专八语言学
语言学
一、语言和语言学(Language and linguistics)
1、语言的区别性特征：Design of features of language
任意性arbitrariness 指语言符号和它代表的意义没有天然的联系
二重性duality 指语言由两层结构组成
创造性creativity 指语言可以被创造
移位性displacement 指语言可以代表时间和空间上不可及的物体、时间、观点
2、语言的功能（不是很重要）
信息功能informative（major role）
人际功能interpersonal（establish and maintain their status in a society）
施为功能performative（change the social status of persons）
感情功能emotive function（changing the emotional status）
寒暄功能phatic communication（refers: social interaction of language）
娱乐功能recreational function
元语言功能metalingual function
3、语言学主要分支
语音学phonetics 研究语音的产生、传播、接受过程，考查人类语言中的声音
音位学phonology 研究语音和音节结构、分布和序列
形态学morphology 研究词的内部结构和构词规则
句法学syntax 研究句子结构，词、短语组合的规则
语义学semantics 不仅关心字词作为词汇的意义，还有语言中词之上和之下的意义。如语素和句子的意义
语用学pragmatics 在语境中研究意义
4、宏观语言学macrolingustics
心理语言学psycholinguistics(interrelation of language and mind)
社会语言学sociolinguistics (study of the characteristic of language varieties)
人类语言学anthropological linguistics(use in relation to human cultural patterns an d briefs)
认知语言学cognitive linguistics
计算机语言学computational linguistics
5、语言学中的重要区别
规定式和描写式：规定式：prescriptive说明事情应该是怎么样的
描写式：descriptive 说明事情本来是怎么样的
共时研究和历时研究：共时：synchronic 研究某个特定时期语言
历时：diachronic 研究语言发展规律
语言和言语：Saussure提出
语言：langue指语言系统的整体
言语：parole指具体实际运用的语言
语言能力和语言运用：乔姆斯基(chomsky提出)
能力：competence用语言的人的语言知识储备
运用：performance 真实的语言使用者在实际中的语言使用（actual us e of language）
二、语音学(Phonetics)
1、语音学分支
发音语音学articulatory phonetics研究语言的产生
声学语言学acoustic phonetics 研究语音的物理属性
听觉语音学auditory phonetics 研究语言怎样被感知
2 IPA（国际音标）是由daniel Jones琼斯提出的、
3 第一个语音字母表：Danish(Otto pesperson)
4 Places of Articulation(发音部位)
Bilabial双唇音Labrodental唇齿音Dental齿音Alveolar齿龈音Postalveolar后齿龈音Palatal硬腭音Velar软腭音Glottal声门音Retroflex卷舌音Velar小舌音Pharyngeal 咽音
5 Manners of Articulation(发音方式)
Stop爆破音Fricative摩擦音Lateral边音Approximant近似音Nasal鼻音
三、音位学(Phonology)
1、最小对立体minimal pairs （one distinctive sound e.g./b//p/）
2、音位phoneme (e.g. big 中的/b/)
3 音位变体allophones (e.g. put中的/p/与span中的/p/)
4 互补分布complementary distribution (不送气的/p/出现在/s/后，送气的/p/其他位置)
5 自由变体free variation （caused by dialect, habit or……）
6 区别特征distinctive features
7 超音段特征suprasegmental feature
音节syllable 重音stress 语调tone 声调intonation
四形态学(Morphology)
1 词的构成
语素morpheme(最小语言单位) 自由语素free morpheme（e.g. dog）粘着语素boun d morpheme(e.g. dis-close) Root 词根词缀affix 词干stem
屈折词汇和派生词汇inflectional affix（e.g. toy-s）and derivational affix（e.g. teac h-teacher）
2特有的词汇变化lexical change proper
新创词语invention(e.g. coinage) 混拼词blending(e.g. smoke+fog=smog) 缩写词abbreviation(e.g. ad) 首字母缩写词acronym(e.g. WTO) 逆构词汇back-formation
(e.g. editor—edit) 类推构词analogiacal creation (e.g. work-worked ,slay-slayed)
外来词borrowing
五句法学(Syntax)
1 范畴category(defining properties of words) 数number 性gender 格case(主：nominative宾:accusative属:genitive) 时tense 体aspect(完成体perfective 未完成体imperfective) 一致关系concord 支配关系govenrment
2 结构主义学派the structure approach
组合关系syntagmatic relation词和词组合在一起(called: horizontal relation or chain relation)
聚合关系paradigmatic 具有共同的语法作用的词聚在一起(called: vertical or choice r elation)
结构和成分construction and constituents :句子不仅是线性结构liner structure还是层级结构hierarchical structure (句子或短语被称为结构体，而构成句子或短语即结构体的称为成分)
3直接成分分析法immediate constitutional analysis
指把句子分成直接成分－短语，再把这些短语依次切分，得到下一集直接成分，这样层层切分，直到不能再分
4向心结构和离心结构endocentric and exocentric constructions
向心(有一个词头)：指一个结构中有中心词，例an old man ,中心为man
离心（没有词头）：指结构中没有明显的中心词。例：on the shelf
5生成学派the generative approach
深层结构deep structure指机构关系中的潜在层面underlying level
表层结构surface structure指结构形成的最后结果阶段final stage
6功能学派the functional approach
主位与述位theme and rheme
主位：谈话中已知的信息,说话者从它谈起known，
述位：与说话者内容有关的内容what the speaker states about
7交际力communicative and dynamism简称CD（J.Firbas）
指句子成分对交际发展所作的贡献的程度
六、语义学(Semantics)
1 利奇的意义七分法Leech and his 7 types of meaning
概念意义conceptual meaning 字面意义
内涵意义connotative meaning 实际交往过程中所指的事物
社会意义social meaning
情感意义affective meaning(feeling & attitudes)
反射意义reflective meaning 由一个词语联想起来的另外一种意义
搭配意义collocative meaning(associated with words)
主位意义thematic meaning 通过调整信息的顺序和强调内容所表达的意义
2指称论referential theory
指将词的意义和他所指的食物联系起来的意义理论
3语义三角semantic triangle 奥格登和理查兹提出
Symbol或form指语言要素（如词和语素），the linguistic elements
能指thought指概念concept
所指reference指经验世界中的物体the object in the word of experience
涵义sense语言形式的意义
4主要涵义关系
○同义关系synonymy
地域同义词dialectal synonymy(same meaning, used in different dialects)
风格同义词stylistic synonyms(same meaning, differ in style & degree of formal ity)
感情同义词synonymys that differ in connotation意义相同，但内涵不同，有褒有贬(same meaning but express different emotions of the user)
○反义关系antonymy(oppositeness of meaning)
等级反义关系gradable antonymy 例cool-warm ;hot-cold
互补反义关系complementary antonymy,肯定A就否定B，否定B 就肯定A，例dea d-alive
反向反义关系converse antonymy .reversal of a relationship between 2 en tities.例husband-wife; teacher-student
○上下义关系hyponymy 意义包含关系。例：花－水仙、玫瑰、百合
补充：同音同形异义关系homonymy
一词多义polysemy
七、语用学(Progmatics)
1 言语行为理论speech act theory(奥斯丁（牛津哲学家）1969年提出John Langshaw Austin)
认为人在说话的同时也在进行一定的行为动作
○施为句和叙事句performative and constative
施为句：实施某种行为。
叙事句：描述说话人在说话时所作的动作。
○行事行为理论a theory of the illocutionary act
言内行为：locutionnary act表述字面意思
言外行为：illoutionary act 因为言语本身的习惯力量随之产生的其他一些行为
言后行为：perlocutionnary act 话语在听者身上产生的效果
2会话含义理论the theory of conversational implicature
格赖斯提出Herbert Paul Grice
○合作原则（the Cooperative Principles）:说话人和听话人为达一定的交际目的，都有一种默契，一种都遵循的原则
○四个准则(four categories of maxims)
数量(quantity)、质量(quality)、关系(relation)、方式(manner)准则
3 Characteristics of Implicature:
Calculability可推导性Cancellability可取消性
Mon-detachability不可分离性Mon-conventiality非归约性
4后格赖斯时期的发展
○关联理论：relevance theory(Dan Sperber & Deridre Wison认为):交际应被看做一种表明自身说话意图的行为every act of ostensive(直接表明的) communication com municates the presumption of its own optimal relevance
○数量关系和关系原则the Q-and R-principles(由霍恩Laurence Horn 提出)
八现代语言学理论和流派
1 索绪尔Saussure瑞士语言学家，―现代语言学之父‖或者―使语言学科走向现代的大师‖
2 布拉格学派Prague School
贡献:共时语言学(synchronic linguistics)研究，从―功能‖角度看待语言，强调语言的系统性，把语言看做一种功能
突出贡献：语音学说，及其划分语音学和音位学
突出：Trubetzkoy特鲁别茨柯依：提出语音学属于言语，音位学属于语言，提出音位概念
4伦敦学派the Lundon School:系统语言学(systemic linguistics)和功能语言学(fu nctional linguistics)
创始人：弗斯Firth.人物：弗斯受马林诺夫斯基影响。韩礼德为新弗斯派领袖三人都强调语言环境和语言系统的重要性
韩礼德(Halliday)和系统功能语法：由系统语法和功能语法构成。把实际使用的语言现象作为研究对象
Halliday提出的成人语言功能：ideational function,interpersonal,textual
5美国结构主义American Structuralism
共时语言学分支，由博厄斯(1858-1942德商美人类学家)提出F.Bos.
○撒皮尔-沃尔夫假说Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
语言相对论（linguistic relativity）-语言决定论(linguistic determinism) ○布隆菲尔德Bloomfield《语言论》－20世纪被大西洋两岸同时奉为科学的方法论典范和语言学领域的杰出代表。描述语言学(descriptive linguistics)的代表人物
6 转换生成语法transformational–generative grammar
乔姆斯基(美.语言学家)提出Chomsky.
认为语言是某种天赋，语言习得机制Language Acquisition device
九语言与社会
1 social linguistics(社会语言学)
2 Speech Community and Speech Variety(言语社团和言语变体)
3 Varieties of Langue
1)Dialectal Varieties
a. Regional Dialect (地域方言)
b. Sociolect (社会方言)
c. Idiolect (个人语言)
d. Ethnic Dialect (种族语言)
2)语域（Rigister）:交际场合不同，不同程度的语言变体
a. Field of Discourse 话语范围
b.Tensor of Discourse 话语体式
c. Mode of Discourse 话语方式
3)Degree of Formality (正式程度)
a. intimate亲密体
b. casual随便体
c. consultative询仪体
d. formal正式体
e. frozen刻板体
4 Bilingualism 双语现象：两种语言并存
Diglossia 双言制：两种截然不同的变体
5Pidgin 译泾滨语：特殊的语言混合体
Creole 克里奥平语：满足日常交际的需要
十Language & Culture
1 Sapir Whorf Hypothesis(假说)
2 Linguistic Imperialism(语言中的帝国主义)
3 Culture Diffusion(文化传播)
1）Linguistic Nationalism 民族主义
2）Intercultural Communication 跨文化交际
十一First Language Acquisition
1Theories of Language Acquisition
1)A Behaviourist’s View of Langue 传统行为主义者的语言习得理论（模仿&形成习
惯）
2)An Innatist’s View of LA 语法主义者的语言习得理论（Chomsky代表：与生俱来的
语言学生理机构）
3）An Interactionist’s View of LA 互动主义者的语言习得理论（儿童自身特征与其所在的外界环境相互作用的结果）
2 The Critical Period Hypothesis (CPH) 关键期假说（a specific and limited period for LA）
2 versions: the strong one and language learning is difficult
3 Stages in L Development
1)Phonological D(语音的发展)
2)Vocabulary D a. Under-Extension 扩展不足 b. Over-Extension 过度扩展
3)Grammatical D 4)Pragmatic D 语用发展
4 Atypical D 异常发展（due to injury or trauma）
十二Second Language Acquisition
1第一与第二LA关系：Interlanguage(中介语), Fossilization(石化现象)
2Contrastive Analysic (CA)对比分析
3Languege Transfer 语言迁移：Postive Transfer正迁移Negative Transfer 负迁移
4Error Analysis
1)Interlingual errors & Introlingual errors :Interlingual E(语际错误，受母语影响) &
Intralingual E (语内错误)
2)Overgeneralization 过度概括& Cross-Association 互相联想
5Input Hypothesis 输入假设
6Individual Differences
1)Language Aptitude 潜能
2)Motivation 动机 a. Instrument M工具型动机 b. Intergration M 综合型动机c.
Resultative M 结果型动机d. Intrins ic M 内在型动机
3)Learning Strategies a. Cognitive S 认知 b. Metacognitive S 元认知 c.
Affect/social S 情感、社会
4)Age of Acquisition
5)Personality
十三Language & Brain
1Neurolinguistics 神经语言学
Definition: study of relationship between L&B
The Brain Stem(脑干)——keep the body alive
2Psycholinguistics 心理语言学
Definition: study of L Processing
Linguistics & Language Processing(处理)：Bottom-up Processing (自下而上的处理方式) & Top-Down Processing
专八翻译及人文知识语言学
TEM-8翻译必备，英语专业的顶起来哦~作者：邱妍 （1）把握大局：grasp the overall situation (2) 摆谱儿：put on airs;keep up appearances(3)白手起家:start from scratc h (4)拜年：pay New Year call (5)班门弄斧：teach one's grand ma to suck eggs (5)保质期：guarantee period(6)报销：apply for reimbursement(7)爆冷门：produce an unexpected answer(8)曝光：make public(9)奔小康：strive for a relatively comforta ble life(10)闭门羹：given cold-shoulder（11）比上不足，比下有余：fall short of the best,but be better than the best(12)逼上梁山：be driven to drastic alternatives(13)变相涨价：dis guised inflation(14)边远贫困地区：outlying poverty-stricken areas(15)边缘知识人：Marginal intellectuals(16)表面文章：Lip service;surface formality(17) 博导：Ph.D supervisor(18)补 发拖欠的养脑筋：Clear up pension payments in arrears(19)不眠之夜：white night(20)菜鸟：green hand(21)产品科技含量techn oligical element of a product(22)长江三角洲：Yangtze River de lta(23)长江中下游：the middle and lower reaches of Changjian g River(24)超前消费:pre-mature consumption(25)城镇居民最低 生活保障：a minimum standard of living for residents(26)城镇职工医疗保险制度：the system of medical insurance for urban w orkers(27)重复建设：buiding redundant project;duplication of similar projects(28)充值卡：rechargeable card(29)春运：pas senger transport around the Chinese lunar new year(30)打破僵局：break the deadlock/stalemate(31)电脑盲：computer illiter ate(32)点球：penalty kick(33)电视会议：video conference(34)电视直销：TV home shopping(35)定向培训：training for specifi c posts(36)动感电影：multidimensional movie(37)豆腐渣工程：jerry-built projects(38)对...毫无顾忌：make no bones abou t(39)夺冠：take the crown(40)政治多元化：political pluralis m(41)服务行业：catering industry(42)复合型人才：inter-disci plinary talent(43)岗位培训：on-the-job training（44）高等教育自学考试：self-study higher education examination(45)高新技术产业开发区：high and new technological industrial develop ment zone(46)各大菜系：major styles of cooking(47)各行各 业：every walk of life(48)功夫不负有心人：Everything comes t o him who waits(49)各尽其能：let each person do his best(50)公益活动：public welfare activities(51)工薪阶层：state emplo yee;salaried person(52)过犹不及：going too far ia as bad as
英语语言学讲解
《英语语言学概论》课程教学大纲 一、课程说明: 《语言学概论》课程是英语专业本科阶段的一门必修课。 《语言学概论》研究始于20 世纪初，其目的是揭示人类深层结构，对语言和语言交际作出客观、科学描述。现已形成了语音学、音系学、形态学、句法学、语义学、语用学等一系分支学科。语言学研究社会学等人文学科的结合逐步形成了社会语言学这样的交叉学科。 对于主修语言学的学生来说，了解语言学的知识和语言理论是完全必要和有益的。 本课程的对象是英语专业高年级学生，在本科阶段第6学期和第7 学期开设。其中第一、二、三、四、五、七、八、十一章为必修，其余章节为选修。 二、教学目的及要求: 本课程的具体要求是：比较全面，系统地了解《语言学概论》这一领域的研究成果，以及一些最主要、最有影响的语言理论和原则，从而加深对人类语言这一人类社会普遍现象的理性认识，并具备一定的运用语言学理论解释语言现象、解决具体语言问题的能力。 本课程是一门知识性比较强的课程。在教学过程中，应重点讲授主要理论、原则、和研究方法，使学生着重掌握基本概念和基本理论，在理解消化的基础上记忆。 本课程的对象是英语专业学生，在讲解过程中原则上采用英语范例，但不排除一些有助于学习者理解的、针对性强的汉语例子。应鼓 励学生结合自己的语言实践提供更多的例子来解释相关理论，以达到理论和实践相结合的目的。
三、教学重点与难点: 本课程的教学重点是语言学的基本知识和基本理论，语音学、词汇学、句法学、语义学和语用学这些语言学的核心内容。 本课程的教学难点是音韵学理论、句法结构和各个语言学流派的理论观点及其局限性。 四、与其它课程的关系: 本课程是一门主干性课程。与其相关的课程，如语法学、词汇学和语体学等都是语言学的分支，属于选修课程。 五、学时与学分: 学时：72学时 学分：4学分 六、教学内容： 第一章绪论 本章主要教学内容: 1．语言学习的意义 2．语言的定义。 3．语言的定义特征 4．语言的起源。 5．语言的功能。 6．语言学的定义。 7．语言学的核心内容。 8．宏观语言学的定义及分支。
英语专业八级语言学辅导材料
英语专业八级语言学辅导材料 Section 1 What is Linguistics? https://www.360docs.net/doc/d39481580.html,nguage is a system of arbitrary vocal sysmbols used for human _____. A. contact B. communication C. relation D. community 2. Language is _______. A. instinctive B. non-instincitve C. static D. genetically transmitted 3. A linguist regards the changes in language and languages use as ______. A. unnatural B. something to be feared C. natural D. abnormal 4. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary? A. tree B. crash C. typewriter D. bang 5. The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade” is ____. A. interrogative B. directive C. informative D. performative 6. _____ is a grammatical description of a language specially designed as an aid to teaching that language to native or foreign learners. A. Descriptive grammar B. Prescriptive grammar C. Pedagogical grammar D. Universal grammar 7. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say sui sui ping an (every year be sage and happy) as a means of controlling the forces which the believers feel might affect their lives. Which functions does it perform? A. Interpersonal. B. Emotive. C. Performative. D. Recreatioal. 8. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barrirs caused by time and place, due to this featue of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation? A. Transferability. B. Duality. C. Displacement. D. Arbitrariness. 9. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play accoridng to the functiona of language? —A nice day, isn’t it? —Right! I really enjoy the sunlight. A. Emotive. B. Phatic. C. Performative. D. Interpersonal. 10. Which branch of lingusitcs studies the similarities and differences among languages? A. Diachronic linguistics. B. Synchronic linguistics. C. Prescriptive linguistics. D. comparative linguistics. 11. _____ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the
(完整版)英语专八语言学测试题
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专八语言学必背
专八语言学必背 1. What is Language? Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 2. What is Linguistics(语言学)?Linguistics is the scientific study of language. 3.Some Basic Distinctions(区分) in Linguistics 3.1 Speech and Writing One general principle(原则) of linguistic analysis is the primacy of speech over writing. Writing gives language new scope(范畴) and uses that speech does not have. 3.2 Descriptive(描述性) or Prescriptive(说明性) A linguistic study is descriptive if it describes and analyses facts observed; it is prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for "correct" behavior. 3.3 Synchronic(共时) and Diachronic(历时) Studies The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study and The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. 3.4 Langue(语言) and Parole(言语) This is a distinction made by the Swiss linguist F.De Saussure (索绪尔）early last century. langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community and parole refers to the actualized(实际的) language, or realization of langue. 3.5 Competence(能力)and Performance(行为) Competence is the ideal language user's knowledge of the rules of his language. Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in utterances(发声). 4.The Scope of Linguistics General linguistics is the study of language as a whole. Phonetics(语音学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. Phonology(音韵学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of languages. Morphology(词法) is the branch of linguistics which studies the form of words. Syntax(句法) is the branch of linguistics which studies the rules governing the combination of words into sentences. Semantics(语义学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the meaning of language. Applied linguistics(应用语言学) is the study of the teaching of foreign and second languages. Sociolinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and society. Psycholinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and the mind. Historical Linguistics(历史语言学) is the study of language changes. Anthropological linguistics(人文语言学) uses the theories and methods of anthropology to study language variation and language use in relation to the cultural patterns and beliefs of man. Neurolinguistics(神经语言学) studies the neurological basis of language development and use in human beings. Mathematical linguistics(数学语言学) studies the mathematical features of language, often employing models and concepts of mathematics. Computational linguistics(计算语言学) is an approach to linguistics in which mathematical techniques and concepts(概念) are applied, often with the aid of a computer II. Phonetics(语音学） 1. scope of phonetics Speech sounds may be studied from different angles, thus we have at least three branches of phonetics: Articulatory phonetics(发音语音学）we may examine the way in which a speech sound is produced to discover which vocal organs are involved and how they coordinate(协调）in the process. Auditory phonetics （听觉语音学）we may look into the impression a speaker makes on the hearer as mediated(调节）by the ear, the auditory nerve(神经）and the brain. Acoustic phonetics (声学语音学）we study the physical properties of speech sounds, as transmitted（传送）between mouth and ear.
英语语言学框架知识中文版
一、绪论 语言学的定义 语言学的研究范畴 几对基本概念 语言的定义 语言的甄别特征 What is linguistics 什么是语言学 Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. It studies not any particular language, but languages in general. 语言学是对语言科学地进行研究的学科。语言学所要研究的不是某一种特定的语言，而是人类所有语言的特性。 The scope of linguistics 语言学研究的范畴 Phonetics语音学\Phonology音系学\Morphology形态学\Syntax句法学\Semantics语义学 \Pragmatics语用学\Sociolinguistics社会语言学\Psycholinguistics心理语言学\Applied linguistics应用语言学 Prescriptive vs. descriptive 规定性与描述性 Descriptive：a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use. Prescriptive: it aims lay down rules for "correct" behavior. Modern linguistics is descriptive; its investigations are based on authentic, and mainly spoken data. Traditional grammar is prescriptive; it is based on "high" written language Synchronic vs. diachronic 共时性与历史性 The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study In modern linguistics, synchronic study seems to enjoy priority over diachronic study. Speech and writing 口头语与书面语 Speech enjoys priority over writing in modern linguistics study for the following reasons: （1） speech precedes writing in terms of evolution （2） a large amount of communication is carried out in speech tan in writing （3） speech is the form in which infants acquire their native language Language and parole 语言与言语 Language refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community Parole refers to the realization of language in actual use Competence and performance 能力与运用 Chomsky defines competence as the ideal users' knowledge of the rules of his language Performance: the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication What is language 什么是语言 Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication Characteristics of language: 语言的特性 Language is a rule-governed system Language is basically vocal Language is arbitrary （the fact different languages have different words for the same
语言学重点知识点整理
1._Phonetics_ studies speech sounds, including the production of speech, that is how speech sounds are actually made, transmitted and received, the description and classification of speech sounds, words and connected speech, etc. 2._Phonology_ studies the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables. 3.Morphology is concerned with the internal organization of _words_. It studies the minimal units of meaning — morphemes and word-formation 4.Syntax is about principles of forming and understanding correct _sentences_ 5.Semantics examines how _meaning_ is encoded in a language. 6._Pragmatics_ is the study of meaning in context. 7._Sociolinguistics_ is the study of the characteristics of language varieties, the characteristics of their functions, and the characteristics of their speakers as these three constantly interact and change within a speech community. 8.In contrast with other linguists, then, _anthropological_ linguists are interested primarily in the history and structure of formerly unwritten languages. 9.Psycholinguistics investigates the interrelation of language and _mind_, for example, in processing and producing utterances and in language acquisition. 10.In a narrow sense, _applied_ linguistics refers to the application of linguistic theories and principles to language teaching, especially the teaching to foreign and second languages. 11. 1. Give the phonetic features of each of the following sounds. 12.[d] _voiced stops, alveolar_; [θ] _voiceless fricatives, dent al_; 13.[?] _front, open, low, unrounded_; [i:] _front, close, high, unrounded_; 14. 15. 2. Write the word indicated by each transcription. 16.[itɑr] _guitar_ [tuzdei] _Tuesday_ [twuθbr??] _toothbrush_ 17.[?ph?intm?nt] _appointment_ [p??keik] _pancake_ 18. 19. https://www.360docs.net/doc/d39481580.html,paring [ɡwo?t] and[??ɡ?r], _goat_ and _anger_ are two different phones and are variants of the phoneme /g/. Such variants of a phoneme are called _allophones_ of the same phoneme. In this case, they are said to be in _complementary distribution_. 20. 21. 4.Transcribe the following set of words and mark primary and secondary stress with super- and sub-ticks. 22.repeat _[ri’pit]_, repetitive _[ri’petitiv]_, repetition _[?r?p??t???n]_. 23. 24. 5. Please identify the stressed word, and intonation pattern of the following sentences.
专八语言学模拟题
1. Which of the following statements about language is NOT true? A．Language is a system B．Language is symbolic C．Animals also have language D．Language is arbitrary 2. Which of the following features is NOT one of the design features of language? A．Symbolic B．Dual C．Productive D．Arbitrary 3. What is the most important function of language? A．Interpersonal B．Phatic C．Informative D．Metalingual 4. Who put forward the distinction between Langue and Parole? A．Saussure B．Chomsky C．Halliday D．Anonymous 5. According to Chomsky, which is the ideal user's internalized knowledge of his language? A．competence B．parole C．performance D．langue 6. The function of the sentence "A nice day, isn't it?" is ． A．informative B．phatic C．directive D．performative 7. Articulatory phonetics mainly studies ___________． A．the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech B．the perception of sounds C．the combination of sounds D．the production of sounds 8. The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in ___________． A．the place of articulation B．the obstruction of airstream C．the position of the tongue D．the shape of the lips 9. Which is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech
新编简明英语语言学知识点汇总
新编简明英语语言学知识点汇总1 Introduction What is linguistics? Scientific study of language. Interpretation: ①try to answer the basic questions and probe into various problems related to language; ②linguistics studies not any particular language but language in general; ③scientific study because based on systematic investigation of linguistic data. The scope of linguistics The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistic.
Some important distinctions in linguistics
What is language Definitions of language
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Characteristics: ①language is system,elements of language are combined according to the rules; ②language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what it stands for, A rose by any other name would smell as well; ③language is vocal because the primary medium for all language is sound; ④language is human -specific,different from animal communication. Design features of language Proposed by American linguist Charles Hockett:comparing the animal & human communication are five major design features of human language: ①arbitrariness No logical connection between meaning and sounds(except onomatopoetic and compound words) ②productivity It makes to possible to construction and interpretation of new signal by its users. ③duality
英语语言学复习资料.(XC)
英语语言学复习资料 一：名词解释 1. Language (语言) is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 2. Linguistics(语言学)is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 3. General linguistics(普通/一般语言学) The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics. 4. Phonetics(语音学) the study of sounds used in linguistic communication led to the establishment of phonetics. 5. Phonology(语音体系) how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication. 6. Morphology(形态学) these symbols are arranged and combined to form words has constituted the branch of study called morphology. 7. Syntax(句法学) then the combination of words to form grammatically permissible sentences in languages is governed by rules. The s tudy of these rules constitutes a major branch of linguistic studies called syntax. 8. Semantics(语意学) the study of meaning is known as semantics. 9. Pragmatics(语用学) when the study of meaning is conducted, not in isolation, but in the context of language use, it becomes another branch of linguistic study called pragmatics. 10. Phone(音素) is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. 11. Phoneme(音位)is a phonological unit; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit. It is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context. 12. Allophones(音位变体) the different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones. 13. IPA(International Phonetic Alphabet国际音标) It’s a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription. The basic principle of the IPA is using one letter selected from major European languages to represent one speech sound. 14. Diacritics(变音符) it is a set of symbols which are added to the letter-symbols to bring out the finer distinctions. 15.broad transcription(宽式标音) one is the transcription with letter-symbols only. 16.narrow transcription(严式标音) the other is the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics.