它们的后代能够自己照料自己，它们就不管了。
4. Integrity means you do what you do because it‘s right and not just fashionable or politically correct. 诚实意味着去做你认为对的事，而不仅仅是为了赶时髦或在政治上不出错
5. Don‘t be afraid of those who might have a better idea or who might even be smarter than you are. 不要恐惧那些想法可能比你高明，或者那些可能比你更聪明的人
6. Is Mr. Smith familiar with the performance of the laboratory equipment?
史密斯先生熟悉实验室设备的性能吗？
1.7.连词转译成动词
1. Eight and seven is fifteen.
2. They will return in 60 days or two months.
他们60天后，也就是2个月后回来。
3. Winter is the fourth and last season in a year.
冬季是一年中第四个也是最后一个季节。
4. The distance is four kilometers or 2.4856 miles.
距离是4公里，折合（即）2.4856里。
1.8. 副词转译成动词
1.Our holiday is three weeks away. 离我们的假期还有3个星期
2.When will your mother be back? 你妈妈什么时候回来
3.The boy told me that his father was out. 那个男孩告诉我他的父亲出去了
4.That day he was up before sunrise. 那天他在日出前就起来了
Translate the following sentences:
1. His very appearance at any affair proclaims it a triumph.
无论什么事，只要他一露面，就算成功了
2. He was a regular visitor. 他经常来
3. He showed with his eyes that he heard,but made no sign of assent or dissent.
他瞧了一下，表示他听到了，但并没有表示同意还是不同意
4. We drove home a bit after midnight, over the river and through the lovely old sleeping town. 时过午夜，我们驱车回家。先过了河，又穿过了这个在酣睡中的古老而可爱的城市
5. The successful fishermen of that day were already in. 那天交好运的渔夫们都已回来
6. Difference between the social systems of states shall not be an obstacle to their co-operation. 国与国之间不同的社会制度不应该妨碍彼此的合作
2. 转译成名词
2.1 动词转译成名词
★英语中好多由名词派生出来的动词，以及由名词转用的动词，在汉语中往往不易找到相应的动词，这时可将其转译成汉语名词。
1. Formality has always characterized their relationship.
他们之间的关系，有一个特点，就是以礼相待。
2. The man looked and talked a little wildly.
那男子的神情和言谈有些不可思议。
3. In the early dawn, the guard towers were silhouetted against the sky.
黎明时，天空映出了瞭望塔的轮廓。
★有些英语被动句式中的动词，可以译成“受到（遭到）…+ 名词”
1. Several buildings around the square were damaged.
广场附近的几幢建筑物遭到了毁坏。
2. Mr. Snow was treated very shabbily by the U.S.press and officialdom.
在这期间，斯诺受到了美国新闻界和政界极不公正的对待。
2.2 形容词转译成名词
★有些英语的形容词前加定冠词时，其功能就相当于名词，译时将其转译成名词。还有一些形容词充当表语时，为了行文方便，转译为汉语的名词。
1. They did their best to help the sick and the wounded.他们尽了最大的努力帮助病号和伤员。
2. Tom was eloquent and elegant—— but soft. 汤姆有口才、有风度，但很软弱。
2.3 副词转译成名词
★由名词派生出来的副词，如译成汉语时很难找到对应词，而酌情将其译成名词。
1. Originally Ingrid Bergman was from Sweden. 英格丽.褒曼的原籍是瑞典。
2. He is strong physically, but weak mentally. 他体力很强，可智力很弱。
3. 转译成形容词
3.1 副词转译为形容词
★有些副词是形容词派生出来的，翻译时如副词所修饰的动词转译为名词，那么副词亦转译为形容词。如：
1. He was deeply impressed by what they did in the critical moment.
他们在关键时刻的行为给他留下了深刻的印象。
2. She stupidly answered such a question.
她真笨，竟然回答了这样一个问题。
3. The English language had changed subtly and pervasively.
英语的变化很敏感，很普遍。
3.2 名词转译为形容词
★有时名词在句子中充当表语，前面通常有冠词，译时可以转换为形容词。
1. A newly-elected Senator is a power, I know that.
一个新当选的参议员的确是威风十足，那我是知道的。
2. She said, ―Good country people are the salt of the earth!‖
她说：―善良的乡下人最可贵！‖
3. Oh, she is all gentleness, kindness, goodness!
她真是最温柔，最体贴，最善良了！
4. Now their happiness was complete.
现在他们真是快乐到了极点。
4. 转译为副词
4.1 名词转译为副词
1. They were sitting on a bank and talking of the universe.
他们坐在河岸边，高谈阔论地谈着。
2. We set out in great haste for Venice.
我们匆匆忙忙地动身来到威尼斯。
3. I have the honor to inform you that your request is granted.
我荣幸地通知您，您的请求已得到批准。
4.2 形容词转译为副词
1. About all these sticky questions, he writes with calm frankness.
对于所有这些棘手的问题，他都心平气和地、坦率地写了出来。
2. A helicopter is free to go almost anywhere. 直升机几乎可以自由地飞到任何地方去。
Translate the following sentences into Chinese:
? 1. The landing was designed to cut the peninsula in two.
? 2. They signed two agreements that served to warm up the atmosphere of their relations.
? 3. His image as a good student was badly tarnished.
? 4. M. Gorky had deep sympathy for the insulted and the injured.
? 5. Hospitals are getting more efficient these days.
1.登陆的目的是要把该岛一切为二。
2. 他们签定了两个协定，目的是使他们的关系热乎起来。
3.他作为一个好学生的形象，已遭到很大的玷污。
4. 高尔基对于受侮辱的和受损害的人有深厚的同情心。
5. 近日来，医院的效率越来越高了。
二、增补词语Amplification
Studies serve for delight, for ornament and, for ability
读书足以怡情，足以博采，足以长才。（王佐良）
1、增补潜在词
1. I began the book yesterday.
昨天我开始读（写）这本书。
2. The new American Secretary of State has proposed a world conference on food supplies.
美国新任国务卿建议召开世界食品资源问题会议。
2. 增补省略的词
1. What a day!
2. ―I will make a man of him.‖―我要把他培养成一个堂堂的男子汉。
3. Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; writing an exact man.
读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，写作使人准确。
4. Such is war: to the victor, the spoils; to the defeated, the costs.
战争就是如此：胜利者获得战利品，战败者遭受损失。
3. 不及物动词增补宾语
1.He never drinks before driving.
他开车前从不喝酒。
2. Before liberation, his mother lived on washing.
解放前，他妈妈靠洗衣为生。
3. Day after day he came to his work—— sweeping, scrubbing, cleaning.
他每天来干活——扫地、擦地板、收拾房间。
4. 增补表示复数的词
1. Flowers bloom all over the yard.
朵朵鲜花开满了庭院。
2. They won victories in the past years.
在过去几年里,他们取得了一次又一次的胜利。
3. The very earth trembled as with the tramps of horses and murmur of angry men.
连大地都震动了，仿佛万马奔腾，千夫怒吼。
4. I have left the marks of my nails in his impudent face.
我在他那张厚脸皮上留下了五条血道。
5、增补修饰性和解释性词语
1. Blood and Sand （电影名）
《碧血黄沙》
2. The farmer snapped a stick and put it into the fire.
农民―啪‖地一声折断了一根树枝，把它放进火里。
3. Into the dim clouds was swimming a crescent moon.
一钩新月渐渐隐没到朦胧的云彩里去了。
6、增补范畴词
由动词或形容词几加后缀-tion, -ness等派生出来的名词，如：
Backwardness: 落后面貌/落后状态
Preparation: 准备工作sadness: 悲观主义
1. This is the best solution to your problem.
这是你那个问题最好的解决方案。
2. He was a patriotic, adventurous and romantic writer.
他是一个具有爱国热情、探索精神和浪漫风格的作家。
7、增补某些概括性的词语
1. The paper discussed language teaching and language research.
论文讨论了语言教学和语言研究两方面的内容。
2. Note that the words ― foxy‖, ―mean‖ and ― generous‖ require explanation.
请注意：―狡猾的‖、―吝啬的‖和―慷慨的‖这三个词需要解释一下。
3. The United States, China, England,France and Japan are now in cooperation.
美、中、英、法、日等五国正在合作。
8、增补语气助词
1. Don‘t take it seriously. I‘m just making fun of you.不要认真嘛！我不过开开玩笑罢了。
2. As for me, I didn‘t agree from the very beginning.
我呢，从一开始就不赞成。
3. The little boy had brought with him knife, scissors and so on, tinkling in his pocket.
这个小孩随身带着刀子啦，剪子啦，以及诸如此类的东西，在口袋里顶铃当啷地直响。
Translate the following sentences into Chinese
1. ―How shall I do it?‖---- ― Just as you wish.‖
2. They would not have done such a thing without government approval.
3. His arrogance made everyone dislike him.
4. There had been an ease of international tension.
5. They talked about inflation, unemployment and environmental pollution.
1. ―这事我怎么办好？‖——―你想怎么办，就怎么办。‖
2. 如果没有得到政府的同意，他们是不会做这种事的。
3. 他的傲慢态度使谁也不喜欢他。
4. 国际紧张局势过去曾有所缓和。
5. 他们谈到通货膨胀、失业、环境污染等问题。
An apple does not fall far from the apple tree.
落叶归根
?
allergy ?
jealousy ?
transformation ?
irregularities ?
muddiness ?
readability ?
derangement ?
segregation ?
observation
? loftiness 1. 过敏反应 2. 嫉妒心理 3. 转化过程 4. 越轨行为 5. 混沌状态 6. 可读性 7. 紊乱现象 8. 隔离措施 9. 观察结果 10.崇高气质
PPT 5-6(续PPT 5)
三、减词译法Omission
1. 语法角度上的省略
前面讲过英语和汉语在语法方面有很大差异，翻译时要根据各自的语法特点适当地进行删减，使译文更为符合译语的表达习惯。例如：
1. A camel is much inferior to an elephant in strength.骆驼的力气远不如大象。（省略不定冠词）
2. It was very quiet at the moment.当时很安静。（省译it）
3. Don‘t put your hands in your rocket.别把手放在口袋里。（省译两个物主代词）
4. Those who are in favour please hold up their hands.
赞成的请举手。（省译指示代词、关系代词和物主代词）
2. 意义或修辞角度上的省略
意义角度上的省译是指在能用汉语完全表达原文的意义时对原文某些词的省略，但不可能对原文的内容任意删减。英语句子中有些短语重复出现，英译汉时可按情况作适当省略。
1. It has been three years since he began to smoke.他抽烟三年了。（―自从他开始抽烟以来已经有三年了。‖这样译虽然照顾了形又照顾了义，可却不是地道的汉语了。）
2. Instead of one old woman knocking me about and starving me, everybody of all ages knocked me about and starved me.那时打我并且使我挨饿的不只是一个老太婆，而是老老少少各式各样的人。(如加上―打我并且使我挨饿‖就不能够精练。）
3. It is required that the machine should be maintained at regular intervals.
机器需要定期维修。（意思在汉语中已暗含，译出反显累赘。）
4. Williams Sidney Porter, who is known under his pen name, O. Henry, is one of the best known writers of America.威廉.悉尼.波特尔，笔名欧.享利，是美国最著名的作家之一。
5. There was no snow, the leaves were gone from the trees, the grass was dead.
天未下雪，但叶落草枯。
3.1 减去对偶同义词中的某一个词
★英语某些语体中特有的运用―对偶同义词‖，就是语义多余现象的例子之一。翻译时遇到这种情况就可以采用省略译法，即不重复同义词，而是用一个词译出，且原文的意义没有减。如：
1. The treaty was pronounced null and void.
条约被宣布无效。
2. The most amazing and inspiring part of the tale came after that.
这之后才是故事最惊心动魄的部分。
3. Neither party shall cancel the contract without sufficient cause or reason.
双方均不得无故解除合同。
3.2 减去连接词
? A thousand years will pass and the guilt of Germany will not be erased.---- Hans Frank Governor-General of Poland千年易逝，德国的罪孽难消。
A. 减去表示时间的连词
1. When I sing, I sing off-key.
我一唱歌就跑调。
2. John rose gloomily as the train stopped, for he was thinking of his lovely girlfriend.
火车停了，约翰郁郁地站了起来，因为他想起了可爱的女友。
3.They waited a long time before he suddenly stepped out on the balcony and raised a hand in salute.人们等了很久，忽然他走了出来，站在阳台上，举起一只手敬礼。
B. 减去表示条件的连词
1. If winter comes, can spring be far behind?
冬天来了，春天还会远吗？
2. If I had known it, I would not have joined in it.
早知如此，我就不参加了。
3. If a country has an abundance of natural resources, it is common for it to export some of them.
一个国家的自然资源十分丰富,出口一些资源是不足为奇的.
C. 减去表示原因的连接词
? 1. He wanted to become a missionary because he thought that was the way he could do most for people. 他想当传教士，认为这样可以对人类做出最大贡献。
? 2. He didn‘t come to the meeting as he was ill yesterday.昨天他病了，没来开会。
? 3. Because everyone uses language to talk, everyone thinks he can talk about language.
?人人都用语言交谈, 人人也就自认为能够谈论语言.
D. 减去并列连词
1. He looked gloomy and troubled. 他看上去有些忧愁不安。
2. Your son or your father or your wife or your teacher or your boss might be a good friend of yours. 你的儿子，你的父亲，你的妻子，你的老师，你的上司，都可能是你的好友。
3. I was like that ship before my education began, only I was without compass or sounding-line, and had no way of knowing how near the harbor was.我在开始受教育之前，就象这样一条船，只是没有罗盘，没有测深绳，也无法知道离海港有多远。
3.3 减去人称代词
A. 减去物主代词
? 1. Put your hat on your head. 把帽子戴上。
? 2. He shrugged his shoulders, shook his head, closed his eyes, but said nothing.
?他耸耸肩，摇摇头，闭着眼，一句话不说。
?In my childhood I learned a great deal about Russia.
?童年时,我就听到许多关于俄国的事情。
B. 减去作宾语的代词
? 1. She laid her hand lightly on his arm as if to thank him for it.
?她轻轻地把手放在他的胳膊上,好像表示感谢。
? 2. I was at once interested in this finger play and tried to imitate it.
?我马上对这种手指在手心里写字的游戏产生了兴趣，接着就模仿起来。
C. 减去泛指的人称代词
? 1. Everywhere you can find new types of men and objects in New China.
?新中国处处可以看到新人、新事物。
? 2. We live and learn. 活到老，学到老。
? 3. We have 7 days a week and 24 hours a day. 一个星期有7天，一天有24小时。
? 4. Fight when you can win; Move away when you cannot win.打得赢就打；打不赢就走。
D. 减去作主语的人称代词
★人称代词作主语时，重复出现，后面的人称代词就可以减去不译，符合汉语的表达习惯。
1. But it‘s the way I am, and try as I might, I haven‘t been able to change it.
但我就是这个脾气，虽然几经努力，却未能改变过来。
2. He was thin and haggard and he looked miserable.
他消瘦而憔悴，看上去一幅可怜相。
3. He had many wonderful ideas, but he only put a few into practice.
他虽然有许多美妙的想法，却只有少数付诸实施。
3.4 减去冠词
? 1. A teacher should have patience in his work. 当老师的应当有耐心。
? 2. The horse is a useful animal. 马是有益的动物。
? 3. The moon was slowly rising above the sea. 月亮慢慢从海上升起。
?但在某些场合，冠词不能省略。如：
? 1. He left without saying a word. 他一句话不说就走了。
? 2. He said he was getting a dollar a mile. 他说他每开一英里就赚一元钱。
3.5 减去介词
?Jerram was secretary to Combined Operations Headquarters in1943, and from 1943 to 1945 he was Comptroller. He retired in 1945, and from 1958 was a Deputy Lieutenant for Cornwall.
?1943年，杰拉姆任联合作战指挥部秘书。1943年至1945年期间，他任监察官。1945年退伍。1958年起，任康瓦尔郡副郡长。
The true joy of joys is the joy that joys in the joy of others.
与人同乐才是真乐
? 1. The proposal was rejected and repudiated.
? 2. One must make painstaking effort before one could succeed in mastering a foreign language.
? 3. No matter whether you believe me or not, I saw it with my own eyes.
? 4. Never get on or off the bus, before it comes to standstill.
? 5. He worked in the daytime, and at night he went to night school.
? 6. I saw a boy and a girl on my way home. The boy had a book and the girl a doll.
? 1. 建议遭到否决。
? 2. 要掌握一门外语，非下苦功不可。
? 3. 我亲眼见的这件事，信不信由你。
? 4. 车未停妥，请勿上下。
? 5. 他白天上班，晚上去上夜校。
? 6. 我回家时看见一个男孩和一个女孩子。男孩子拿着一本书，女孩子抱着一个洋娃.
?The proof of the pudding is in the eating.
?One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy.
?The face is the index of the mind.
?M r. Lear is trying to oil the judge‘s palm.
?―Greek and Latin are all English to me.‖said Oscar Wilde.
?Follow the river and you‘ll get to the sea.