英语入门教材(1)

英语国际音标表（48个）

元音（20个）

长元音/ɑ:/ /?:/ /?:/ /i:/ /U:/

短元音/?/ /?/ /?/ /?/ /?/ /e/ / ?/ /e?/ /a?/ /??/

双元音/??/ /e?/ /??/

/??/ /a?/

辅音（28个）

轻辅音/p/ /t/ /k/ /f/ /θ/ /s/

浊辅音/b/ /d//g/ /v/ /e//z/

轻辅音/?/ /h/ /ts/ /t?/ /tr/

浊辅音/?/ /r//dz//d?/ /dr/

鼻音/m/ /n//?/

半元音/j/ / w/

边音/?/

辅音、元音两相拼，咱们一起来进行！

你知道吗？前面我们已经讲过，英语的音标共有48个，元音音标20个，辅音音标28个。单元音有12个，双元音有8个。在辅音中，清辅音有11个，浊辅音有17个。其实英语单词的音标拼读就是辅音和元音组合在一起，按照读音规则拼读出来就ok。

在我们开始学习英语语音音标之前，有一点大家要记住：不要试图用汉语普通话的近似音去代替英语的音标。例如：有人把英语字母“n”念成“恩”，用汉语的“e”来代替英语的[e],这是一种很坏的习惯，它使你永远也学不到纯正的英语发音。记住：英语的音标跟汉语的音标缺乏可比性。例如：英语的单元音有十二个之多，而汉语只有六个。即使是两者相似的音，他们在发音的口型、音的长短上都有差别。

1 [i:] [I] [p] [b] [t ] [d]

元音练习

[i:] [I]

[pi:p] [pIp]

[pi:b] [pIb]

[bi:t] [bIt]

辅音练习

[p] [b] [t ] [d]

[i:] [pi:] [bi:] [ti:] [di:]

[I] [ pI] [bI] [ tI] [dI]

音节综合练习

[p] [b] [t ] [d]

[pId] [bIt] [tId] [dIp]

[pi:d] [bi:t] [ti:d] [di:p]

2 [e] [?] [k] [g] [ f ] [v]

元音练习

[e] [?]

[kef] [k?f]

[peg] [p?g]

[ted] [t?d]

[vet] [v?t]

辅音练习

[k] [g] [ f ] [v] [e] [ke] [ge] [fe] [ve] [?] [k?] [g?] [f?] [v?] 音节综合练习

[k] [g] [ f ] [v]

[ket] [gIv] [ fi: t] [veg]

[k?t] [g?v] [ fIt ] [v?g]

3 [ɑ:] [ ?:] [ ? ] [s ] [ z] [ θ] [ e ]

元音练习

[ɑ:] [ ?:] [?] [hɑ:d] [ h?:d] [h?d ] [pɑ:s ] [p?:s ] [p?s ] [fɑ:] [f?:] [f?] [eɑ:t] [ e?:t] [e?t] 辅音练习

[s ] [ z] [θ] [e ] [ɑ:] [sɑ: ] [ zɑ:] [θɑ:] [ eɑ: ] [ ?:] [s?: ] [ z?:] [θ?:] [ e?: ] 音节综合练习

[s ] [ z] [θ] [ e]

[si: ] [ zi:l] [ θ??k] [ e?n ]

[set ] [ zest] [ θi?] [ ei: ]

4 [?] [?:] [ ? ] [h ] [ l ] [ r]

元音练习

[?] [ ? ] [?: ]

[h?t ] [h? t ] [h?:t ]

[l?v ] [l? v ] [l?:v ]

[r?b ] [r? b ] [r?:b ]

辅音练习

[h ] [ l ] [ r]

[?] [h?] [l ?] [r?]

[ ?] [h?] [l ? ] [r?] [?: ] [h?:] [l?: ] [r?: ]

音节综合练习

[h ] [ l ] [ r]

[hi:d ] [ li:d ] [ ri:d]

[h?m ] [ l?m ] [ r?m]

5 [ u: ] [ u] [m] [n] [ ? ]

元音练习

[u: ] [ u]

[mu:n ] [mun]

[ru:d ] [ rud]

[fu:t ] [ fut]

辅音练习

[m] [n] [? ]

[u: ] [mu: ] [nu: ] [su:? ]

[ u] [mu] [nu] [ su? ]

音节综合练习

[m] [n] [? ]

[kim] [kin] [ ki? ]

[seim] [sin] [ si? ]

[m?:m] [m?:n] [m?:? ]

6 [ei] [ai] [?] [? ] [t?] [d? ]

元音练习

[ei] [ai]

[?eid] [?aid]

[feil] [fail]

[dei] [dai]

辅音练习

[?] [? ] [t?] [d?]

[?ei] [?ei ] [t?ei ] [d?ei]

[?u ] [?u] [t?u ] [d?u]

[?ai] [?ai ] [t?ai ] [d?ai]

.综合练习

[?eik] [?eis ] [t?eip ] [d?eik]

[?ud ] [?udi] [t?uk] [d?us]

7. [au] [?u] [?i] [tr] [dr]

元音练习辅音练习

[au] [?u] [?i] [tr] [tri:] [tr?] [tru:]

[tr au] [??ud ][tr?i] [tri:p] [tr?z?z] [tru:s] [drau] [f?u ][dr?i] [dr] [dri:] [dr?] [dru:] [? au] [d?u ] [b?i] [dri:p] [dr?k] [dru:s]

8. /e?/ /??/ /??/ /j/ /w/

元音练习

/e?/ /??/ /??/

/de?/ /p??/ /d??/

/pe?/ /t??/ /p??/

/?e?/ /???/ /t???/

辅音练习

/j/ /jes/ /je?/ /ju:/ /kju:/ /j?uk/ /j?p/

/w/ /w??/ /w??/ /we?/ /w?:m/ /w?uk/ /w?t/

9. /ts/ /dz/

/ts/ /ki:ts/ /k?ts/ /si:ts/ /wa:ts/

/dz/ /b?:dz/ /w?:dz/ /h?dz/

和音节相关的概念：

以元音结尾的音节称为开音节,以辅音结尾的音节称为闭音节

一、音节：音节是读音的基本单位，任何单词的读音，都是分解为一个个音节朗读。在英语中元音特别响亮，一个元音可构成一个音节，一个元音和一个或几个辅音音素结合也可以构成一个音节。一般说来，元音可以构成音节，辅音不响亮，不能构成音节。但英语辅音字母中有 4 个辅音[m]，[n]，[ng]，[l]是响音，它们和辅音音素结合，也可构成音节。它们构成的音节往往出现在词尾，一般是非重读音节。英语的词有一个音节的，两个音节的，多个音节的，一个音节叫单音节，两个音节叫双音节，三个音节以上叫多音

节。划分音节的方法：元音是构成音节的主体，辅音是音节的分界线。可以简单记为：一归后（[?k?l?] [?r?b?] [?ru:l?]），二分手（[?sist?] [n?mb?] /'k?st?m?/），三前二后一。

音节按读音可以分为开音节和闭音节

开音节又可以分为绝对开音节和相对开音节

(1) 绝对开音节：是指一个元音字母后面没有辅音字母而构成的音节，例如：we, hi, yo-yo

(2) 相对开音节：是指一个元音字母后面有一个辅音字母(除r)之外，最后是一个不发音的e构成的音节，如:take, make

在开音节中，这个元音字母发“字母”本身音，例如hi|hai|, use|ju:z| (3) 闭音节：指元音字母后面有辅音字母(辅音字母r除外)构成的音节，如：leg, cross

2）音节按重读可以分为重读音节和非重读音节

重读音节：指在双音节或多音节词中有一个发音特别响亮的音节，叫重读音节，用重音符号“`”标于相应位置，其他音节为非重读音节，如begin |bi’gin|，单音节词作重读处理，但不标重音符号。(注在重读音节中/str/要浊化为：/sdr/ ,/sp/要浊化/sb/,/sk/ 要浊化为/sg/, /st/要浊化为

/sd/)

音标音节拼读练习

1.[i:] [hi:t] [mi:t] [ni:t] [fli:] [fi:l] [si:] [wi:] [ri:? ]

2.[i] [lid] [did] [pin] [klik] [fiks] [lift] [tin] [?wint?]

3.[e] [les] [eg] [tel] [felt] [tekst] [men] [lend] [swept]

4.[?] [f?n] [l?nd] [l?mp] [pl?n] [k?t] [fl?t] [m?t] [f ?t]

5.[?:] [b?:g] [g?:l] [f?:n] [t?:n] [h?:] [w?:k] [s?:v] [?d?:ti] [sk?:t]

6.[?] [?br?e?] [?sist?] [?k?l?] [?r?b?] [?ru:l?] [f??get] [?h?l?di]

7.[u:] [fu:d] [bu:t] [lu:n] [ku:l] [lu:p] [lu:n] [su:n] [ku:l]

8.[u] [fut] [buk] [gud] [stud] [kuk] [bruk] [hud] [wud]

9.[?] [n?t] [b?s] [l?k] [s?n] [f?n] [l?n] [?s] [d?k] [n?mb?]

10.[?:] [b?:l] [?:l] [f?:l] [t?:l] [sm?:l] [h?:l] [k ?:l] [b?:d]

11.[?] [g?t] [l?t] [?f] [n?t] [m?k] [f?ks] [s?k] [b?ks] [?s?ri]

12.[ɑ:] [ɑ:m] [ɑ:t] [kɑ:] [stɑ:t] [skɑ:] [fɑ:m] [hɑ:d] [lɑ:t]

13.[ai] [wait] [wai] [mai] [rait] [flait] [flai] [kaind] [faind]

14.[au] [kau] [hau] [?au?] [?flau?] [?tau?] [haus] [maus] [nau]

15.[ei] [neim] [feim] [gein] [leik] [seik] [?teibl] [keik] [ei]

16.[?u] [n?u] [g?ut] [h?um] [n?ut] [?uld] [k?ut] [r?u] [b?ut]

17.[u?] [pu?] [tu?] [lu?] [mu?] [bu?] [?u?] [?tu?rist] [m??? u?]

18.[i?] [di?] [ni?] [?wi?ri] [fi?] [? i?] [kli?] [ti?] [pai??ni?]

19.[?i] [?il] [b?il] [p?int] [n?iz] [v?is] [s?i] [??in] [??v?id]

20.[??] [h??] [p??] [f??] [?f??ri] [?w??ri] [ri?p??] [?k??ful] [st??]

21.[?] [??st] [?in] [?i:p] [??b] [??m] [??rin?] [ri ?li??s]

22.[?] [?ben?] [?? ain?] [???] [w?:?] [m??] [??eri] [k?u?]

23.[?] [br??] [?i:p] [?ɑ: p] [?ip] [??p] [fi?] [???uld?] [ri?sep??n]

24.[?] [?le??] [?ple??] [?ju:??] [?ju:??li] [?telivi??] [?me??]

25.[j] [jes] [jet] [?jel?u] [jɑ:d] [j?m] [j?k] [?jest?dei] [j??]

26.[?] [?i?gli?] [l??] [l??] [spri?] [si?] [?i:ti?] [??aini?]

27.[?] [?ri:] [???:ti] [?i?] [???k] [???nd?] [t u:?] [?ru:]

28.[e] [eis] [e?t] [ei:z] [e?uz] [e??] [eei] [?wee?] [?fɑ:e?]

29.[tr] [tri:] [trai] [trein] [tru:] [?tru:li] [?strein?] [tru:?]

30.[dr] [drai] [draiv] [?draiv?] [dr?uv] [dri:m] [dru:] [drein]

31.[?] [mi:?] [si:?] [?stju:d??] [?mini?] [k??] [wei?] [ li?]

32.[?] [w?:?] [b?:?] [ki?] [h?n?] [??auzn?] [?h?ndr??]

33./m/ /m?/ /m?e?/ /mi:t/ /mes/ /m?p/

34./n/ /n?/ / n?t/ /n?p/ /n?ut/ /nu:n/

35./w/ /w ?t/ /w?:ts/ /wi?/ /west/ / ‘w?li:t/

36./l/ /let/ /lift/ /l?/ /pi:pl/ /wel/ /d?:l/

37./h/ /h?t/ /h?/ /h ?:/ /h?ust/ /h?um/

38./r/ /ri:/ /reis/ /rais/ /r?/ /r?p/

39./p/ /pi:t/ /put/ /p?s/ /p?:k/ /p?ust/

40./b/ / b?s/ /bi:t/ /b?:d/ / b?:dz/ /b?:l/

41./t/ /t?/ /t?p/ /tim/ /tju:/

42./d/ /d?/ /daut/ /d?k/ /disk/ /desk/

43./k/ /ki:m/ /kl?p/ /k ?/ /k?:l/

44./g/ /g?/ / gim/ /gest/ /g?u/

45./f/ /fi:/ /f?/ /f?ust/ /f?st/

46./v/ /v?/ /vais/ /v?lju:bl/

47./s/ /s?/ /si:/ /s?m/ /s?uld/

48./z/ /z?/ /zi: /zi:?/ /zi?/

音标拼读综合练习

1./sma?l/ /n?n/ /'fi:l??/ /f?lm/ /'la?vl?/ /str?kt/ /'p?:sn/

2./send/ /s?ft/ /kl?p/ /θ?:t/ /e??/ /'pɑ:sp?:t/ /sp e?s/

3./t??/ /dɑ:k/ /d?'s??n/ /s?t?/ /m?g?'zi:n/ /r e?z/ /sel/

4./fi:ld/ /'vi:?kl/ /d?'sa?d/ /'e?ple?n/ /'t??tl/ /d?'rek??n/

5./'s?nra?z/ /b?k/ /'sli:p?/ /'s?n?m?/ /,rez?'ve???n/ /ha?k/

6./fr?d?/ /'st?nd?d/ /'k?m?n/ /'d?l?/ /'se?fli/ /t?p/ /bet/

7./'templ/ /'l?ukl/ /r?'si:v/ /'p?:f?kt/ /k?mp/ /pi:s/ /ɑ:t?/

8./mɑ:k/ /?'f??l/ /'k?ml//pres'ti:?/ /'i:st?n/ /i:st/ /'b?t?/

9./sa?θ/ /n?:θ/ /t??/ /kra?d/ /p??/ /'sl??li/ /b?'sa?d/

10./hju:d?/ /'s?dli/ /gɑ:d/ /'r??la?z/ /'gudn?s/ /'kre?zi/

11./'eninwe?/ /p?'lu:?n/ /?m'p?s?bl/ /deθ/ /?ɑ:p/ /sl??/

12./'?p?z?t/ /'h?tla?n/ /'helm?t/ /'br?tn/ /'tr?bl/ /'m?n?/

13./li:d/ /smu:e/ /s?k'ses/ /'m?dl/ /pɑ:θ/ /'s?:tn/ /'e???/

14./'fa?nl/ /r?'z?lt/ /'br??k?n/ /ta?m/ /t?i:z/ /su:p/ /ste?d?/

15./'b?sk?t/ /'west?n/ /fra?d/ /'p?t?/ /se?l/ /'resl?/ /k?t/

16./t?i:p/ /pi:s/ /'n??z?l?/ /'elb??/ /spu:n/ /'f?:ml/ /fa?n/

17./gest/ /'le?di/ /b?l/ /'ste?pl/ /w?:θ/ /'b?l?nst/ /bla?z/

18./'ef?t/ /'ni:tli/ /ste?k/ /fri:/ /'k?tn/ /s?lk/ /s?'sai?ti/

19./sl?m/ /skɑ:f/ /'p?k?t/ /sa?z/ /'w?l?n/ /bu:t/ /'rɑ:e?/

20./'lee?/ /d?'pend/ /d?s'la?k/ /sju:t/ /'s?m?l?/ /d?'za?n/

21./?'la?/ /sta?l/ /ple?n/ /'sl?p?/ /'k?st?m?/ /'pa?l?t/

22./'m?dl/ /fi:t??/ /'a?t?m/ /t???s/ /'hɑ:dli/ /'m?n?d??/

英语音标及字母组合对照

一、元音:

our :four mourn court bought

ar :warm quarrel quarter

3、[ε:] 字母组合ir ur ear er or

ir:girl shirt skirt thirty thirteen third bird

ur :turn burn murder nurse turtle Thursday

burger

ear :learn earn earth heard

er ：term her nerd serve

or：work worm world

4、[i:] 字母组合:ee ea e ie （ey i）

ee ：three tree green sheep meet beef see seek

ea ：eat tea meat leave lead teacher team mean speak clean please

e ：he she me

ie ：piece receive ceiling

ey: key

i: in information

5、[u:] 字母组合 oo o u

oo :food moon room gloom broom doom goose tooth

o :shoe do two

u: true truth blue full prude

6、[ ? ] 发音字母 u o ou

u :up supper lunch fun gun hunt cup bus

o :come mother dose brother love above

ou :trouble rough flourish

7、([?])发音字母 o a ou

o :hot lost lot fox box mop hop loss collar not

a :want wash watch

ou:out about loud

8、[ε] 字母组合 er or ou ar o a e ur

er:teacher leader remember player speaker farmer powder

or :doctor actor mayor author tractor

ou :delicious gracious pleasure familiar

o :collar dollar together tomorrow today

a:alive attack array appearance

e:the

ur:Saturday

9、[ i ]发音字母 i y e ui

i :sit picture it is list six mix fix fit pig big build miss

y: many twenty happy dictionary

e :defect the

ui:liquid quick quit

10、[u] 字母组合 oo ou u o

oo :look good foot book wood

ou:should could

u :put full bull pull push

o :woman to

11、[e] 字母组合 ea e

ea :head bread pleasure

e :elephant electric remember sell shell lesson

better bed desk hotel yes

12、[ ? ] 发音字母 a

bag hand and ant happy hat map mad bad black back glad flag shall man

13、[ei] 发音字母 a…e ay ea ai ey

a…e :name cake late gate plane April

a:April acient agency

ay :play say may way

ea :great break

ai :rain paint plain

ey :they grey

14、[ai] 发音字母 i…e i y

i…e：bike fine find nine

i :die light night high

y :my try fly

15、[ ?? ] 字母组合oy oi

Oy:boy toy joy

oi ：oil soil voice choice

16、[iε] 字母组合 eer ear ere ie

Eer:beer deer

ear :near hear dear

ere :here

ie ：fierce expierence

17、[ ?? ] ([e?])字母组合ear air ere

Ear:pear bear

air :chair air fair

ere :there where care

18、[uε] [u?]字母组合our

our :tour

19、[??] 发音字母 o…e o ow oa

o…e ：home dome owe phone

o :cold go no host ghost

ow :know low below grow show flow

oa :boat coat goal

20、[au] 字母组合 ou ow o

ou :house out flour ground account count sound loud around mouse

ow :flower down now cow how town

o:copy drop

二、辅音：

/p/ p:pet pad pig

/t/ t:tank ticket ten

/k/ k:key okey kiss

/f/ f:full fun fold flag

Ph:photo

/θ/ thank think thin three

/s/ six say see sad sorry

C:decision

/b/ b:bad bed back bank

/d/d:do dictionary dollar

/g/ g:glad glance good great

/v/ v:very vession victory

/e/th:they then than that this

/z/ z:zero zoo zip

/?/ sh:share she shampoo

/h/ h:hell hence have hat

/ts/ its

/t?/ ch:teacher chance change

/tr/tr:trade treat try

/?/ vession decision

/r/r:red race

Wr:Write

/dz/ds

/d?/ ge:change geography

/dr/dr:drive dry

/m/ m: moon matter man moon

M:Room zoom

/n/n:noon not no

N:Noon town down

/?/drunk(drink的过去式)

/j/ y:yesman yesterday

/ w/ w:win welcome we

/?/ l:look luck lost let

元音分类

前元音、中元音和后元音

根据元音发音过程中舌头在口腔中抬起的部位不同，我们可以把元音分为前元音、中元音和后元音。

(1) Front（前元音）4

The front vowels in English are the vowels that are articulated near the front of the oral cavity, such as:

发前元音时，发音部位靠近口腔前部。例如：

1./i:/ 前、高、不圆唇、长元音;

2. /i/ 前、半高、不圆唇、短元音;

3./e/ 前、半高、不圆唇、短元音;

4. /?/ 前、低、不圆唇、短元音.

(2) Central（中元音）2

发央元音时，发音部位靠近口腔中?部。例如：

1./?/ 中、半高、不圆唇、长元音;

2. /?:/ 中、半低、不圆唇、短元音.

(3) Back（后元音）6

发后元音时，发音部位靠近口前后部。例如：

1./u/ 后、高、圆唇、短元音;

2. /u:/ 后、高、圆唇、长元音;

3./?/ 后、低、圆唇、短元音;

4./?:/后、半低、圆唇、长元音;

5./Λ/后、半低、不圆唇、短元音;

6./a:/ 后、低、不圆唇、长元音.

单元音和双元音

根据元音的构成要素，我们可以把元音分为12个单元音（monophthongs）和8个双元音（Diphthongs）。

发双元音时，从一个元音滑向另一个元音。例如：

1. /ei/ gay;

2. / ?u/ load;

3. /ai/ kite;

4. /au/ mouth;

5. /?i/ boy;

6. /i?/ hear;

7. /e?/ fair;

8. /u?/ tour.

发单元音时，在一个音节的发音过程中不改变音质。英语中其他元音均为单元音。例如：

1. /i:/ bee;

2. /i/ hit;

3. /e/ bed;

4. /?/ bad;

5. /Λ/ but;

6. /a:/ hard;

7. /?/ lot;

8. /?:/ war;

9. /u/ look; 10. /u:/ moon; 11. /?:/ work; 12. /?/ leader; 长元音和短元音：

根据元音的发音长短，我们可以把元音分为长元音和短元音。

发短元音时，声音持续时间较短。例如：

1. /i/ pig;

2. /e/ let;

3. /?/ map;

4. /?/ hot;

5. /Λ/ mud;

6. /u/ good;

7. /au/ about.

发长元音时，声音持续时间较长。英语中其他元音均为长元音。例如：

1. /i:/ bee;

2. /?:/ work;

3. /a:/ hard;

4. /?:/ war;

5. /u:/ moon.

辅音：

（辅音分类1）清辅音和浊辅音：

根据声带的振动情况，我们可以把辅音分为清辅音和浊辅音。

清辅音(unvoiced consonants)

发清辅音时，声带不震动。例如：

1. /p/ put

2. /t/ tea

3. /k/ cake

4. / / think

5. /s/ sad

6. /∫/ shy

7. /t∫/ chat

8. /f/ fat

9. /h/ have 10. /tr/ tree 11. /ts/ bets

浊辅音(voiced consonants)

发浊辅音时，声带震动。例如：

1. /b/ bar

2. /d/ dog

3. /γ/ game

4. /T/ that

5. /z/ aoo

6. /?/ vision

7. /d?/ joy

8. /v/ very

9. /w/ wait 10. /m/ meal 11. /n/ net 12. /N/ bank

13. /l/ late 14. /r/ rest 15. /j/ year 16. /dr/ dream

17. /dz/ cards