英语独立主格结构
例句如下
made a monitor, I am very happy. 我被选为班长很高兴。
my friend made a monitor, I am very happy.我朋友被选为班长我很高兴。
明白以下几点：
1,过去分词（made）表达的是被动与完成，所以是“我被选为班长”。而现在分词表达的是主动与进行
2，made a monitor 肯定做得是“状语”。当没有明确指出状语的“主语”我们默认为“主句的主语”。既是“我”被选为班长。
3,第二句表达的意思是“我朋友被选为班长了我很高兴”。“I am very happy”还是主句，my friend made a monitor还是做状语，只是状语的逻辑主语换成了my friend.
4,明白"什么能够做状语的逻辑主语"：那就是"名词的主格"一定不是“所有格”。所以你也千万不要认为my friend made a monitor这句话有问题。
同样的道理
being a techer，I am happy. 表达的意思是“我当了一个老师，我很高兴。”
being a teacher, my mother is happy. 意思就是“妈妈当了老师，妈妈很高兴”
那要表达“我当了老师妈妈很高兴”怎么说呢？
I being a teacher, mom is very happy.
此独立形式只是一个小短语，而不是主谓完整的简单句，又称之为独立分词构句。当分词意义上的主语不是主句的主语时，必须在分词前保留意义上的主语，否则语意不通。示例：Being ill in bed, I can't go to school.
Mother being ill in bed, I can't go to school.
1．独立主结构形式可用以表时间，理由，条件，伴随状态等。
He lay on the grass, the sun shining upon him.
= He lay on the grass, and the sun was shining upon him.
Weather permitting, I'll start tomorrow.
= If weather permits, I'll start tomorrow.
School being over, the boys went home.
= When school was over, the boys went home.
The sun having set, we arrived at the station.
= After the sun had set, we arrived at the station.
王牌重点：当独立主格结构的主语表示“一般人”，如：we, one, you时，主语可省略，此用法常用于下列表达方式中：
generally speaking 一般来说
strictly speaking 严格地说
talking of ... 谈到
speaking of ... 说到
judging from ... 由……来判断
taking all things into consideration 把一切都考虑在内
considering ... 考虑到……
[示例]
If we judge from his face, he must be ill.
= Judging from his face, he must be ill.
He has lots of books if we consider that he is young.
= He has lots of books, considering that he is young.
2．with 复合结构也是独立主格结构形式之一。这种结构在句中作状语（表示原因，方式，伴随等）和定语，作定语时紧随被修饰名词后。
(1) with+ 名词 + 介词短语
The woman with a baby on her back is my sister.
The boy rushed into the room, with his schoolbag in his hand.
(2) with + 名词 + adj.
with the door open, he left the classroom.
(3) with + 名词 + adv.
With the gloves off, she felt cold.
With the lights on, the building looks beautiful.
(4) with + 名词 + 现在分词（主动）
with + 名词 + 过去分词（被动）
With the guide leading us, we got to the village.
The boy was crying with the vase broken.
(5) with + 名词 + 不定式
With the hard work to be done, we have to prepare for it.
【1】【2】
独立主格结构（Independent Genitive）
独立主格结构有两部分组成，前一部份是名词或者代词，后一部分是非谓语动词或其他的一些词。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。独立主格结构在句中做状语，多用于书面语。
独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随等。
独立主格结构的功能
独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。例如：
1) 表示时间
The meeting being over, all of us went home. 开完会后我们都回家了。
Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。
2）表示条件
The condition being favourable, he may succeed. 若条件有利，他或许能成功。
3）表示原因
There being no taxis, we had to walk. 没有出租车，我们只好步行。
He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得严严实实的。
4）表示伴随情况
Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是良导体，而银则是最好的导体。(=Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of all.)
常见的独立主格结构有如下几种：
1. 名词/主格代词+现在分词。名词/主格代词与现在分词之间主谓关系。如：
The girl staring at him (= As the girl stared at him), he didn”t know what to say. 姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。
Time permitting (= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow. 如果时间允许的话，我们明天去郊游。
2. 名词/主格代词+过去分词。名词/主格代词与过去分词之间的动宾关系。如：
The problems solved (= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。
Her glasses broken (= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn”t see the words on the blackboard. 由于眼镜摔坏了，她看不见黑板上的字。
3. 名词/主格代词+不定式。名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系，且强调的是一次具体性的动作。如：
He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。
They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他们道别后，一个回了家，一个去了书店。
4. 名词/主格代词+形容词。如：
An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive. 那架飞机遭遇了空难，无一人生还。
So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 这么多人缺席，会议不得不取消。
5. 名词/主格代词+副词。如：
He put on his sweater wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。
The meeting over, they all went home. 会议一结束，他们就都回家了。
6. 名词/主格代词+介词短语。如：
The boy goes to the classroom, book in hand. 那男孩手里拿着书去教室。
Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door. 玛丽靠近火炉坐着，背对着门。
7. There being +名词（代词）如：
There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。
There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。
8. It being +名词（代词）如：
It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。
It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。
独立主格结构的特点：
1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。
3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
举例：
The test finished, we began our holiday.
= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.
考试结束了，我们开始放假。
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.
如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。
This done, we went home.
工作完成后，我们才回家。
The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.
会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。
He came into the room, his ears red with cold.
他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了。
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.
他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆
注：独立主格结构有时可在其前加上介词with。
如：Don’t sleep with the windows open. 别开着窗睡觉。
He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他和衣躺在床上。
She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿着一本书走了进来。
He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他没熄灯就睡着了。
I won’t be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. 因为妈妈有病，我无法去度假。
He sat there with his eyes closed. 他闭目坐在那儿。
All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。
I can’t go out with all these clothes to wash. 要洗这些衣服，我无法出去了。
使用独立主格五点注意：
1.独立主格与状语从句的转换当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时，可用独立主格结构取代状语从句，但不再保留连词。如：After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.下课后，学生很快离开了课室。
2. 不能省略being (having been)的情形在下列两种情况下，独立主格结构中的being （或having been）不能省略。
(1) 独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。如：It being Sunday, we went to church.因为是星期天，我们去了做礼拜。
(2)在There being＋名词的结构中。如：There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因为没有公共汽车，所以我们不得不步行回家。
3. 通常不用物主代词或冠词在“名词（或代词）＋介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中，一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。如： Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯先生走进了课室，手里拿着一本书。比较with的复合结构。如：Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand.
4. 独立主格结构没有所有格形式The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主编来主编来了，我们开始开会。(比较动名词复合结构。)
独立主格结构的用法
独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。
1. 用作时间状语：The work done (=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我们就回家了。
2. 用作条件状语：Weather permitting (=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。
3. 用作原因状语：An important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。
4. 用作伴随状语：He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，两手交叉枕在脑后。
5.表示补充说明：We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。
*注：独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。
独立主格结构妙题赏析
请看下面一道题：
Not far from the school there was a garden, _________ owner seated in it playing chess with his little grandson every afternoon.
A. its
B. whose
C. which
D. that
【分析】此题很容易误选B，许多同学会认为句中逗号后是一个非限制性的定语从句，whose 在定语从句中用作定语修饰其后的名词 owner。此分析从表面上看，似乎天衣无缝，但实质上是错的，原因是空格后根本不是一个句子，因为没有谓语。尽管句中有两个动词，但它们都是非谓语动词。也许有的同学认为，其中的 seated 可视为谓语动词，但是注意，seat 用作动词时，它总是及物的，其后要么接宾语，要么它就用于被动语态，所以若在seated 前加上助动词 is，则可以选择B（当然若将 seated 改为sitting，也应选择B）。所以此题最佳答案选A。
请再看一个类似的例子：
(1) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ translated into foreign languages.
A. it
B. them
C. this
D. that
(2) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ were translated into foreign languages.A. it B. them C. which D. that
第(1)应选B，而不能选C，是因为句中的 translated 是过去分词(非谓语动词)，若选C，则该从句无谓语；第(2)应选C，因为句中有谓语 were translatedC。
再请看下面一例：
(3) He wrote a lot of novels, and many of _________ were translated into foreign languages.
A. it
B. them
C. which
D. that
【分析】此题与上面的第(2)题不同，两句间多了一个并列连词and，说明这是一个并列句，故应选B，则不能选C。
请做做以下三题(答案均为B)：
(1) There I met several people, two of _________ being foreigners.
A. which
B. them
C. whom
D. that
(2) There I met several people, two of _________ were foreigners.
A. which
B. whom
C. who
D. that
(3) There I met several people, and two of _________ were foreigners.
A. which
B. them
C. whom
D. that
更多?
一、独立主格结构的概念及基本构成形式
独立主格结构（the absolute structure）是由名词或代词加上分词或分词短语构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子，而不是一个词或词组。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词或分词短语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，独立主格结构的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。例如：
1）Night enshrouding the earth，nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance．
（黑夜笼罩大地，谁也看不清远处黑压压的一片是什么东西。）
2）He lay at full length upon his stomach，his head resting upon his left forearm．
（他的脊背朝天，四肢伸展，头枕着左臂，直挺挺地趴伏着。）
3）The coward was backing，his face being deathly pale，toward another room．（那个胆小鬼向另一个房间退去，脸色煞白。）
独立主格结构多用于书面语，尤其是描述性语言中，在口语和非正式文体中，一般用从句或两个句子来代替。例如，上述例句可变为：
1）Because night enshrouded the earth，nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance．
2）He lay at full length upon his stomach．His head rested upon his left forearm．
3）The coward was backing toward another room．His face was deathly pale．
二、独立主格结构的特殊构成形式
独立主格结构除上述基本构成形式，即名词／代词＋分词（短语）外，还有如下特殊构成形式。
1．名词＋介词短语
1）The mayor of Hiroshima strode at a leisure pace toward the puzzled journalist，a bunch of flowers in his hands．（广岛市市长双手捧着一束鲜花，迈着方步走向那个迷惑不解的记者。）
2）Every afternoon a very old woman hobbled past the ramshackle house，a vast load of firewood on her back．（每天下午，一个背着一大背柴禾的老妇人都会从那间东倒西歪的房屋前蹒跚着走过。）
2．名词＋形容词（短语）
1）The Trojans asleep，the Greek soldiers crept out of the hollow wooden horse．（特洛伊人睡着了，于是希腊士兵从中空的木马里悄悄爬了出来。）
2）The wretched boy，who has recently been dragged from the forest to scrub floors in the barracks，is now sweeping away the snow，his hands numb with cold．（那个可怜的小男孩最近刚刚从森林中被抓进兵营里打扫地板，现在他正在扫雪，手都冻麻了。）
3．名词＋副词
1）This little excitement over，noth- ing was to be done but to return to a steadfast gaze at my mute companion．（一阵小小的兴奋过后，除了再去死死地盯着我的哑伴外，别无它事可干了。）
2）This intermezzo over，he found himself surrounded by several stunning，
porcelain-faced Japanese women in kimonos．（这曲子过后，他发现自己身处几位穿着和服并且有着娇好面容的日本女人的包围之中。）
此外，with常常用在独立主格结构前，构成介词短语作状语。这种用法中的with不表达什么意义，因而常可省略。请看例句：
1）With a revolver in his right hand，Johnny hurled his muscular body against the door and smashed it down with a crash．（约翰尼右手拿着左轮手枪，健壮的身体猛扑在门上，轰隆一声把门撞开了。）
2）The traffic inched along，with horns honking．（汽车缓慢地向前挪着，喇叭声不断响着。）
三、独立主格结构的用法
独立主格结构在句中一般作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等。
1．作时间状语
1）My shoes removed，I entered a low-ceilinged room，treading cautiously on the soft tatami matting．＝After my shoes were removed，I entered a low-ceilinged room，treading cautiously on the soft tatami matting．（我脱掉鞋子后，走进一间屋顶很低的房间，小心翼翼地踩在柔软的塌塌米垫子上。）
2）The governor pondering the matter，more strikers gathered across his path．＝While the governor was pondering the matter，more strikers gathered across his path．（总督思考这个问题时，更多的罢工工人聚集在他要通过的路上。）
2．作条件状语
1）Weather permitting，they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow．＝If weather permits，they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow．（如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。）
2）Such being the case，you have no grounds for dismissing him．＝If such is the case，you have no grounds for dismissing him．（如果情况如此的话，你没有理由解聘他。）3．作原因状语
1）The storm drawing near，the navvy decided to call it a day．＝Since the storm was drawing near，the navvy decided to call it a day．（由于暴风雨即将来临，那个挖土小工决定收工。）
2）The Cossack being intent on his stalking，his foot touched the protruding bough that was the trigger．＝Because the Cossack was intent on his stalking，his foot touched the protruding bough that was the trigger．（这位哥萨克人只顾专心致志地朝前大步走着，所以一只脚踩上了伸出地面的树枝，那是一个机关的起动装置。）
4．作伴随状语
1）I took my ticket，and marched proudly up the platform，with my cheeses，the people falling back respectfully on either side．＝I took my ticket，and marched proudly up the plat- form，with my cheeses，and the people fell back respectfully on either side．（我拿着车票还有我的奶酪，雄赳赳气昂昂地跨步走向月台。人们似乎很尊敬我，纷纷向两边退去。）2）He would appear in the doorway，gray fedora pulled low over his face，his eyes sweeping the room for any sign of trouble．＝He would appear in the doorway．A gray fedora was pulled low over his face，and his eyes swept the room for any sign of trouble．（他常常出现在门廊里，一顶灰色浅顶软呢帽遮住大半个脸，眼睛扫过整个房屋，寻找滋事的迹象。）
四、独立主格结构常见出题形式及解题策略
独立主格结构是一常考项目，在各级各类考试中多以语法结构填空形式出现。例如：
1）All flights ，we decided to take a greyhound．
A．were canceled B．had been canceled
C．having canceled D．having been canceled
2）The production steadily，the factory needs an ever-increasing supply of raw material．
A．has gone up B．is going up
C．having gone up D．being gone up
此类题型的解题策略可以概括为“结构分析法”，即首先分析句子结构，判断句子缺少的成分，同时注意主句与其他部分之间有无连接词，是否用逗号隔开。若有逗号而无连接词，则可对选项部分作如下初步判断：1）选项部分可能会构成状语从句或非限制性定语从句（但二者必须由从属连词或关系代词、关系副词引导）；
2）选项部分可能会构成起状语作用的非谓语动词短语（但非谓语动词作状语时其逻辑主语通常为主句的主语）；
3）选项部分可能会构成起状语作用的独立主格结构（独立主格结构有自己的主语，并可扩展为状语从句或独立句子）。初步判断后，即可联系句子，对照选项，作出选择。
上述例题1）中的选项A和B与All flights构成了句子，但该句没有任何从属连词、关系代词或关系副词引导，与主句之间也无连接词，因而是错误的，应排除。选项C和D与All flights 都可构成独立主格结构，作原因状语，但根据题意，应选D，因为“班机”是“被取消”的。
同样，例题2）中的选项A和B与名词the production构成了句子，但该句无连接词连接两个句子，因而应排除。选项C和D与the production都可构成独立主格结构，作原因状语，但根据题意，“产量在稳步增长”，在逻辑上是主谓关系，应用主动语态，所以应选C。此外，独立主格结构也时常见于其他诸如Cloze Test等题型中，并能广泛运用于写作和翻译之中。可见，掌握了独立主格结构对于学生提高综合应试能力是大有裨益的。
Choose the best from the four choices．
1．Ford tried dividing the labor，each worker a separate task．
A．assigning B．assigned C．was assigned D．would be assigned
2．The lecture ，he left his seat so quietly that no one complained that his leaving disturbed the speaker．
A．began B．beginning C．having begun D．being beginning
3．Such the case ，there are no grounds to justify your complaints．
A．being B．is C．was D．to be
4．Darkness in，the young people lingered on merrymaking．
A．set B．setting C．has set D．was set
5．With all factors ，we think this program may excel all the others in achieving the goal．
A．being considered B．considering C．considered D．are considered
6．A new technique ，the yields as a whole increased by 20 percent．
A．to have been worked out B．having worked out C．working out D．having been worked out
7．On the top was the clear outline of a great wolf sitting still，ears ，alert，listening．A．pointed B．pointing C．are pointed D．are pointing
8．Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office ，but our work ，we declined the offer．
A．not being finished B．not having finished C．had not been finished D．was not finished 9．There are various kinds of metals ，each its own properties．
A．has B．had C．to have D．having
10．The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports，each one major point in contrast with the other．
A．makes B．made C．is to make D．making
Key：1—5 BCABC 6—10 DAADD
名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词；
名词(代词)+形容词；
名词(代词)+副词；
名词(代词)+不定式；
名词(代词) +介词短语构成。
1．名词＋介词短语
1）The mayor of Hiroshima strode at a leisure pace toward the puzzled journalist，a bunch of flowers in his hands．（广岛市市长双手捧着一束鲜花，迈着方步走向那个迷惑不解的记者。）
2）Every afternoon a very old woman hobbled past the ramshackle house，a vast load of firewood on her back．（每天下午，一个背着一大背柴禾的老妇人都会从那间东倒西歪的房屋前蹒跚着走过。）
2．名词＋形容词（短语）
1）The Trojans asleep，the Greek soldiers crept out of the hollow wooden horse．（特洛伊人睡着了，于是希腊士兵从中空的木马里悄悄爬了出来。）
2）The wretched boy，who has recently been dragged from the forest to scrub floors in the barracks，is now sweeping away the snow，his hands numb with cold．（那个可怜的小男孩最近刚刚从森林中被抓进兵营里打扫地板，现在他正在扫雪，手都冻麻了。）
3．名词＋副词
1）This little excitement over，noth- ing was to be done but to return to a steadfast gaze at my mute companion．（一阵小小的兴奋过后，除了再去死死地盯着我的哑伴外，别无它事可干了。）
2）This intermezzo over，he found himself surrounded by several stunning，
porcelain-faced Japanese women in kimonos．（这曲子过后，他发现自己身处几位穿着和服并且有着娇好面容的日本女人的包围之中。）
此外，with常常用在独立主格结构前，构成介词短语作状语。这种用法中的with 不表达什么意义，因而常可省略。请看例句：
1）With a revolver in his right hand，Johnny hurled his muscular body against the door and smashed it down with a crash．（约翰尼右手拿着左轮手枪，健壮的身体猛扑在门上，轰隆一声把门撞开了。）
2）The traffic inched along，with horns honking．（汽车缓慢地向前挪着，喇叭声不断响着。）
3
英语语法——独立主格
英语语法——独立主格 一、独立主格结构的特点 独立主格结构是一个名词或代词（作为逻辑主语），加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等在句中作状语。它有以下三个特点： (1) 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 (2) 名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。 (3) 独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开，但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。 二、独立主格结构的形式 英语中，独立主格结构的形式是：名词或代词跟形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词连在一起，构成独立主格结构。 1. 名词 / 代词 + 不定式。如： A house to be built, we must save every cent. 由于要建一座房子，我们必须节省每一分钱。Now here is Li Lei, Wei Fang to come tomorrow. 现在李蕾来了，魏方明天到。 2. 名词 / 代词 + -ing分词。如： The bus coming here soon, we should get everything ready. 汽车很快就要来了，我们应该把一切事情准备好。 Mother being ill, Li Lei was very worried. 母亲病了，李蕾非常焦急。 3. 名词 / 代词 + 动词的过去分词。如： His cup broken, he used his bowl instead. 茶杯破了，他就用碗来代替。 4. 名词 / 代词 + 形容词。如： The ground muddy, we should be careful. 地面泞泥，我们应该小心。 5. 名词 / 代词 + 副词。如： The class over, we all went out to play. 下课后，我们都出去玩。 6. 名词 / 代词 + 介词短语。如： Glasses in his hand, he asked where his glasses were. 手里拿着眼镜，他问他的眼镜哪去了。 三、独立主格结构的句法功能 独立主格结构在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件和伴随等情况。 1. 作时间状语 School over, the students went home. 放学后，学生们都回家了。
英语独立主格结构说明
英语独立主格结构说明 一、独立主格结构的特点 独立主格结构是一个名词或代词(作为逻辑主语)，加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等在句中作状语。它有以下三个特点： (1) 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 (2) 名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。 (3) 独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开，但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。 二、独立主格结构的用法 它表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相 当于一个状语从句或并列句
(1)作时间状语 The work don e(二After the work had bee n done) , we went home.工作完成后，我们才回家。 (2) 作条件状语 Weather permitt ing( = If weather permits) , they will go on an out ing to the beach tomorrow. 女口果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。 (3) 作原因状语 An importa nt lecture to be give n tomorrow(二As an importa nt lecture will be give n tomorrow) , the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。 (4) 作伴随状语
He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed un der his head(二a nd his hands were crossed un der his head). 他躺在草地上，两手交叉枕在脑后。 (5) 表补充说明 A hunter came in, his face red with cold(=and his face was red with cold). 一个猎人走了进来，他的脸冻得通红。 注：独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状 语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。 一、独立主格结构的概念及基本构成形式 独立主格结构(the absolute structure )是由名词或代词加上分词或 分词短语构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子，而不是一个词或词组。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词或分词短语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，独立主格结
3高中英语语法通霸独立主格结构和with的复合结构
高中英语语法通霸3： 独立主格结构和with的复合结构 考点1.独立主格结构的构成 A.独立主格结构可以看作是把一个分句破坏了谓语 前面我们学过，两个分句放在一起而不用句子连词连接只以逗号隔开，这样的句子是错误的（参看P. 错误！未定义书签。错误！未找到引用源。）。 His homework was finished, he went out to play.× 这时，我们可以把一个分句的谓语破坏掉，把其谓语变成非谓语或不用动词。上句可以变为： His homework finished, he went out to play. 这样，这个分句被破坏后就成了独立主格结构。独立主格结构可以使句子更简练，有利于表达复杂内容。 破坏谓语的方法：含有be的，把be去掉（主系表结构表原因的，be也可变为being）；不含be的，谓语和主语是主动关系的，把谓语变为现在分词；是被动关系的，把谓语变为过去分词；谓语表将来动作的，变为不定式。 练习：合并下列句子，把画线句子改为独立主格结构。 1.His wife was ill. He had to stay at home. 2.He arrived at home. His face was red. 3.My homework was finished. I went out to play football with my friends. 4.I rode a bike along the street. My dog was following me. 5.I had to stay at home. A lot of homework had to be done. 6.It rained last Sunday. I had to stay at home. B.独立主格结构的构成 ①名词(代词)+现在分词（与前面构成主动关系） Weatherpermitting,wearegoingtovisityou tomorrow. ②名词(代词)+过去分词（与前面构成被动关系） The test finished, we began our holiday. ③名词(代词)+不定式（表将来） He suggested going for a picnic, Mary to provide the food. ④名词(代词)+副词The game over, the crowd rushed to the exit. ⑤名词(代词)+形容词A hunter came in, his face red with cold. ⑥名词(代词) +介词短语 Hecameoutofthelibrary,alargebookunderhisarm. ⑦名词(代词) +名词The villagers, most of them women and children, were killed that night. 考点2.with的复合结构与独立主格结构的区别和联系看下面两个句子： ①W ith the traffic light green, the bus got moving. （前面粗体部分是with的复合结构）②The traffic light green, the bus got moving. (前面粗体部分是独立主格结构) 可以看出，作状语时，独立主格结构和with的复合结构在用法上是相同的，可以通过添、去with相互转换。但是作定语时，常用with的复合结构。 The woman with a baby on her back is my aunt. 背上背孩子的那个女的是我阿姨。 在独立主格结构中，当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均可以不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。 但 with 的复合结构不受限制。 A robber burst into the room, knife in hand. A policeman ran after him, with a stick in his hand. 1.With a lot of difficult problems ______, the newly-elected president is having a hard time. A. settledB. settling C. to settle D. being settled 2.With all the magazines I needed ______, I left the post office. A. buying B. to buy C. bought D. to be bought 3.With electricity ______, we couldn’t drive the machine. A. was cut off B. being cut off C. cut off D. having cut off 4.Everything ______ into consideration, they believed themselves more and returned to their positions. A. to takeB. takenC. to be takenD. taking 5.______ more and more forests damaged, some animals and plants are facing the danger of dying out. A. AsB. ForC. WithD. By 6.【2010山东】The living room is clean and tidy, with a dining table already ______ for a meal to be cooked. A. laid B. laying C. to lay D. being laid 7.Many students ______ around, I explained the story into details. A. stood B. standing C. to stand D. were standing 8.【2012辽宁】The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park with their pet dog ______ them. A. to follow B. following C. followed D. follows 9.Tom looked at Jenny, tears ______ his eyes, and shouted the words ______ in his heart for years. A. filling; having been hidden B. filled; hidden C. filling; hidden D. filled; hiding 10.With the boy ______ the way, we had no trouble ______ the way ______ to ZhongshanPark. A. leading; finding; leading B. to lead; found; to lead C. led; finding; led D. leading; found; led 11.______, he had to stay at home q329950885 looking after her. A. Being ill B. His wife was ill C. His wife being ill D. Because he was ill 12.______,John returned to school from his hometown. A. The summer vacation being over B. The summer
独立主格结构+英语句子结构.docx
独立主格结构 独立主格结构（ Independent Genitive）有两部分组成，前一部份是名词或者代词，后一部分是非谓语动 词(不定式、动名词和分词 )或形容词、副词、或介词短语。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。独立主格结构在句中做状语，多用于书面语。独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的等。 详细概述 非谓语动词作状语，其逻辑主语须与主句主语保持一致。若不一致，非谓语动词形式须另带主 语，从而构成复合结构的形式作状语。这种结构称为“独立结构”。其中，非谓语动词主动用V-ing ， 被动用 V-ed 。 非谓语动词及其短语前面带有逻辑主语，逻辑主语的代词又是主格，故常称为“独立主格”。独“ 立结构”在句中起状语作用，相当于状语从句，表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随等情况。 功能 独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、 条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。例如： 表示时间 The meeting being over, all of us went home.开完会后我们都回家了。 Her work done , she sat down for a cup of tea.她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。 表示条件
The condition being favourable, he may succeed.若条件有利，他或许能成功。 表示原因 There being no taxes, we had to walk.没有出租车，我们只好步行。 He wrapped her up with great care,the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得严严实实的。 表示伴随情况 Almost all metals are good conductors,silver being the best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是良导体，而银则是最好的导体。(=Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of all.) 用法 独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。 用作时间状语 The work done (=After the work had been done), we went home.工作完成后，我们就回家了。 用作条件状语 Weather permitting(=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。
英语语法——独立主格
独立主格 10.1 独立主格 （一）：独立主格结构的构成： 名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词； 名词(代词)+形容词； 名词(代词)+副词； 名词(代词)+不定式； 名词(代词) +介词短语构成。 （二）独立主格结构的特点： 1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。 3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。 举例： The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 考试结束了，我们开始放假。 The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。 Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. 如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。 This done, we went home. 工作完成后，我们才回家。 The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier. 会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。 He came into the room, his ears red with cold. 他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了。 He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆 10．2With的复合结构作独立主格 表伴随时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构。 with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语 举例: He stood there, his hand raised. = He stood there, with his hand raise. 典型例题 The murder was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。
高中英语独立主格结构详细讲解
独立主格 一、独立主格结构的含义和实质 “独立主格结构”（absolute construction）又叫“独立结构”，是带有自己主语的非谓语动词分句和无动词分句。由于在语法上有自己的逻辑主语，结构上与主句不发生关系，因此传统语法叫做“独立主格结构”。其实，所谓“独立主格结构”并非真正独立，它还是一种从属分句，与主句紧密联系在一起，共同表达一个完整的意思，通常在句中起状语分句的作用。独立主格结构可放于句首、句尾，用逗号和主句隔开。 二、独立主格结构的基本形式和功能 独立主格结构可以分为两部分：一部分是名词或代词，起逻辑主语的作用；另一部分是非谓语动词分句（现在分词、过去分词、不定式）或无动词分句（名词、形容词、副词、介词短语），表示前面名词或代词的动作或状态。 基本形式是：名词普通格/代词主格+现在分词/过去分词/不定式/名词/形容词/副词/介词短语，with引导的复合结构。 1．名词/代词+ 现在分词 现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态等。 例The man lay there, his hands trembling. So many students being absent, the meeting had to be put off. His homework having been done, Tom went to sleep. 注：“独立结构”中的being或having been 有时可以省去，这样就成了无动词分句或过去分词分句。 2．名词/代词+过去分词 过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作或所处的一种状态。 例The boy lay on his back, his hands crossed under his head. The job not finished, we couldn’t see the film. Her shirt caught on a nail, she could not move. 后面两个句子也可以看成省略掉了having been，being。如果加上，这两个句子就又变成了现在分词分句。 3．名词/代词+不定式 不定式表示的是将来的动作。 例He suggested going for a picnic, Mary to provide the food. These are the first two books，the third one to come out next month. We shall get together at 7:30, the procession（游行）to start moving at 8 sharp. 4. 名词/代词+名词 名词一般做前面名词或代词的同位语。 例Many people joined in the work, some of them women and children. He fought the tiger，a stick his only weapon. 5．名词/代词+形容词短语 形容词（短语）说明前面名词或代词的性质，状态，原因等。 例The floor wet and slippery, we had to stay outside for a while. I heard that she got injured in the accident，my heart full of sorry. 这两个句子也可以看成是省略了being,如果加上，就变成了现在分词分句。 6．名词/代词+副词 副词说明前面名词或代词的状态。
高中英语语法(8)-独立主格结构
第八章独立主格结构 非谓语动词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的主语，从而在结构上与主语不发生关系，我们称之为独立主格结构（Absolute Construction）。其实，所谓“独立主格结构”也并非真正独立，它还是一种从属的结构。 一、非谓语动词独立主格结构 在独立主格结构中，非谓语动词和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。 Such an able man to help you，you will surely succeed sooner or later. 有这么能干的人来帮你, 你迟早一定会成功的。（such an able man和to help you 之间存在着主谓关系） = Since such an able man will help you, you will surely succeed sooner or later. He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story. 他在书桌旁坐好后，他母亲开始给他讲故事。（seating himself at the desk拥有了自己的逻辑主语he，注意是“主格”） = When he seated himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story. The key to the bike lost, he had to walk to school. 由于丢了自行车钥匙，他只好步行去学校。（lost 的逻辑主语是the key，lost 也可以用完成式having been lost） = Because the key to the bike had been lost, he had to walk to school. A．不定式“独立主格结构” 在“逻辑主语+动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构也可用一个从句或并列分句来表达。 1．动词不定式用主动的形式 在独立主格结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。 His mother to come tonight，he is busy preparing the dinner. 他母亲今晚要来,他正在忙着准备饭菜。（= As his mother is to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.） ——will you go to the comcert tonight 你今晚去听音乐会吗？ ——sorry.So many exerise-books to check,I rially can't afford any time. 对不起，有这多的作业要批，我真的抽不出时间。 （＝Because I shall check so many exercise-books tonight,I really can't afford any time.） The four of us agreed on a division of labour,each to translate a quarter of the book. 我们四人同意分工干，每人翻译全书的四分之一。 （＝The four of us agreed on a division of labour and each is to translate a quarter of the book.）Many trees,flowers,and grass to be planted,our newly-built school will look even more beautiful. 种上许多的树，花和草后，我们新建的学校将看上去更美。(=If many trees,flowers,and grass are planted,our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.) B．-ing形式“独立主格结构”
20XX独立主格结构英语句子结构
独立主格结构 独立主格结构（Independent Genitive）有两部分组成，前一部份是或者代词，后一部分是非(不定式、动名词和)或形容词、、或介词短语。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。独立主格结构在句中做状语，多用于书面语。独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子xx状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的等。 详细概述 非谓语动词作状语，其逻辑须与主句主语保持一致。若不一致，非谓语动词形式须另带主语，从而构成复合结构的形式作状语。这种结构称为“独立结构”。其中，非谓语动词主动用V-ing，被动用V-ed。 非谓语动词及其短语前面带有逻辑主语，逻辑主语的又是主格，故常称为“独立主格”。“独立结构”在句中起状语作用，相当于状语从句，表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随等情况。 功能 独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。例如： 表示时间 The meeting being over, all of us went home. 开完会后我们都回家了。Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。表示条件 The condition being favourable, he may succeed. 若条件有利，他或许
能成功。 表示原因 There being no taxes, we had to walk. 没有出租车，我们只好步行。 1 / 15 He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得严严实实的。 表示伴随情况 Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是良导体，而银则是最好的导体。(=Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of all.) 用法 独立主格结构主要表示发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。 用作时间状语 The work done(=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作 完成后，我们就回家了。 用作条件状语 Weather permitting(=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次xx小游。
必考英语语法——独立主格
2016年必考英语语法——独立主格 1.独立主格与状语从句的转换 当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时，可用独立主格结构取代状语从句，但不再保留连词。如： Afterclasswasover（=Classbeingover/Classover），thestudentssoonlefttheclassroom.下课后，学生很快离开了教室。 2.不能省略being（havingbeen）的情形 在下列两种情况下，独立主格结构中的being（或havingbeen）不能省略： （1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语是代词时。如： ItbeingSunday,wewenttochurch.因为是星期天，我们去了做礼拜。 （2）在Therebeing+名词的结构中。如： Therebeingnobus,wehadtogohomeonfoot.因为没有公共汽车，所以我们不得不步行回家。 3.通常不用物主代词或冠词 在“名词（或代词）+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中，一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。如： MissSmithenteredtheclassroom,bookinhand.史密斯先生走进了课室，手里拿着一本书。 比较with的复合结构：MissSmithenteredtheclassroom,withabookinhishand.
4.独立主格结构没有所有格形式 Thechief-editorarriving,webeganthemeeting.主编来了，我们开始开会。 比较动名词复合结构： Thechief-editor’sarrivingmadeusverysurprised. 5.独立主格的时态问题 独立主格结构作时间或原因状语时，可用完成时，表示该动作发生在谓语之前。如： Thelistenershavingtakentheirseats,theconcertbegan.听众坐好后，音乐会开始了。 Tomhavingbeenlateoverandover,hisbosswasverydisappointed.由于汤姆一再迟到，他的老板非常失望。
英语独立主格结构
独立主格结构 独立主格结构有两部分组成，前一部份是名词或者代词，后一部分是非谓语动词或其他的一些词。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。独立主格结构在句中做状语，多用于书面语。 独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随等。 独立主格结构的功能 独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。例如： 1) 表示时间 The meeting being over, all of us went home. 开完会后我们都回家了。 Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。 2）表示条件 The condition being favourable, he may succeed. 若条件有利，他或许能成功。 3）表示原因 There being no taxis, we had to walk. 没有出租车，我们只好步行。 He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得严严实实的。 4）表示伴随情况 Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是良导体，而银则是最好的导体。(=Almost all metals are good con ductors, and silver is the best of all.) 常见的独立主格结构有如下几种： 1. 名词/主格代词+现在分词。名词/主格代词与现在分词之间主谓关系。如： The girl staring at him (= As the girl stared at him), he didn't know wh at to say. 姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。 Time permitting (= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow. 如果时间允许的话，我们明天去郊游。 2. 名词/主格代词+过去分词。名词/主格代词与过去分词之间的动宾关系。如： The problems solved(= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。 Her glasses broken(= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn't see the words on the blackboard. 由于眼镜摔坏了，她看不见黑板上的字。 3. 名词/主格代词+不定式。名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系，且强调的是一次具体性的动作。（使用较少，仅作参考）如： He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。 They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他们道别后，一个回了家，一个去了书店。
高考英语语法：withwithout引导的独立主格结构.doc
2019高考英语语法：withwithout引导的独立主格结 构 withwithout 引导的独立主格结构 介词withwithout +宾语+宾语的补足语可以构成独立主格结构，上面讨论过的独立主格结构的几种情况在此结构中都能体现。 A.with+名词代词+形容词 He doesn誸like to sleep with the windows open. 他不喜欢开着窗子睡觉。 = He doesn誸like to sleep when the windows are open. He stood in the rain, with his clothes wet. 他站在雨中，衣服湿透了。 = He stood in the rain, and his clothes were wet. 注意： 在”with+名词代词+形容词”构成的独立主格结构中，也可用已形容词化的-ing形式或-ed形式。 With his son so disappointing，the old man felt unhappy. 由于儿子如此令人失望,老人感到很不快乐。 With his father well-known, the boy didn誸want to study. 父亲如此出名，儿子不想读书。 B.with+名词代词+副词 Our school looks even more beautiful with all the lights on. 所有的灯都打开时，我们的学校看上去更美。
= Our school looks even more beautiful ifwhen all the lights are on. The boy was walking, with his father ahead. 父亲在前，小孩在后走着。 = The boy was walking and his father was ahead. C.with+名词代词+介词短语 He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand.或 He stood at the door, computer in hand. 他站在门口，手里拿着一部电脑。 = He stood at the door, and a computer was in his hand. Vincent sat at the desk, with a pen in his mouth.或 Vincent sat at the desk, pen in mouth. 文森特坐在课桌前，嘴里衔着一支笔。 = Vincent sat at the desk, and he had a pen in his mouth. D.with+名词代词+动词的-ed形式 With his homework done, Peter went out to play. 作业做好了，彼得出去玩了。 = When his homework was done, Peter went out to play. With the signal given, the train started. 信号发出了，火车开始起动了。 = After the signal was given, the train started. I wouldn誸dare go home without the job finished. 工作还没完成，我不敢回家。
5种基本句型和独立主格结构讲解
英语中的五种基本句型结构 一、句型1：Subject (主语) ＋Verb (谓语) 这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词，所谓不及物动词，就是这种动词后不可以直接接宾语。常见的动词如：work, sing, swim, fish, jump, arrive, come, die, disappear, cry, happen等。如： 1) Li Ming works very hard.李明学习很努力。 2) The accident happened yesterday afternoon.事故是昨天下午发生的。 3）Spring is coming. 4) We have lived in the city for ten years. 二、句型2：Subject (主语) ＋Link. V(系动词) ＋Predicate(表语) 这种句型主要用来表示主语的特点、身份等。其系动词一般可分为下列两类： (1)表示状态。这样的词有：be, look, seem, smell, taste, sound, keep等。如： 1) This kind of food tastes delicious.这种食物吃起来很可口。 2) He looked worried just now.刚才他看上去有些焦急。 (2)表示变化。这类系动词有：become, turn, get, grow, go等。如： 1) Spring comes. It is getting warmer and warmer.春天到了，天气变得越来越暖和。 2) The tree has grown much taller than before.这棵树比以前长得高多了。 三、句型3：Subject(主语) ＋V erb (谓语) ＋Object (宾语) 这种句型中的动词一般为及物动词, 所谓及物动词，就是这种动词后可以直接接宾语，其宾语通常由名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等来充当。例： 1) He took his bag and left.（名词）他拿着书包离开了。 2) Li Lei always helps me when I have difficulties. (代词)当我遇到困难时，李雷总能给我帮助。 3) She plans to travel in the coming May Day.（不定式）她打算在即将到来的“五一”外出旅游。 4) I don’t know what I should do next. (从句)我不知道下一步该干什么。 注意：英语中的许多动词既是及物动词，又是不及物动词。 四、句型4：Subject(主语)＋Verb(谓语)＋Indirect object(间接宾语)＋Direct object (直接宾语) 这种句型中，直接宾语为主要宾语，表示动作是对谁做的或为谁做的，在句中不可或缺，常常由表示“物”的名词来充当；间接宾语也被称之为第二宾语，去掉之后，对整个句子的影响不大，多由指“人”的名词或代词承担。引导这类双宾语的常见动词有：buy, pass, lend, give, tell, teach, show, bring, send等。如： 1) Her father bought her a dictionary as a birthday present.她爸爸给她买了一本词典作为生日礼物。 2）The old man always tells the children stories about the heroes in the Long March. 老人经常给孩子们讲述长征途中那些英雄的故事。上述句子还可以表达为： 1）Her father bought a dictionary for her as a birthday present. 2）The old man always tells stories about the heroes to the children in the Long March. 五、句型5：Subject(主语)＋Verb (动词)＋Object (宾语)＋Complement(补语) 这种句型中的“宾语＋补语”统称为“复合宾语”。宾语补足语的主要作用或者是补充、说明宾语的特点、身份等；或者表示让宾语去完成的动作等。担任补语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等。如： 1）You should keep the room clean and tidy. 你应该让屋子保持干净整洁。（形容词） 2) We made him our monitor.(名词)我们选他当班长。 3) His father told him not to play in the street.(不定式)他父亲告诉他不要在街上玩。