高考总复习：非谓语动词

动名词：

动名词是非谓语动词的一种，它由动词原形加-ing构成，形式上与现在分词相同。动名词在句中可用作主语、表语、宾语、定语、宾语补足语等，但不能用作谓语。

1. 用作主语

Saving is getting. 节约即增收。

（find）work is difficult these days. 现今找工作可不容易。

Being lost can be a （terrify）experience. 迷路有时很可怕。

注：动名词作主语时，有时可用it作形式主语。

如：

It’s hard work （climb）mountains. 爬山是费劲的事。

It’s fun being taken to the Zoo. 被带去逛动物园很有意思。

用it代替动名词作形式主语的两个常用句型：

It’s no use saying any more about it. 再谈这事没有用。

Is it any good trying to explain? 试图作些解释有用吗?

2. 用作表语

My favorite sport is swimming. 我最喜欢的运动是游泳。

His job is looking after sheep. 他的任务是看羊。

Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。

注：不定式和动名词均可用作主语和表语，两者的区别是：动名词多指笼统的、抽象的概念，而不定式则多表示具体的、一次性的动作。

3. 用作宾语

Most students enjoy （ask）questions in English. 多数学生都喜欢用英语提问。

注：动词用作介词宾语时，通常只用动名词形式，而不用不定式形式，典型的例外是表示“除外”的except和but(它们后接动词作宾语时通常用不定式)。

4. 用作宾语补足语

Can we call this serving mankind? 这能叫为人类服务吗？

I call this robbing Peter to pay Paul. 我管这叫做拆东墙补西墙。

注：动名词用作宾语补足语时，主要动词通常是call。

5. 用作定语

We need a new （work）method. 我们需要一种新的工作方法。

The doctor told me not to take （sleep）pills. 医生叫我不要服安眠药。

动词后只能加动名词doing作宾语（V. + doing sth）

admit 承认appreciate 感激,赞赏avoid 避免

complete 完成consider 认为delay 耽误deny 否认detest 讨厌endure 忍受enjoy 喜欢escape 逃脱prevent阻止

fancy 想象finish 完成imagine 想象mind 介意miss 想念postpone 推迟practise 训练recall 回忆resent 讨厌resist 抵抗

resume 继续risk 冒险suggest 建议face 面对include 包括stand 忍受understand 理解forgive 宽恕keep 继续

举例：

(1)Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please?

(2)The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught.

只能后接doing的词组

admit to prefer…to be used to lead to devote oneself to object to stick to be busy look forward to to为介词）

no good,no use,It's worth…,as well as,

can't help,It's no use /good be tired of

be fond of be capable of be afraid of

be proud of think of / about hold off

put off keep on insist on count on / upon

set about be successful in good at take up

give up burst out prevent …from…

worth，worthy，worth-while

都为adj.意为"值得"。

1. worth：be worth + n.当名词为金钱时，表示"……值得……"

be worth doing sth."……某事值得被做"

The question is not worth discussing again and again.

2. worthy：be worthy of +n.当名词为抽象名词时表示"……值得……"

be worthy to be done "某事值得被做"

The question is not worthy to be discussed againand again.

3. worth-while：be worth-while to do sth"值得做某事"

worth while：It is worth while doing sth

It is worth while sb to do sth.

动词不定式

不定式作主语

1）It's easy (for me) to do that.我做这事太容易了

easy,difficult,hard,important,possible,impossible,comfortable,necessary, better;the first,the next,the last,the best,too much,too little,not enough

It's so nice to hear your voice.

听到你的声音真高兴。

It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.

当你不用车的时候，锁车是有必要的。

2) It's very kind of you to help us.他帮助我们，他真好。

Kind,nice,stupid,rude,clever,foolish,thoughtful,thoughtless,brave, considerate(考虑周到的),silly,selfish(自私的)

例句:

It was silly of us to believe him.我们真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。

It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.他不给他们任何东西，这显得太自私了。

for 与of 的辨别方法：

用介词后面的代词作主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of，不通则用for。如：

You are nice.(通顺，所以应用of)。

He is hard.(人是困难的，不通，因此应用for。)

注意：1) 其他系动词如，look，appear等也可用于此句型

2) 不定式作为句子成分时，动词用单数形式。

不定式作宾语

1) 动词+ 不定式

afford aim appear agree arrange ask be decide bother care choose come dare demand desire determine expect elect endeavor hope fail happen help hesitate learn long mean manage offer ought plan prepare pretend promise refuse seem tend wait wish undertake

举例：

The driver failed to see the other car in time.

司机没能及时看见另一辆车。

I happen to know the answer to your question.

我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。

2）动词+不定式；动词+宾语+不定式

ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish…

I like to keep everything tidy.我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。

I like you to keep everything tidy.我喜欢你年使每件东西都保持整洁。

I want to speak to Tom.我想和汤姆谈话。

I want you to speak to Tom.我想让你和汤姆谈话。

3）动词+疑问词+ to

decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell

Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。

There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有这么多的录音机，我都拿不定主意买哪一种。

注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时，谓语动词用单数。

The question is how to put it into practice.

问题是怎样把它付诸实施。

不定式做补语：

动词+宾语+不定式(to do)

advise allow appoint believe cause challenge command compel consider declare drive enable encourage find forbid force guess hire imagine impel induce inform instruct invite judge know like order permit persuade remind report request require select send state suppose tell think train trust understand urge warn

例句：

a.Father will not allow us to play on the street.

父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。

b.We believe him to be guilty.

我们相信他是有罪的。

Find 的特殊用法：

Find 后可用分词做宾补，或先加形式宾语，再加形容词，最后加带to 的动词不定式。find后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有get，have。

I found him lying on the ground.

I found it important to learn.

I found that to learn English is important.

典型例题:

The next morning she found the man ___ in bed，dead.

A. lying

B. lie

C. lay

D. laying

2) to + be 的不定式结构，作补语的动词。

Acknowledge,believe,consider,think,declare(声称),discover, fancy(设想),feel find,guess,judge,imagine,know,prove,see(理解), show, suppose,take(以为),understand

We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.

我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。

典型例题

Charles Babbage is generally considered___ the first computer.

A. to invent

B. inventing

C. to have invented

D. having invented

3) to be +形容词

Seem,appear,be said,be supposed,be believed,be thought,be known,be reported,hope, wish,desire,want,plan,expect, mean…

The book is believed to be uninteresting.

人们认为这本书没什么意思。

4)there be+不定式

believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand

We didn't expect there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。

注意：

1 有些动词需用as 短语做补语，如regard, think believe, take, consider.

We regard Tom as our best teacher.我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。

Mary took him as her father .玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。

2 如果作宾语的不定式结构后面还有自己的补语，则应使用先行it，把不定式后置

I find it difficult to understand him.

We thought it wrong not to help her.

3 不定式结构一般不可作介词宾语, 只有在个别场合, 即在含有否定意义的带有介词except 或but (=except) 的结构中才能这样用.

He seldom comes except to look at my pictures.

4 do nothing but / except 后的不定式不带to

此句型中but/ except 前必须要有实义动词do时，but / except后的不定式to才能省略，否则to则不省.

He could do nothing but wait.

He will do anything for you except lend you money.

She has no choice but to wait for the news.

作表语

1.主语是以aim duty hope idea intention mistake plan proposal job suggestion wish purpose task等为中心词的名词词组或以what 引导的名词性从句表示，后面的不定式说明其内容

My idea is to climb the mountain from the north.

What I would suggest is to start work at once.

2主语和表语都是不定式（其含义往往一是条件，一是结果）

To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.

3不定式常用在系动词be,seem,appear, get,remainbecome , look , sound ,taste ,smell ,feel ,等后作表语

The plan seems to have been changed

4 在某些句型中，当主语部分有动作动词do时，作表语的不定式可以省略符号“to”

All you have to do is (to )press the button.

The only thing I can do is (to) give you as much help as I can.

作宾语补足语

只能用不定式结构作宾语补足语的动词：

1 表示“希望”“愿望”等心理状态的动词，如：wish, desire, expect,prefer, encourage, trust 等。

The director preferred her to act the old lady.

2 含有“让”“允许”“促使”“致使”等祈使意义的动词，如：let, allow, permit, decide, mean, lead, bring, put, hurry, cause, 等。

We mustn’t let this happen again.

His father put him to mind the sheep.

3 带有“请求”“恳求”等感情色彩的动词，如：ask, desire, invite, beg, request, worry 等。He begged me not to tell his father about it.

She was always worrying her father to take her to Paris.

4 含有“建议”“劝告”等意义的动词，如：advise, persuade, call on, urge 等。

He urged us to accept the compromise.

The dentist advised me to have the bad tooth pulled out.

既能用不定式结构又能用现在分词作宾语补足语的动词：

see, watch, notice, look at, hear, listen to, observe, feel, have imagine, find, discover, like, want, understand, hate, bring, get, leave, set

有些动词用不定式与用现在分词作宾语补足语，所表达的意义是有差别的。

不定式表示一次性动作或动作的完成（即全过程）

现在分词表示动作正在进行,即：谓语动词所表示的动作发生时，现在分词所表示的动作正在进行。

Did you see anyone enter the house?

He saw his father talking with his teacher.

作定语：常常表示将来的动作

不定式作定语须放在被修饰的名词或代词的后面（定语后置）

1 当名词被the first , the last, the only 等序数词以及形容词最高级修饰时，常用不定式作定语，而不管动作是否已完成．

He is the only person to know the truth.

She is always the first to come and the last to leave.

2 不定式用于说明被修饰的名词或代词的内容，相当于同位语，可转换成同位语从句

e.g: I have no chance to go abroad.

= I have no chance that I will go abroad.

3 作定语的不定式与被修饰的名词或代词存在着两种逻辑关系，即被修饰的名词和代词是不定式的逻辑主语或逻辑宾语．

Alice is always the first student to come to school.

The teacher gave me some English books to read.

The meeting to take place here tomorrow is going to discuss the problem of pollution.

当被修饰的名词或代词是不定式逻辑上的宾语，而该不定式动词又是不及物动词时，应在该动词后加上一个介词以形成逻辑上的动宾关系．

Please pass me some paper to write on.

There’s nothing for us to worry about.

She has a nice pen to write with.

He bought a flat for the family to live in.

不定式作状语

修饰动词、形容词、副词等；表示目的、原因、结果、条件等。

1、表目的

To learn a foreign language well, you must try your best..

He came here to attend an important meeting.

注①：不定式结构表示目的时，通常句子的主语就是它的逻辑主语

He bought a bicycle to go to town more quickly

例外：

He opened the door for the children to come in.

They sent a man to mend the window.

注②：为了强调表示目的的不定式结构，特别是在不定式结构前有否定词not 时，通常可以在不定式符号to 之前加上in order 或so as

He came here in order to see Charlie.

He shouted and waved so as to be noticed.

He went early in order not to miss the train.

I turned the radio down so as not to disturb him

注③：表示目的的不定式可以置于句首，但是，置于句首表示目的的不定式之前可以加上in order，但却不可以加上so as 。

To draw maps properly, you need a special pen.

In order to draw maps properly, you need a special pen.

表结果：

①so …as to …

Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle / tell me the time?

②such (…) as to …

I’m not such a fool as to believe that.

③enough to …

The boy is old enough to go to school.

④too …to …

His eyesight is too poor to read such small letters.

表示“令人意想不到”的结果，有时可以加上only或but only。

He got to the station only to be told the train had gone.

They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet.

表原因：

I'm glad to see you.

用作介词的to：

to 有两种用法：一为不定式+动词原形；一为介词+名词/动名词, to 在下面的用法中是第二种，即to+ 名词/动名词

admit to承认，confess to承认，be accustomed to 习惯于，be used to 习惯于，stick to 坚持，turn to开始，着手于，devote oneself to 献身于，be devoted to 致力于，look forward to 盼望，pay attention to 注意

省略to的不定式：

1）情态动词( 除ought 外，ought to)：

2）使役动词let, have, make：

3）感官动词see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作宾补，省略to。

注意：在被动语态中则to 不能省掉。

I saw him dance.

=He was seen to dance.

4）would rather，had better：

5）Why…/ why not…：

6）help 可带to，也可不带to, help sb (to) do sth：

7）but和except：but前是动词do时，后面出现的动词用不带to的动词不定式。

8）由and, or和than连接的两个不定式，第二个to 可以省去：

9）通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等词后，可以省去to be：He is supposed (to be) nice.他应该是个好人。

不定式的特殊句型too…to…

1）too…to太…以至于…

He is too excited to speak.

他太激动了，说不出话来。

---- Can I help you ? 需要我帮忙吗?

---- Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same.不用了。这箱子太重，恐怕你搬不动。谢谢您。

2) 如在too前有否定词，则整个句子用否定词表达肯定，too 后那个词表达一种委婉含义，意为"不太"。

It's never too late to mend.(谚语)

改过不嫌晚。

3)当too 前面有only, all, but时，意思是：非常…等于very。

I'm only too pleased to be able to help you. 我非常高兴能帮助你。

He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。

不定式的时态和语态：

时态\语态主动被动

一般式to do to be done

进行式to be doing

完成式to have done to have been done

完成进行式to have been doing

1) 现在时：一般现在时表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。

He seems to know this.

I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again.我希望再见到你。

2) 完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。

I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble.

He seems to have caught a cold.

3) 进行时：表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。

He seems to be eating something.

4) 完成进行时：

She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.

动名词与不定式

1）动名词与不定式的区别：

动名词表达的是：状态，性质，心境，抽象，经常性，已发生的

不定式表达的是：目的，结果，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的

2）动名词与不定式语义不同的有11 组：

1stop to do stop doing

2 forget to do forget doing

3remember to do remember doing

4 regret to do regret doing

5cease to do cease doing

6 try to do try doing

7go on to do go on doing

8 afraid to do afraid doing

9interested to do interested doing

10 mean to do mean doing

11 begin/ start to do begin/ start doing

be afraid to do不敢，胆怯去做某事，是主观上的原因不去做，意为"怕"；

be afraid of doing担心出现doing的状况、结果。doing 是客观上造成的，意为"生怕，恐怕"。

She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake.

她生怕被蛇咬着，而不敢在草丛中再走一步。

She was afraid to wake her husband.

她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。

She was afraid of waking her husband.

她生怕吵醒她丈夫。

interested to do对做某事感兴趣，想了解某事。

interested in doing对某种想法感兴趣，doing 通常为想法。

I shall be interested to know what happens.

我很想知道发生了什么事。(想了解)

I'm interested in working in Switzerland. Do you have any idea about that?

我对在瑞士工作感兴趣。你想过这事吗?(一种想法)

mean to do打算、想

mean doing意味着

I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to.

我想去，但是我父亲不肯让我去。

To raise wage means increasing purchasing power.

赠加工资意味着增加购买力。

分词：

分词（Participles）是动词的另一种非限定形式，有现在分词和过去分词两种。分词兼有动词、副词和形容词的特征，可以有宾语或状语。分词和宾语或状语一起构成分词短语。

过去分词只有一种形式，现在分词有如下形式：

１．一般式：doing, 现在分词一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时或几乎同时进行。

⊙The students came into classroom laughing and talking.

学生们又说又笑地走进了教室。（一面“说说笑笑”，一面“走进教室”）２．完成式：having done现在分词完成式所表示的动作，是在谓语动词所表示的动作之前已经完成了。

⊙Having finished his homework, he went to bed.

做完了作业，他去睡觉了。（先“做作业”，后“去睡觉”）

３．一般被动式：being done 表示一个被动动作正在进行或与谓语动词所表示的动作同时进行。

⊙The large building being built (= which is being built) will be our school library.

正在建造的那座大楼将是我们学校图书馆。

４．完成被动式：having been done表示一个被动动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前已经完成了。

⊙Having been shown the labs, we were taken to see the library.

参观了实验室之后，我们被带去参观图书馆。

5．分词的否定形式分词的否定形式由

⊙Not knowing how to do it, he asked me for help. 因为不知道怎么做这件事，他请求我帮助。

⊙Not having received an answer, I wrote again.因为没收到回信，我又写了一封信。

Not being able to help them, I felt very sorry.

１．作定语

作定语用的分词如果是单个的词，一般放在名词的前面；如果是分词短语，则放在名词的后面。此时，它的功能相当于一个定语从句。例如：

Don’t wake up the sleeping boy.

The boy standing there is a classmate of mine. 站在那边的那男孩子是我的同班同学。

The road is covered by fallen leaves.

This is one of the factories built in the 1960s.这是20世纪60年代建的一座工厂。

２．作表语

⊙The story sounds interesting.这故事听起来很有趣。

⊙The football match we watched yesterday was exciting. 我们昨天观看的那场足球赛是令人兴奋的。

⊙Mary seemed worried at the news.听到那消息玛丽似乎很焦虑。

【注意】现在分词通常表示的意义为：（事务或人）令人……的；

过去分词通常表示的意义为：（人）感到……的。如：

My teacher was disappointed with my answer. 老师对我的回答感到失望。

I was disappointed to hear the disappointing news.

We were _________ (excite) at the _____________ ( excite ) news.

3．作宾语补足语

I will have my recorder repaired tomorrow. 明天我将请人修理我的录音机。（repair与recorder 之间为被动关系）

⊙I heard him singing a popular song in the next room.

我听到他在隔壁房间里唱流行歌曲。（sing与him之间为主动关系，且与heard 同时进行）⊙We can see steam rising from the wet clothes. 我们可以看到水蒸气从湿衣服中冒出来。【注1】可以带这种复合宾语的动词主要有：feel, find, get, hear, keep, see, watch, notice等。

上述句子若变为被动语态，现在分词短语就成了主语补足语：

⊙He was heard singing a popular song in the next room.

⊙Steam can be seen rising from the wet clothes.

【注2】复合宾语中用现在分词和用不定式在意义上稍有不同。不定式表示动作发生了，或经常性的动作，指动作的全过程；现在分词则表示动作正在进行。试比较：

⊙I saw her come in. 我看见她进来了。（说明“进来了”这件事）

I saw her coming in.我看见她走进来。（说明“她进来时的情景

1.I saw a dog ___________ ( kill ) on the road.

2.I often hear him ______________ ( sing ) that song.

3.I felt my heart ___________ ( beat ) faster.

４．作状语

现在分词或分词短语作状语时，可以表时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式、伴随状况等。必须记住：从句和主句的主语必须一致。

(1) 表示时间。现在分词表时间时，相当于when等引导的时间状语从句。

① Be careful when crossing the road．（=Be careful when you are crossing the road.）

过马路时小心点。

② Having turned off the TV, he began to do his homework．关掉电视后，他开始做家庭作业。

（=After he had turned off the TV．he began to do his homework．）

(2) 表示原因

① Being so excited, she couldn’t go to sleep．(=Because she was so excited, she couldn’t go to

sleep.) 因为她太兴奋了，所以睡不着。

② Not having received his reply，she decided to make a call to him．（=Because she hadn’t

received his reply, she decided to make a call to him．因为没有收到他的回信，她决定给他打个电话。

(3) 表示方式或伴随，常相当于一个and引起的并列分句。

① The teacher came into the classroom, holding a book in his hand．(=The teacher came into

the classroom and held a book in his hand.) 老师手拿一本书走进教室。

② He came running into the room. (=He came and ran into the room)他跑进屋来。

(4) 表示结果，常相当于一个and引起的并列分句。这类状语常放在句子的后半部分，分词

前往往有副词thus, thereby(因此)或only，并有逗号同前面的句子成分隔开，常可译为“于是，所以，因而”等。这种分词的逻辑主语既可以是句子的主语，也可以是前边的整个句子。逻辑主语为前边的整个句子时，其作用相当于一个非限制性的定语从句。

① The car was held up by the storm，causing the delay. (=The car was held up by the storm

and caused the delay.) 汽车被暴风雨所阻挡，因而耽搁了。

② The old scientist died all of a sudden, leaving the project unfinished.

(=The old scientist died all of a sudden, and left the project unfinished.)

那位老科学突然去世，留下未尽的事业。

③ He turned off the lamp, (thereby) seeing nothing.

(=He turned off the lamp, thereby he saw nothing.) 他熄了灯，什么也看不见了。

④ A number of new machines were introduced from abroad, thus resulting in an increase in

production. (=A number of new machines were introduced from abroad, which resulted in an increase in production.) 大量的新机器被从国外引入，导致生产增加。

(5 ) 表示条件，常相当于一个if引导的条件状语从句。

Working hard, you’ll succeed. (=If you work hard，you’ll succeed.) 努力工作，你就会成功。

(6) 表示让步，常相当于一个though等引导的让步状语从句。

Though feeling tired, Billy he didn’t stop working.(=Though Billy felt tired, he didn’t stop working. 尽管觉得很累，但比利并没有停止他的工作。

5．作插入语

其结构是固定的，意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。

generally speaking一般说来

talking of (speaking of) 说道

strictly speaking 严格的说

judging from 从…判断

all things considered 从整体来看

taking all things into consideration全面看来

Judging from his face, he must be ill.从他的脸色看，他一定是病了。

Generally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs. 总的来说，狗比猪跑得快。(speaking 并不是dogs 的动作)

分词的语态

1）通常，现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动，例如：

He is the man giving you the money.(= who gave you…)他就是给你钱的那个人。

He is the man stopped by the car.( = who was stopped by…)

他就是那个被车拦住的人。

2）不及物动词的过去分词表示动作已经发生

gone, fallen, retired, grown-up, escaped, faded, returned

例: a well-read person.一个读过许多书的人

a much-travelled may一个去过许多地方的人

a burnt-out match烧完了的火柴

重要非谓语句型归纳比较：

1. have 句型

have sb. do sth. 使/让某人做某事The teacher had the monitor write an article for the wall newspaper.

但get sb. to do.

have sb./sth. doing 让……一直做某事；听任……做/发生；有……做……

You will have people laughing at you if you do that.

My father has three workers helping him on the farm.

I won’t have my son playing computer games all day.

have sth. done （１）让人做某事I had my hair cut this morning.

（２）遭遇（不幸）He had his leg broken in the accident.

（３）使某事被做（自己或别人）We must have the broken window repaired.

2. make oneself understood 让人听懂

make oneself heard 让人听见

I had to speak loudly to make myself ____________ ( hear )

3. 过去常做……

be used to ( doing ) sth. 习惯于（做）某事

be used to do = be used for doing 用于做某事