2012年职称英语综合类B级完形填空

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第六篇 Teaching and learning

教与学

Many teachers believe that the responsibilities for learning lie

with the student 许多老师认为学习是学生的责任. If a long reading assignment is given 如果老师布置了一篇长篇的阅读任务, instructors expect students to be familiar with the (1) information (信息)_in the reading even if they do not discuss it in class or take an examination 即使他们没在课堂上讨论或者考试，他们还是期望学生熟悉这篇读物里的信息. The (2) ideal(理想) student is considered 被认为 to be one who is motivated 动机 to learn for the sake of(3) learning(学习), not the one interested only in getting high grades 分数。理想的学生被认为是那种为了学习而有动机学习的学生而不是那种只对高分感兴趣的学生. Sometimes homework is returned(4) with （ "

带着……回来" ） brief written comments but without a grade 有时被

发回来的家庭作业上只有简短的评价并无分数. Even if a grade is not given 即使不给分数, the student is(5) responsible 责任（"对……负

责任"）for learning the material assigned 学生也有责任学习老师布置

的任务（材料）. When research is(6) assigned （布置）当一个研究课题被选定时, the professor expects 期望 the student to take it actively 积极 and to complete it with(7) minimum(最小) guidance 指导.教授们期望学生积极去做并且以最少的指导完成. It is the student's responsibility 责任 to find books, magazines, and articles in the library 在图书馆里查找书籍、杂志和论文是学生在责任. Professors do not have the time to explain(8) how a university library works 教授们没有时间去解释一个大学图书馆如何运行; they expect 期望 students(9) particularly （尤其） graduate students 研究生 to exhaust 尽 the reference 文献资料(10) origins （ 文献） in the library 他们期望学生、

尤其是研究生阅尽图书馆中的文献资料. Professors will help students who need it 教授们愿意帮助需要帮助的学生, but(11) prefer （更愿意 ）that their students should not be (12) too （太）dependent on them 但更希望学生太过于依赖他们. In the United Stats 在美国，professors have many other duties (13) besides （除……之外还有） teaching 。在美国，教授除了上课以外还有其他职责， such as administrative or research work 比如管理工作或者研究工作. Therefore 因此, the time that a professor can spend with a student outside of class is (14) limited （有限的）.因此，一个教授能分给学生的课外时间是有限的. If a student has problems with classroom work 如果一个学生对课堂作业有问题 , the student should either (15) approach （接近、靠近） a professor during office hours or make an appointment 他应该在办公时间找到老师或者预约。

许多老师认为学习是学生的责任. 如果老师布置了一篇长篇的阅读任务, 即使他们没在课堂上讨论或者考试，他们还是期望学生熟悉这篇读物里的信息.

理想的学生被认为是那种为了学习而有动机学习的学生而不是那种只对高分感兴趣的学生. 有时被发回来的家庭作业上只有简短的评价并无分数. 即使不给分数学生也有责任学习老师布置的任务。当一个研究课题被选定时教授们期望学生积极去做并且以最少的指导完成. 在图书馆里查找书籍、杂志和论文是学生在责任. 教授们没有时间去解释一个大学图书馆如何运行; 他们期望学生、尤其是研究生阅尽图书馆中的文献资料. 教授们愿意帮助需要帮助的学生, 但更希望学生不要太过于依赖他们. 在美国，教授除了上课以外还有其他职责，比如管理工作或者研究工作 .因此，一个教授能分给学生的课外时间是有限的.如果一个学生对课堂作业有问题 , 他应该在办公时间找到老师或者预约。

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*第七篇 The Difference between Man and Computer 人与电脑的区别

What makes people different from computer programs? What is the missing element that our theories don’t yet (1) account_ for? The answer is simple ： People read newspaper stories for a reason: to learn more about (2) what they are interested in ， Computers, on the other hand ， don't. In fact ，computers don't (3) even have interests; there is nothing in particular that they are trying to find out when they read. If a computer (4) programs is to be a model of story understanding ，it should also read for a "purpose".

Of course ，people have several goals that do not make (5) sense to attribute to computers. One might read a

restaurant guide (6) in order to satisfy hunger , or entertainment goals or to (7) find a good place to go for a business lunch. Computers do not get hungry, and computers do not have business lunches.

However ，these physiological and social goals give (8) rise to several intellectual or cognitive goals. A goal to satisfy hunger gives rise to goals to find (9) information about the name of a restaurant which (10)serves the desired type of food ，how expensive the restaurant is ，the location of the restaurant, etc. These are goals to (11) acqurie information or knowledge, what we are calling (12) learning goals. These goals can be held by computers too; a computer (13) might "want" to find out the location of a restaurant ，and read a guide in order to do so (14) in the same way as a person might. While such a goal would

not (15)arise out of hunger in the case of the computer ，it might well arise out of the "goal" to learn more about restaurants.

是什么让人有别于电脑程序？我们的理论还解释的缺少的要素是什么？答案很简单：人们阅读报纸故事是为了学习更多他们感兴趣的东西，而不是电脑.事实上，甚至连电脑兴趣都没有;当它们试图阅读时他们没有寻找任何特别的东西. 如果一个电脑程序是理解故事模式，那它也是为了某个意图去阅读. 诚然，人类的意图若是被强加到电脑身上便没有任何意义.一个人可能会读就餐指南, 只是为了解决饥饿或是有娱乐目的，也可能是为了寻找一个吃商务餐的好地方.电脑不会饿,电脑也不吃商务餐.

然而，这些心理和社会目标会导致一些智力或者认知目标。一个想要解决饥饿的意图会促使这样的念头产生：找到一个提供我们想要的食物的餐厅，这餐厅叫什么名，价位如何，在什么位置等。我们把这些为了获取信息或者知识的目标叫做学习目标。电脑也能这样目标；一台电脑也许“想要”寻找餐厅的方法，并且为了做得像一个人一样去阅读一个指南。虽然这样的目标就电脑来说不是产生饥饿，但电脑很可能从这个目标去获得更多关于餐厅的信息。 注释:

1. ... attribute to computers ... :……把……归于电脑，归属于电脑……

2. ... in the case of computer ... :……对于电脑来说…… 固定搭配：

1. accountfor "解释"。

2. computer program "电脑程序"。

3.make sense"有道理, 合理, 能被理解"。

4. in order to 表示目的，意为"为了……"。

5.give rise to "引起，导致，使发生"。

6.might as a person might 表示不确定的推测，意为"可能，也许"。

7. arise out of "起于……"。

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*第八篇 Look on The Bright Side 看光明的一面

Do you ever wish you were more optimistic, someone who always (1) expected to be successful? Having someone around who always (2) fears the worst isn’t really a lot of (3) fun . We all know someone who sees a single cloud on a sunny day and says ，"I looks ( 4 ) like rain. " But if you catch yourself thinking such things ，it's important to do something (5) _ about it. You can change your view of life ，(6) __according __to psychologists. It only takes a little effort ，and you'll find life more rewarding as a (7) _ result _. Optimism ，they say ，is partly about self-respect and confidence but it's also a more positive way of looking at life and all it has to (8) _offer _. Optimists are more (9) _likely __ to start new projects and are generally more preparedto take risks.

Upbringing is obviously very important in forming your (10) __attitude__to the world. Some people are brought up to (11) __ depend __too much on others and grow up forever blaming other people when anything (12) _ goes__wrong . Most optimists ，on the (13 ) other_ hand , have been brought up not to (14) regard failure as the end of the world —they just (15) get on with their lives.

你曾经想要让自己变得更乐观吗？想过让自己变成一个总是期待成功的人吗？若是周围有个总是往事情最坏坏处考虑的人，我们一定没有什么乐趣——就像我们都知道某些人看到天空有一片云便说要下雨。但是你要是发现自己也这样想了，那就有必要针对它采取一些措施了。

根据心理学家的说法，人们可以改变对生活的看法。只需一点儿努力，你将发现生活会回报给你的更多。人们说乐观主义在一定程度上是自尊和自信，

但它也是对待生活的和它所给予的一种积极态度。乐观主义者更有可能开始新的项目，通常也更容易准备好去承担风险。

很显然，成长经历对于你对待世界的态度的形成是至关重要的。有些人养成了过于依赖别人的习惯，一旦事情出了差错，便责备他人。然而另一方面，许多乐观主义者被教导，不要把失败当成世界末日，只需继续生活。 固定搭配:

1. expect to "期望做某事"。

2. worry about 。

3. a lot of fun "很多乐趣"。

4. look like "看起来像……，看上去要……" 。

5. according to "根据……"。

6. as a result 为"最后，结果，最终"。

7. be likely to "倾向于，很有可能" ，be possible to 也有这样的意思，但主语一般是 it 。

8. attitude to "对...，....的看法，意见，态度".

9. depend on "依赖于……"。

10. something goes wrong 是习惯说法，意思是"出毛病，弄错，发生故障"。 11. on the one hand... ，on the other hand ... ，翻译成"一方面……，

另一方面……".

12. regard ... as ...意为"把……看做……".

13. get on with 和 get over with ，前者意为"继续……"，后者意为"完成，结束，做完了事"。

*第九篇 The First Bicycle 第一辆自行车

The history of the bicycle goes back more than 200 years. In 1791，Count de Sivrac (1) delighted onlookers in a park in Paris as he showed off his two-wheeled invention ，a machine called the celeriferé. It was basically an (2) enlarged version of a children’s toy which had been in (3) use for many years. Sivrac's "celeriferé had a wooden frame ，made in the (4) shape of a

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horse ，which was mounted on a wheel at either end. To ride it ，you sat on a small seat ，just like a modem bicycle ，and pushed (5) hard against the (6) ground with your legs —there were no pedals. It was impossible to steer a celeriferé and it had no brakes ，but despite these problems the invention very much (7) appealed to the fashionable young men of Paris. Soon they were (8) holding races up and down the streets.

Minor (9) injuries were common as riders attempted a final burst of ( 10 ) speed . Controlling the machine was difficult ，as the only way to change (11) direction was to pull up the front of the "celeriferé" and (12) turn it round while the front wheel was (13) spinning in the air . "Celeriferés" were not popular for long ，however ，as the (14) combination of no

springs ，no steering and rough roads made riding them very uncomfortable. Even so ，the wooden celeriferé was the (15) origin of the modem bicycle.

自行车的历史可以追溯到两百多年前。1791年，西夫拉克伯爵在巴黎的一个公园里向众人展示并炫耀了自己的发明，一架被称作“celerifere ”的双轮车。它主要就是一个使用很多年的儿童玩具的扩大版。西夫拉克的“celerifere ”有一个马形状的木框，两端分别装有一个轮子。坐上一个小座位便可以骑了，就像骑现在的自行车一样，但双脚要使劲蹬地——因为没有脚踏板。操纵方向和刹车也是不太可能的，尽管有这些问题，这个发明在当时还是吸引了许多巴黎时尚的年轻人。很快他们便举行了比赛，在街上到处骑。 当骑手尝试最后冲刺时，受到一些小伤是很普遍的事情。控制那台机器是很难，改变行驶方向的唯一方法是拉起车前身，当前轮还在空中打转时掉转车头。然而这种木制双轮车并没有流行很长时间，结合了没有弹簧、没有方向舵，以及遭遇不平整路段等问题，木制的双轮车骑起来十分不舒服。尽管如此，这

种木制的“celerifere ”还是现在自行车的始祖。 固定搭配：

1.in use" 在使用中" ，in operation" 生效，运行中"，in service"服务中"

2.appeal to"吸引" ，attract "吸引"，后不需要加介词 to ，take to"开始喜欢，开始从事"。

3.hold races "举行赛跑"。

4. turn round "旋转，掉转"。

*第十篇 Working Mothers 职业母亲

Carefully conducted researches that have followed the children of working mothers have not been able to show any long-term problems ，compared with children whose mothers stayed at home. My personal (1) view i s that mothers should be allowed to work if they wish. Whether we like it or not ，there are a (2) number _ of mothers who just have to work. There are those who have invested such a big part of their lives in establishing a career that they cannot (3) afford see it lost. Then there are many who must work out of pure economic (4) necessity . Many mothers are not (5) cut out to be full-time parents. After a few months at home with a much loved infant ，they feel trapped and isolated. There are a number of options when it (6) comes to choosing childcare. These range from child minders and nannies through to Granny or the kind lady (7) across the street . (8) In realit y, however ，many parents don't have any choice; they have to accept anything they can get. Be prepared! No (9) matter how good the childcare may be ，some children are going to protest wildly if they are left. This is a (10) perfectly

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normal stage of child development. Babies separate well in the first six months ，but soon after that they start to get a crush on Mum and close family (11) members . Make sure that in the first week you allow (12) plenty of time to help your child settle in. All children are different. Some are independent ，while others are more (13) attached to their mothers. Remember that if you want to (14) do the best for your children ，it's not the quantity of time you spend with them ，it's the (15) quality that matters.

与全职母亲的孩子相比，对职业母亲的孩子仔细进行的调查并没有展示出任何长期的问题。我的个人观点是，只要妈妈们想工作，那么她们就可以工作。不管我们是否喜欢这一点，有许多妈妈不得不工作，这是事实。有这样的母亲，她们已投入了大半生去创建事业，若是失去这份事业，她们承受不起。还有许多母亲完全是出于经济上的原因必须工作。很多母亲并不是做全职母亲的这块料，与这么可爱的婴儿在家待几个月之后，她们感觉受到了限制，被孤立了。

涉及儿童托管，有很多方式可供选择，从托儿所和保姆到奶奶或是街对面的好心女士。然而实际上，许多父母没有任何选择，不管能有什么都得接受。准备好！不管你选的托管方式有多好，一些孩子被留下时，都会激烈抗议，这是儿童发展过程中完全正常一个阶段。婴儿刚出生的前六个月对与母亲分开没有感觉，但不久之后他们便会对母亲和亲密家庭成员产生依恋。要保证在第一周付出足够的时间来帮助他安稳下来。

每个孩子都是不一样，有的很独立，有的却很依恋母亲。如果你想为你的孩子做到最好，那么记住这一点，你与孩子相处时间的长短不重要，相处过程中的质量才重要。

固定搭配：

1. range from ...to...: 从……变动到……，在……范围内变化

2. ... to help your child settle in:……帮助你的孩子安稳下来……

3. a number of 表示数量上"很多"。

4.can't afford to do sth.为惯用语，表示"负担不起……"。

5. out of reason 意为"无理的,不合理的" out of necessity "有必要，出于.…...的必要。

6. be cut out for/be cut out to do sth. 意为"适合于，天生就是做某事的料" ，make out"理解，辨认出;亲热" ，bring out"使显出;出版;生产"。

7. it comes to sth. "涉及"；refer to "指……而言"。

8. across the

street "街对面"。

9. in reality "在现实状况下" ，in fact 意为"事实上。 10. no matter +疑问词，表示"无论……"。

11. perfectly normal 为惯用说法，意思是"完全正常的"。 12. family members"家庭成员"。 13. lots of"许多的"，修饰可数名词； plenty of 可以修饰不可数名词，

表示"大量的"。

14. fond of 搭配，意为"喜欢"；be used to sth./doing"习惯于(做)某事"；

15.be attached to"依附于，依恋于" 16.be keen to do sth. "急切， 渴望"。

17. do one' s best for ，"为……做到最好"。