现在分词短语作结果状语的用法
现在分词短语作结果状语的用法
【原句展示】认真阅读下列句子，观察划线部分在句中的用法。
1. ... up to 50% of the area’s population died from this epidemic making it one of the main causes of the fall of the Roman Empire. (P39)
……多达50%的人口死于那场瘟疫，使之成为罗马帝国衰落的主要原因之一。
2. Terri had fallen into a coma in 1990 when a heart attack robbed her brain of oxygen causing permanent harm. (P40)
1990年，特瑞陷入了昏迷状态，当时一次心脏病夺走了她大脑中的氧气，给她造成了永久性的伤害。
在以上两句中，现在分词短语作结果状语。该短语可以理解为一个由which 引导的定语从句，引导词which指代前面提到的整个句子，如句1就可以改写为：... up to 50% of the area’s population died from this epidemic, which makes it one of the main causes of the fall of the Roman Empire.
现在分词短语在句中作结果状语时，通常位于句末，中间可以用逗号隔开，也可以不用。有时为了加强语气，还可以在分词前加thus。例如：
The new machines will work faster, thus reducing our cost.
新的机器将运转得更快，因此降低了我们的成本。
【小试】请用现在分词短语作结果状语这一用法翻译下列句子。
1. 1942年她丈夫死了，给她丢下了五个孩子。
2. 雪下了一个星期，造成了整个地区严重的交通混乱。
Key:
1. Her husband died in 1942, leaving her with five children.
2. The snow lasted a week, resulting in a serious traffic confusion in the whole area.
现在分词作状语及习题
现在分词作状语 一、现在分词具有形容词和副词特征，用作副词时，充当时间、条件、原因、伴随、结果、方式以及让步状语。 1. 作时间状语，可改为时间状语从句，分词前可加while或when等连词。 When comparing different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities. =When we compare different cultures… (06全国) 2. 作条件状语，可改为条件状语从句，分词前可加once, until, if等连词。 Turning to the right, you will find the path leading to the park. =If you turn to the left … 3. 作原因状语，可改为原因状语从句。 Having been ill in bed for nearly a month, he had a hard time passing the exam. =Because/ As he had been ill in bed… (04福建) 4. 作结果状语，可改为which引导非限制性定语从句，分词前可加thus，加强语气。 Oil prices have risen by 32 percent since the start of the year, reaching a record $57.65 a barrel on April. =…, which reach a record $57.65 a barrel on April. (05山东) 5. 作让步状语，可改为让步状语从句，分词前可加although, though, even if, even though等连接词。 Though lacking money, his parents managed to send him to university. = Though his parents lack money, they … (02上海) 6. 作伴随状语，相当于and连接并列谓语。 About one-six undergraduates in Beijing this year are willing to spend as much as 2,6oo Yuan on driving courses, seeing it as an investment in their future. = …, and see it as an investment in their future. “You can’t catch me!” Janet shouted, running away =…and ran away (05全国) 7. 作方式状语。Jack came here, running. 二、现在分词的时态以及否定形式 分词的动作与谓语同时发生用一般式，可转化为on+动名词或when/while引导的时间状语从句，从句根据语境用一般过去时或过去进行时；分词动作先于谓语动词用完成式，可转化为after+动名词的一般式或after /when引导的时间状语从句，从句中用完成式；现在分词的否定式：not+分词构成。 Hearing his father’s voice, the boy turned off the TV set at once. = On hearing his father’s voice…或When the boy heard father’s voice, he… Having waited in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home. （04北京） =After waiting in the queue…或When Tom had waited in the queue for half an hour, he… 三、现在分词的逻辑主语及独立结构 分词作状语，逻辑主语与句子主语一致；如不一致时，分词带上自己的逻辑主语，形成独立主格结构。 误：While watching television, the doorbell rang. (05全国) 正：While watching television, we heard the doorbell ring. (05全国) 误：Being sunny, we went on a spring outing. 正：It being sunny, we went on a spring outing. 四、掌握以下区别 1. 首动词的用法区别
现在分词作状语详解
教学目标：讲解现在分词作状语及区分不定式、现在分词作状语的异同 重点难点： 1.现在分词和不定式作状语时，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致。 2.分词作状语时，要看它同句子主语之间的关系，以确定是现在分词还是过去分词。 3.注意非谓语动词与句子谓语动词的时间关系，以确定分词的时态形式 4、弄清非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系，以确定非谓语动词的语态形式. 5. 连词+分词形式（分词作状语的省略问题） 6.不定式作结果状语和现在分词作结果状语的区别。 7. 现在分词的独立主格结构和评价性状语 Step 1 lead in 朗读下面一首唐诗，找出其中的现在分词形式 Thinking in the Silent Night 静夜思 Before my bed there is bright moonlight 床前明月光 So that it seems that frost on the ground. 疑是地上霜 Lifting my head, I watch the bright moonlight. 举头望明月 Lowering my head, I dream tha t I’m home. 低头思故乡 Step2 现在分词作状语的意义 动词的现在分词作状语，修饰动词，相当于状语从句，在句中表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式或伴随情况及独立成分等，作时间、原因、条件、让步状语时多位于句首；作结果、伴随情况状语时常位于句末。 一. -ing分词短语作时间状语，代替一个时间状语从句(引导词有when ,while ) 温馨提示： 1．现在分词所表示的动作与主句的动作一般是同时发生，有时可由连词when, while引出。 2．现在分词所表示的动作一发生，主句的动作就立即发生时。如： When she saw those pictures，she remembered her childhood. =Seeing those pictures, she remembered her childhood. 看到那些画，她想起了自己的童年。 As soon as he heard the good news, he jumped with joy. =（0n）Hearing the good news, he jumped with joy. 他一听到这个好消息，就高兴地跳起来。 二．-ing分词短语作原因状语，相当于一个原因状语从句。(引导词有because ,as ,since) 如：As he was ill, he didn't go to school yesterday =Being ill, he didn't go to school yesterday. 由于生病，他昨天没有上学。 三．-ing分词也可作条件状语和让步状语，相当于一个条件状语从句。(引导词有if,unless,once) If you work hard, you will succeed. =Working hard, you will succeed. 如果你勤奋一点，你就会成功。 If you turn to the left, you will find the path leading to the school.
分词短语作状语的时态和语态
分词短语作状语的时态和语态 1. 分词的时态及其判断 * 过去分词没有时态形式的变化，因此been done 和had done 任何时候都不会出现。 * 现在分词有两种时态形式： 一般形式：doing 完成形式：having done * 判断分词用什么形式主要是要与句子中的主要动词行为发生时间进行对比，如果同时或相继发生，用一般式；如果分词的行为的发生时间早于主要动词的发生时间，则用完成式。例如：--Working there, we learned a lot from them. (劳动的同时学到了许多) --Looking out of the window, I saw groups of children play games. (先望出去，接着就看到，视线没有断开) -- Having finished his work, he went to help his classmates.(完成工作在前，帮助他人在后，中间有停顿) -- Not having done it right, I tried again. (没做好在前，明显停顿后再次尝试) * 伴随状语是与主要动词的行为同时发生的动作，如果有前有后就不成其为伴随，所引不能用完成形式having done 表示，否则就是逻辑错误。 2. 分词的语态及其判断
* 过去分词本身就表示被动 * 现在分词的被动语态同样有两种形式 一般式：being done 完成式：having been done * 主动与被动的判断主要是要找到分词的逻辑主语，一般说来，用作状语的分词，其逻辑主语就是句子的主语，它们之间有两种关系：逻辑主语是分词行为的支配者，即主谓关系——用现在分词主动形式表示； 逻辑主语是分词的行为对象，即动宾关系——用过去分词或现在分词的被动形式,分别表示： 过去分词——与主要动词先后发生，如： -- Inspired him, we decided to work harder. (被鼓励接下来决定更加努力) 现在分词一般式——与主要动词同时发生，如： -- Being surrounded, the enemy was forced to surrender.（被包围的同时被迫投降） 现在分词完成式——先于主要动词的动作，如： -- Having been asked to stay, I couldn't very well leave. (先被要求留下，（考虑后)觉得不好离开。 * 独立主格结构：
现在分词作状语的用法
现在分词作状语的用法 现在分词作状语的用法 现在分词作状语： ①现在分词doing所代表的动作或状态与谓语动词是同时或几乎是同时发生的，可以作时间、原因、方式、条件、结果、目的、让步、伴随等状语。分词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。如：Rushing out of the house, he was knocked down by a car. 他一冲出屋子就被一辆车撞倒了。 My cousin went to Shenzhen, hoping to find a job there. 我表兄去深圳了，希望在那儿找份工作。 The child fell，striking his head against the door. 小孩摔了一跤，头在门上碰了一下。 In the last few years, the country has had a hard time, suffering several killer quakes. 过去几年里，这个国家经历了艰难的时期，遭受了几次致命的地震。 Being spring, the flowers are in full bloom. 因为是春天，所以花都盛开着。 ②有些分词作状语，没有逻辑上的主语，已成为习惯用法：considering, judging from, talking of, allowing for(考虑到), generally/frankly/honestly/roughly/strictly speaking, assuming that(假设)等。如：
Talking of this film, its wonderful. 说到这部电影，好极了。 Assuming that it is true, what should we do now? 假定那是真的, 我们现在该怎麽办? Judging by the direction of the wind, it wont rain today. 根据风向测度, 今天不会下雨。 Social psychology, strictly speaking, deals with the behavior of people in groups. 严格地说, 社会心理学研究人们的群体行为。
(完整版)现在分词与动词不定式做结果状语的区别
现在分词与动词不定式做结果状语的区别(by 曹霞) 请看下面这道高考题： (NMET1998) European football is played in 80 countries, _____it the most popular sports in the world. A. making B. makes C. made D. to make 1. He got home to learn that his father was ill. 有时为了强调，可以在不定式短语前加only。 2. Tom got to the station only to find the train had gone. 3. Marry hurried back only to find her mother dying in the hospital. 4. .I rushed to the station in a hurry, only to find the train already gone. 5. They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet. 他们搬起石头却砸了自己的脚。 6. I ran to the school, only to be informed that I wasn't admitted by Beijing University. 7. He survived the crash only to die in the desert. 从上例可知，不定式做结果状语通常表示的是一个未曾料到的不愉快的结果。 7. His parents died, leaving him an orphan. 8. It rained heavily, causing severe flooding in that country. 9. He cut off the electricity quickly, preventing an accident. 10. He watered the flowers in the garden more often, only making things worse. 11. The child fell，__________ (strike) his head against the door and cutting it． 12：Her husband died in 1942, ___________ (leave) her with five children. 13. The bus was held up by snowstorm, thus ____________（ｃａｕｓｅ）the delay. 14. He was caught in the rain, thus __________ (make) himself catch cold. 15. After the meeting, they parted company, never to see each other. 从上面四个例句中我们可以看得出来，作为结果状语的现在分词短语所表示的都是谓语动词的直接结果，是意料中的结果。分词短语前有时可加上副词thus或thereby（因而、因此）。 (only) to do→出乎意料干某事 总结(thus / thereby) doing →顺理成章干某事
分词作状语用法
分词作状语用法就是所有分词用法中最重要的,也就是最难掌握的。 分词在句中作状语时,其逻辑主语必须就是句子的主语。 一、现在分词作状语 一、现在分词作状语,表主动、进行,相当于一个状语从句,根据需要可以使用被动式或完成式。Studying at the hometown, I enjoyed the happiest time during my life、 Being ill, she can't go to work today、 The children ran out of the room, laughing and jumping、 1、He sent me an e-mail, ________ to get further information、 A、hoped B、hoping C、to hope D、hope 2、Suddenly, a tall man driving a golden carriage ________ the girl and took her away, ________ into the woods、 A、seizing; disappeared B、seized; disappeared C、seizing; disappearing D、seized; disappearing 二、现在分词的时态语态 1、现在分词的一般式由“动词+ing”构成,其被动式为“being+动词过去分词”。 例如:The students standing there are from Class Three、 The English novel being translated by the editor now will be completed in October、 2、现在分词的完成式由“having +动词过去分词”构成,其被动式为“having +been+动词过去分词”。 例如:Having finished all the work, they had a good rest、 Having been given the right answer, the teacher asked me to sit down、 Given more time, we will finish the work in time、 3、现在分词的否定式为“not +动词-ing”,被动式的否定式为“not+being+动词过去分词”,其完成式的否定式为“not + having +动词过去分词”。 例如:Not knowing what to do, he sat there crying、 Not being noticed by the public, the young writer felt a little pity、 1、_______ from heart trouble for years, Professor White has to take some medicine with him wherever he goes、 A、Suffered B、Suffering C、Having suffered D、Being suffered 2、Finding her car stolen, _______、 A、a policeman was asked to help B、the area was searched thoroughly C、it was looked for everywhere D、she hurried to a policeman for help 二、过去分词作状语 过去分词只有一种形式,即done,表被动。 The mother came in, followed by her son、 When heated,water will be turned into steam、 Deeply moved by the film, we all cried、 Born into a poor family, he had no more than two years of schooling、 1._____ from the top of the TV tower, and we can get a beautiful sight of most of the city、 A、To see B、Seen C、Seeing D、See 2、_____ in 1613, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United Stated、 A、being founded B、Founded C、It was founded D、Founding 三、过去分词与V-ing作状语的区别 1、分词在句中作状语时,其逻辑主语必须就是句子的主语。
现在分词作状语的用法 高中英语必修教案教学设计
教师姓名谢瑜单位名称陆川县实验中学填写时间2020年8月 学科英语年级/册高三教材版本人教版 课题名称《现在分词作状语的用法》 难点名称现在分词作状语在英语中的运用。 难点分析从知识角度分析 为什么难现在分词作状语在写作中的运用。 难点教学方法任务型教学法(Task-based Language Teaching) 、合作学习教学法（Cooperative Learning Approach）、情感激励教学法( Affective Motivation) 教学环节教学过程 导入Lead in the class naturally by talking with the students. 知识讲解（难点突破）Give students some minutes to analyze the following sentences and then explore the following grammar rules by cooperating in groups. What kinds of adverbials can present principle express? 1.Walking in the street, I came across an old friend of mine.( ) 2.Not knowing her address, I can’t write to her.( ) 3.Working hard, you’ll surely succeed.( ) 4.Being used by me now, the bike can’t be lent to you..( ) 5.Having finished his homework, he went out.( ) 6.Having been told for many times, he still made the same mistake.( ) 7.He comes home late every evening, making his wife very angry.( ) 8.He stood there waiting for a bus. ( ) 9. They eat using the fingers of their right hands.( ) Conclusion 1:现在分词作状语可用来表________、________、________、________、___ _____、________、________。 二、现在分词的时态和语态及其否定式 1 .Walking in the street, I came across an old friend of mine. 2.Being used by me now, the bike can’t be lent to you. Conclusion 2:现在分词作状语，若现在分词的动作与句子谓语的动作同时发生或几乎同时发生，用分词的________，与主语之间是主动关系用________；被动关系用________。 3.Having finished his homework, he went out. 主动式被动式 一般式 完成式
现在分词短语作伴随状语
其实分词做伴随状语就是分词做方式状语的一种，伴随是一种方式。大多情况下其实方式状语从句都等于伴随状语从句。只有在just) as…so…结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是"正如…"，"就像"，多用于正式文体 分词短语作伴随状语 伴随状语的特点是：它所表达的动作或状态是伴随着句子谓语动词的动作而发生或存在的 1）现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别。 现在分词做状语与过去分词做状语的最主要区别在于两者与所修饰的主语的主动与被动关系的区别。 1）现在分词作状语时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作，它们之间的关系是主动关系。 ）过去分词作状语时，过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间的关系是被动关系。 比如 The teacher came in the classroom with handing a book in his hand. with handing就是个例子 过去分词，现在分词都可以做伴随状语,即在某件事情发生的时候相伴发生的事情这个句子老师进入了教室，他是拿着本书进入教室的，在他进入教室的时候他的手中有一本书（相伴）知道意思了吧。 做题的时候要注意区分什么时候使用过去分词和什么时候使用现在分词做伴随状语。一般的无非又几种情况： 1，过去分词表示一种完成了的或者是被动意义的动作 分词作状语（关键找逻辑主语） a)放在句首的分词往往看作时间状语1以及原因状语2 1. Looking (when I looked) at the picture, I couldn't help missing my middle school days. 2.Seriously injured, Allen was rushed to the hospital. =As he was seriously injured, Allen was rushed to the hospital. b)放在句中或句末常常看作为伴随状态(并列句) The girl was left alone in the room，weeping（crying ）bitterly. (但注意特殊：Generally/frankly speaking... / taken as a whole(总的来讲）不考虑逻辑主语，看作为独立成分)
通过高考题精讲现在分词作结果状语
通过高考题精讲现在分词作结果状语 简单句，v-ing………..（摆在后面） 一般表示顺其自然的结果。 (2012天津) 11. He got up late and hurried to his office, _________the breakfast untouched. A. left B. to leave C. leaving D. having left 解析：本题选择C. 本题考查现在分词作结果状语。 本句可改为并列结构： He got up late and hurried to his office, and it left the breakfast untouched. 语态上看：it left 是主动。 时态上看：是一般式，所以用leaving。 不定式往往是出乎意料的结果，本题是合乎逻辑自然的结果。句意：他起得迟，又急冲冲赶到办公室，结果早饭动都没动。
(2010天津)12. It rained heavily in the south, serious flooding in several provinces. A. caused B. having caused C. causing D. to cause 解析：本题选择C. 本题考查现在分词作结果状语。 本句可改为并列结构： It rained heavily in the south, so it caused serious flooding in several provinces. 语态上看：it caused 是主动。 时态上看：是一般式，所以用causing。 不定式往往是出乎意料的结果，本题是合乎逻辑自然的结果。句意：南方雨下的很大，结果造成很多省份出现严重洪灾。
现在分词作状语练习-含答案
1. It rained heavily in the south，________ serious flooding in several provinces.（2010 天津） A. caused B. having caused C. causing D. to cause 2. ________ at my classmates' faces, I read the same excitement in their eyes.（2010 北京） A. Looking B. Look C. To look D. Looked 3. Lots of rescue workers were working around the clock, ______supplies to Yushu, Qinghai province after the earthquake.（2010 福建） A. sending B. to send C. having sent D. to have sent 4. He had a wonderful childhood，_______with his mother to all corners of the world.(2010 安徽) A. travel B.to travel. C. traveled D. traveling 5. Dina, ________ for months to find a job as a waitress, finally took a position at a local advertising agency.（2010 湖南） A. struggling B. struggled C. having struggled D. to struggle 6. The lawyer listened with full attention，________ to miss any point．（2010 四川）注意是分詞の否定還是不定式の否定 A．not trying B．trying not
分词作状语转换
1、状语从句中的谓语动词是系动词be时: 1.1、当从句主语与主句主语相同时，只要去掉从句中的连接词与主语并把be改为being. 即可。 As he is a tailor, he knows what to do with this material. →Being a tailor, he knows what to do with this material. 1.2、从句的主句主语与从句主语不同时，只要保留从句的主语，其它变化同以上1.1。 As he is still a child, you shouldn't be too hard on him. →He being still a child, you shouldn't be too hard on him. 1.3、当从句是否定句时，只要在being 前加否定词not ，其它变化同以上1.2。 As he was no tall enough, he couldn't reach for the apple. →No being tall enough, he couldn't reach for the apple. 2、当从句的谓语动词是进行时态（现在进行时态或过去进行时态）时: 2.1、当从句主语与主句主语相同时，只要去掉从句中的引导词与主语并去掉助动词be保留现在分词即可。有时为了强调进行状态,亦在分词前保留being. While he was reading the book, he nodded from time to time. →While reading the book, he nodded from time to time 2.2、当从句与主句的主语不同时，除保留从句主语外，其他变化同以上2.1 When he was giving a telephone call, his wife was reading a novel. →He giving a telephone call, his wife was reading a novel 2.3、当从句是含not的否定句时，只要在being 前加否定词not ，其它变化同以上1.1与2.2 As Tom is not working in his office, No one receives the telephone. →Tom not working i n his office, no one receives the telephone. 3、当从句中的谓语动词为一般时态(一般现在时与一般过去时)的实义动词时： 3.1、当从句主语与主句主语相同时，只要去掉从句主语并将实义动词改为现在分词即可Look round when you cross the street. →Look round when crossing the street. 3.2、当从句与主句的主语不同时，只要保留主语，其他变化同以上3.1 When they left the airport, we waved again and again to them. →They leaving the airport, we waved again and again to them. 3.3、当从句是含not的否定句时，只要在现在分词前加not，其他变化同以上3.1与3.2 As he didn't know anything about the accident, he went to work as usual. →.Not knowing anything about the acc ident, he went to work as usual. 4、当从句的谓语动词是一般时态(一般现在时与一般过去时)的被动态时： 4.1、当从句主语与主句主语相同时，只要去掉从句中的连词与主语并去掉be保留过去分词即可。 As the teacher was surrounded tightly by a group of students, he couldn't get away. →Surrounded tightly by a group of students the teacher cou ldn't get away. 4.2、当从句与主句的主语不同时，只要保留主语，其他变化同以上4.1 A. As the car was trapped in the sand, we had to go for help. →The car trapped in the sand, we had to go for help. 4.3、当从句是含not的否定句时，只要在过去分词前加not外，其他变化同以上4.1与4.2 As he was not killed dead in the field, he escaped at the very night. →Not killed dead in the field, he escaped at the very night. 5、当从句的谓语动词是完成时态(现在完成时与过去完成时)时：
初中英语现在分词用法总结
初中英语现在分词用法总结 一、基础知识： 现在分词（也叫动名词）：表示主动和进行。 基本形式：doing 否定式：not doing 被动式：being done 完成式：having done 二、具体用法： 1.动名词作主语和宾语： （1）把一个动词变成-ing形式可以当做名词来用，表示一种经常性、习惯性的动作，可在句中充当主语和宾语。 eg: Working with you is a pleasure. I like reading in my free time. （2）可以用it做形式主语或形式宾语放在前面，再用动名词做真正的主语或宾语放在后面，这种用法常用于以下句式： ① It is/was no use/good doing sth. 做某事是没用的/没有好处的。 eg: It’s no use begging for his mercy. It’s no good smoking too much. ② It is/was a waster of time doing sth. 做某事是浪费时间的。eg: It is a waste of time copying others’ homework. ③ It is/was worth doing sth. 做某事是值得的。 eg: It was worth making the effort. ④ There is/was no sense in doing sth. 做某事是没有道理的/
意义的。 eg: There is no sense in arguing with your wife. ⑤ There is/was no point (in) doing sth. 做某事是没用的/ 无意义的。 eg: There is no point in getting angry. ⑥ There is no shame in doing sth. 做某事是不丢脸的。 eg: There is no shame in saying sorry to your friends. ⑦ There is no telling…无法预言会… eg: There is no telling what will happen. ※注意：动名词作主语时，其前可用名词所有格和形容词性物主代词修饰，即one’s doing sth.作主语。 eg: Tom’s being late again made his teacher angry. My going to Beijing University is my parents’ biggest dream. （3）动名词作宾语分为两种情况：动名词后的宾语和介词后的宾语 ①有些动词后只能接动名词作宾语，常见的有： avoid, advise, allow, admit, appreciate, consider, deny, enjoy, keep, finish, suggest, dislike, delay, risk, escape, imagine, mind, miss, permit, practice, fancy, can’t help, be busy, give up, can’t stand, feel like等。 eg: You must avoid being hurt when crossing the road. ②有些动词后即可接动名词也可接不定式作宾语，常见的有：
现在分词短语作状语
现在分词短语作状语 一、时间状语 1.分词动作一发生，谓语动作紧跟着发生，这时用现在分词的一般式作时间状语，其逻辑主语为句中的主语。常用的动词，如：hear, see, arrive, return, get to, look, open, close, leave, turn around, walk等，表示一个极短暂动作。 此种情况可以换作on+动名词，表示相同的意思。译作"一（刚）……就……"。 此种情况也可以换作是when引导的时间状语从句，该从句的动词多用一般过去时表 示。如：Hearing their teacher's voice, the pupils stopped talking at once.（= On hearing their teacher's voice… = When they heard their teacher's voice, the pupils…）一听到教师的声音，学生们立即停止讲话。 2.谓语动作发生在分词所表示的动作过程之中，则用when /while+现在分词的一般式，分词的逻辑主语为句中的主语。此种情况可以用in+动名词的一般式代替。也可以换作when、while引导的时间状语从句，该从句的谓语动词用进行时态。如： Don't be careless when /while having an exam. = Don't be careless in having an exam. = Don't be careless when / while you are having an exam. 考试时不要粗心。 注：此结构中，不能用其他连接词替换when或while。 3.分词所表示的动作完成之后，谓语动作才发生，则要现在分词的完成式，即having done 的形式。分词的逻辑主语应是句中的主语。 这种情况可以用after+动名词的一般式表示。 这种情况也可以用after /when引导的时间状语从句来替换，该从句的谓语动词用过去完成式。如：Having finished his homework the boy was allowed to watch TV play. After having finished his homework, the boy… After /when he had finished his homework, the boy… 二、原因状语 1．分词短语在句中作原因状语时，相当于一个原因状语从句。与时间状语一样，也要注意分词所表示的动作与谓语动作的先后关系。当分词所表示的动作与谓语动作同时发生或几乎同时发生时，用分词的一般形式。此时分词的逻辑主语须是句中的主语。这样的原因状语可以换成because, as引导的原因状语，该从句谓语动词用一般过去时。 Not knowing how to work out the difficult physics problem, he asked the teacher for help. 因为不知道如何解这道物理难题，他求助老师。 = Because he didn't know how to work out the difficult physics problem, he asked…help. 2．当分词表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前，可以用现在分词的完成式在句中作原因状语，其逻辑主语须为句中的主语，该短语的作用相当于一个原因状语从句。该从句的谓语动词须用完成时。如： Having lived with the girl for 5 years, we all know her very well.