考研英语历年阅读理解真题精析--2002年part2
考研英语历年阅读理解真题精析--2002年part2
Part Two
Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics-the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.
As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robo-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy-far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.
But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves-goals that pose a real challenge. "While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error," says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, "we can't yet give a robot enough 'common sense' to reliably interact with a dynamic world."
Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that
transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.
What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain's roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented-and human perception far more complicated-than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can't approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don't know quite how we do it.
6. Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in____
［A］ the use of machines to produce science fiction.
［B］ the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry.
［C］ the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work.
［D］ the elite's cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work.
7. The word "gizmos" （line 1, paragraph 2）most probably means ____
［A］ programs.［B］ experts.［C］ devices. ［D］ creatures.
8. According to the text, what is beyond man's ability now is to design a robot that can_____
［A］ fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery.
［B］ interact with human beings verbally.
［C］ have a little common sense.
［D］ respond independently to a changing world.
9. Besides reducing human labor, robots can also ____
［A］ make a few decisions for themselves.
［B］ deal with some errors with human intervention.
［C］ improve factory environments.
［D］ cultivate human creativity.
10. The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are ____
［A］ expected to copy human brain in internal structure.
［B］ able to perceive abnormalities immediately.
［C］ far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information.
［D］ best used in a controlled environment.
Unit 9（2002）Part 2
重点词汇：
1. ingenuity（独创性；灵活性）←ingenu+ity，ingenu（=ingenious独创的；灵活的），-ity名词后缀。
2. burdensome（繁重的；难以负担的）←burden负担+some形容词后缀。What a heavy burden is a name that has become famous.广为人知的名字是多么沉重的负担啊。
3. nasty （讨厌的；肮脏的；下流的......）
4. compulsion（强制）即com一起+puls（=drive）+ion名词后缀，"不由分说全拖到一起"→强制；compulsory（强制的；必修的）←com+puls+ory形容词后缀。compulsion - a highbrow term for a temptation we're not trying too hard to resist 强制--对人们并不想坚持拒绝的诱惑的一种高雅说法。
5. robotics （机器人学）即robot+ics，robot机器人，-ics后缀表"学科"，如physics、aesthetics（美学）。robo-driver即robot driver。
6. assembly（集会；装配）是assemble的名词形式，-y为名词后缀；
7. terminal （终端的；期末的；终端；终点站）←termin期限+al后缀；terminate（中止）←termin+ate动词后缀，施瓦辛格演的电影《终结者》就叫Terminator（-or后缀表"人"）。It
8. miniaturization （小型化）即mini+atur（e）+iz（e）+ation；mini词根"小"（比如有个好东西叫mini skirt），-ature名词后缀，-ize动词后缀，-ation名词后缀；miniature （小型的；缩影）←mini+ature。A day is a miniature of eternity.一天是永恒的缩影。
9. laborsaving（节省劳力的）←labor劳动+saving节省的。
10. supervision（监督）即super+vis+ion，super-前缀"在上面"，vis词根"看"（如visual →vis+ual形容词后缀→视觉的），-ion名词后缀。
11. specific（具体的；特定的；特效药）即speci+fic，speci词根=species（种类），-fic 形容词后缀"使成为......的"，故"使成为某个具体种类的"→特定的。
12. reliable（可靠的）←reli+able，reli即rely（v.依赖；信任），-able后缀"可......的"。
13. artificial （人工的，人造的）即art+i+fic+ial，art词根"人工"，-i-连结元音，fic词根"做"，-ial形容词后缀。
14. perception（感觉；理解）即per+cept+ion，per-前缀"全部"，cept词根"抓"（=capt，因为元音可替换，capture→capt+ure后缀→n.v.捕获），-ion名词后缀，故"把外界信息'全部''抓住'"→感知。The perception of beauty is a moral test.对美的理解是道德的检验。
15. complicated（复杂的；难解的）即com+plic+at（e）+ed，com-前缀"一起"，plic词根"折叠"，-ate动词后缀+-ed后缀"已......的"，故"全都折叠在一起的"→复杂的；complicate（使复杂）←com+plic+ate；complication（复杂情况；并发症）←com+plic+ation。
16. previously（先前地）即previous+ly，previous（先前的）即pre+vi+ous，pre-前缀"在前的"，vi（=via）词根"路"，-ous形容词后缀，故"在前面就上路的"→先前
17. irrelevant（不相关的）即ir+relevant，ir-否定前缀（=in-，在r前n变形为r），relevant （相关的）
18. instantaneously（瞬间地）即instant+aneous+ly，instant单词"立刻的；速溶的；瞬间），-aneous形容词后缀。
19. suspicious（可疑的；多疑的）←suspic（=suspect）怀疑+ious。Plagiarists are always suspicious of being stolen from.剽窃者总是疑心文字被人盗用。
20. neuroscientist （神经科学家）←neuro（=nerve）+scientist。
21. perceive?（察觉；感知）即per+ceive，是perception（见前述）的动词形式，per-前缀"全部"，ceive词根"抓"。同根词：receive（v.收到）←re（=back）+ceive，"抓回来"；deceive（v.欺骗）←de在下面+ceive，"在下面搞小动作"。
22. elite（精英）用谐音记："爱理他"→"精英人士"每个人都爱理他。
23. gizmo 小发明；
24. hum 嗡嗡声、轰鸣声。
难句解析：
① Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty.
该句是一个复杂单句，前面是since引导的一个时间状语，这个地方的dawn取其比喻的意思，表示早期。后面主句中有一个定语从句that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty用来修饰work。
本句结构比较简明，但是有一些词的意思比较难：ingenuity创造性，灵活性；nasty讨厌的。
②As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor.
本句的主句是the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos，后面是两个定语从句，中间用but来引导。
要看懂本句，重点在于看到gizmo一词后面的两个定语从句。在本句中，认不认识gizmo并不重要，因为从上下文中可以看出它和robot的意思应该大同小异。
③There are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy - far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.
该句是一个there be的结构，注意robot systems后面有一个修饰它的定语从句。而后面的破折号引出一个补充说明部分来修饰submillimeter accuracy。
注意该句中的最核心的部分是robot systems，其它成分都是围绕着它来展开的。
④But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves - goals that pose a real challenge.
整句是一个条件句，注意后面的主句比较复杂，里面有两个并列的谓语，而后面破折号引导的是一个补充说明成分，修饰整个主句。
要注意两个并列谓语之间的关系。
⑤But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd.
整句的主干部分是这样的，主语the human mind，并列谓语glimpse和disregard，逗号后面instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd这一部分做状语，修饰谓语。
要注意两个并列谓语之间的关系并抓住句子的主干成分。
试题解析：
6.
Word 是学生和职场人士最常用的一款办公软件之一，99.99%的人知道它，但其实，这个软件背后，还有一大批隐藏技能你不知道。掌握他们，你将开启新世界的大门。
Tab+Enter,在编过号以后，会自动编号段落
Ctrl + D调出字体栏，配合Tab+Enter全键盘操作吧
Ctrl + L 左对齐，Ctrl + R 右对齐，Ctrl + E 居中
Ctrl + F查找，Ctrl + H 替换。然后关于替换，里面又大有学问！
有时候Word文档中有许多多余的空行需要删除，这个时候我们可以完全可以用“查找替换”来轻松解决。打开“编辑”菜单中的“替换”对话框，把光标定位在“查找内容”输入框中，单击“高级”按钮，选择“特殊字符”中的“段落标记”两次，在输入框中会显示“^P^P”，然后在“替换为”输入框中用上面的方法插入一个“段落标记”(一个“^P”)，再按下“全部替换”按钮。这样多余的空行就会被删除。
Ctrl + Z是撤销，那还原呢？就是Ctrl + Y，撤销上一步撤销！
比如我输入abc, 按一下F4, 就会自动再输入一遍abc
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2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that _3_ the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial. Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary. This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court and politics. The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_. Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_ like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it _16_ is inescapably political-which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust. The justices must _18_ doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves _19_ to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, _20_, convincing as law. 1. [A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify [D] recognize 2. [A]when [B]lest [C]before [D] unless 3. [A]restored [B]weakened [C]established [D] eliminated
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考研英语历年阅读理解真题精析--1999年part1
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2015年英语阅读答案 Part A 21.D ended his reign in embarrassment. 22. C to give voters more public figures to look up to 23. A the role of the nobility in modern democracy 24. D fails to adapt himself to his future role. 25. D Carlos, a lesson for all Monarchies 26. C check suspect's phone contents without being authorized. 27.A disapproval 28.A getting into one's residence 29. C citizens' privacy is not effectively protected 30.B new technology requires reinterpretation of the constitution 31.B journals are strengthening their statistical checks 32.B marked 33. D set an example for other journals 34. C has room for further improvement 35.A science joins Push to screen statistics in papers 36. D the consequences of the current sorting mechanism 37. A more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking
考研英语历年真题阅读长难句句精析
考研英语历年真题阅读长难句句精析
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考研英语历年真题阅读长难句10０句精析 １.Ｗhｉｌe warningｓaｒe often apprｏｐrｉａte and necｅsｓary —tｈe ｄan ｇｅrs of drug intｅrａcｔions,fｏr example—aｎd many are requirｅｄby sｔａte or fedｅral rｅguｌations,it ｉsn't cleａr that tｈey acｔualｌｙproｔｅｃtｔhe manｕfactｕrｅrｓand sｅllers frｏmｌiabilｉtｙif a cusｔomer ｉｓｉnjurｅd. 【译文】尽管警告常常是适当而且必须的——比如对于药物相互作用的危险提出警告——许多警告还是按州或联邦政府规定要求给出的,然而(我们）并不清楚，如果顾客受到伤害时,这些警告是不是确实可以使得生产者和销售者豁免责任。 【分析】在这个主从复合句中,ｉt isn'ｔcｌear that thｅyａctｕalｌyｐroｔeｃt tｈe ｍanufａcturerｓaｎd ｓｅllers from lｉabｉlity if a customer ｉs inｊured是主句。主句用了一个形式主语ｉt,真正的主语是that引导的从句，而that从句之后是一个ｉf 引导的条件从句。从句由两个部分组成,中间用and连接。破折号之间的部分是举例说明warnings的内容。注意：ｍａnｙaｒｅrｅquｉrｅｄby sｔaｔe ｏrｆederａl regulaｔions中的many是指mａny warnings。 ２.Aｄdｉtioｎal social stｒesses may ａlso occｕr becａｕsｅoｆthe populａtion eｘpｌoｓion ｏｒproblems aｒiｓiｎｇfrom masｓmigｒaｔｉon mｏvｅｍent ｓ—ｔheｍsｅlves made relａtivｅlｙeasy noｗadａys bｙｍoｄｅｒn mｅans ｏf tr ａｎsporｔ. 【译文】由于人口猛增或大量人口流动（现代交通工具使大量人口流动变得相对容易) 所引起的各种问题也会对社会造成新的压力。 【分析】句子主干结构是Addiｔionａl sｏｃｉal streｓｓｅｓmay also ｏccuｒbecau ｓｅof...简单句+ ｂecause oｆ表示的原因状语,整句翻译应该根据先原因后结果的原则，将主句放在最后；beｃause ｏf后面有两个宾语ｔhe poｐuｌａｔｉon exploｓion orｐroblems；名词ｐroblems带有现在分词短语作后置定语arisｉng from mａss migratioｎｍo ｖｅments; themｓelｖｅs指前面的名词短语ｍａｓs migｒatiｏn movements,后面的过去分词短语是theｍｓelvｅs的定语。 3. Therｅｅxists a sociａl ａnｄcuｌturａｌdisconneｃt betweenｊｏｕｒnａlistsａnd theｉr readers,ｗｈｉcｈhelps eｘplain whｙtｈe “ｓｔandard tempｌa tes” oｆｔhｅnewsroom seem alｉeｎto many ｒｅaders． 【译文】新闻记者和读者之间存在着社会和文化方面的脱节，这就是为什么新闻编辑室的“标准模式”似乎与许多读者的意趣相差甚远。 【分析】主句也是一个therｅ加系动词的用法。而表语后都有一个定语从句。本句的定语从句是whｉch hｅlps exｐlain ｗhyｔhe “standａrd ｔempｌａtes”of the newsｒo ｏm sｅem alien to maｎｙrｅａdｅrs。Alien本义为异国的,此处是相差甚远,背道而驰。如果考生不了解sｔanｄard templateｓ的意思，可以从上下文中找其相同作用和功能的词组，如上句中的a ｓtoryｌiｎe和baｃkbonｅ,那么就应该知道它们指的都是记者们在写新闻和评论时固定的套路和思维。 4. Ｔhis phenｏmenon has crｅaｔed serｉｏｕs conｃerｎs oｖeｒthe rolｅoｆsmａller ｅconomiｃfiｒｍｓ,ｏfｎａtioｎaｌｂuｓiｎessmeｎaｎd ｏver theｕlｔimate stabiliｔy of tｈｅworld ｅconｏmy. 【译文】这种现象引起了人们对小型经济实体、民族商人的作用以及世界经济的最终稳定性的极大关注。
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历年考研英语真题阅读出处
2008年考研英语真题阅读出处 有两篇来自The Economist,且都是科技版块的文章 一是完形填空，出处Jun 2nd 2005的文章题目为：The evolution of intelligence Natural geni us? 链接为：https://www.360docs.net/doc/d410285150.html,/science/PrinterFriendly.cfm?story_id=4032638 二是阅读理解第二篇，出处Sep 22nd 2005 题目为：Scientific publishing The paperless librar y. 链接为: https://www.360docs.net/doc/d410285150.html,/science ... fm?story_id=4423646 注：[以上两篇为收费阅读文章] 第一篇阅读理解，出处Gender Inequality: Women Under Stress， 链接为https://www.360docs.net/doc/d410285150.html,/centers/stress/articles/strainofstress/gender.html 第三篇阅读理解，出处Scientific American 的Napoleon's Revenge,链接为 https://www.360docs.net/doc/d410285150.html,/article.cfm?chanID=sa006&colID=5&articleID=000F2759-D3C8-1 C6F-84A9809EC588EF21 第四篇阅读理解，出处U.S. News 的The sorry legacy of the founders 链接为https://www.360docs.net/doc/d410285150.html,/usnews/culture/articles/040112/12slave.htm 翻译题来自：https://www.360docs.net/doc/d410285150.html,/charles-darwin.html 2007年考研英语真题阅读出处 Part A第一篇文章来自The New York Times http:/https://www.360docs.net/doc/d410285150.html,/2006/05/07/magazine/07wwln_freak.html%3fex=1304654400
考研英语阅读复习
知识产权-对专利制度对症下药 ON AUGUST 15th Google bid $12.5 billion for Motorola Mobility, a troubled American maker of mobile phones. If the purchase goes through, it will be Google’s largest ever acquisition, almost doubling the size of its workforce. The attraction for the internet giant is not the handset-maker’s 19,000 employees nor its 11% share of America’s smartphone market, but its portfolio of 17,000 patents, with another 7,500 in the pipeline. This will bolster Google’s puny arsenal of around 2,000 patents, hugely strengthening its position in current and future legal battles with its more heavily armed industry rivals. Having been defeated in a recent auction of patents belonging to Nortel, a defunct Canadian telecoms firm, Google was clearly desperate to win Motorola’s portfolio: its offer valued the company’s shares at a 63% premium over their closing price the previous Friday evening. The basic idea of patents is a good one: an inventor is granted a limited monopoly (20 years, in America and elsewhere) over a technology in return for disclosing the details of its workings, so that others can build upon the invention. Advanced technologies are thus made widely available, rather than remaining trade secrets, spurring further innovation. In some industries, notably pharmaceuticals, it is doubtful that the huge investments needed to develop new products would be made without the prospect of patent protection. In recent years, however, the patent system has been stifling innovation rather than encouraging it. A study in 2008 found that American public companies’ total profits from patents (excluding pharmaceuticals) in 1999 were about $4 billion —but that the associated litigation costs were $14 billion. Such costs are behind the Motorola bid: Google, previously sceptical about patents, is caught up in a tangle of lawsuits relating to smartphones and wants Motorola’s huge portfolio to strengthen its negotiating position. What has gone wrong? The prizing of patent quantity rather than quality—lawyers are said to compare portfolios by measuring the heights of their respective piles —is one cause for concern. A second is the rise in dubious patents, particularly in the fields of software and business methods, that should never have been awarded. This leads to the third: the growing problem of “patent trolls”, or firms that treat patents as lottery tickets and file expensive, time-consuming lawsuits against companies that have supposedly infringed them. A patent-reform act is about to be passed in America, but it has been so watered down that it will fail to make much difference. Three much bolder reforms are needed.