图示理论在法律英语时文阅读中的应用

图示理论在法律英语时文阅读中的应用
图示理论在法律英语时文阅读中的应用

图示理论在法律英语时文阅读中的应用

传统的阅读教学模式带来的结果是学生对阅读材料的理解是非常肤浅的,这种教学模式自然会僵化学生的思维方式,从而使得学生对阅读产生厌倦感,阅读理解水平会越来越低。图式理论是对心理过程进行理解、解释的一种理论模式。尝试运用图示理论对法律英语进行分析,探讨图示法学理论

案例教学法在中职《经济法》课程中应用的具体“假论文”背后有什么真问题(共3篇)浅论学习型思想政治理论课教师的培养浅谈和谐文化理论形成的历史脉络探析经济学信息范式理论的基本假设与辨析怎样写研究性论文撰写方法(共3篇)运用政治理论指导企业思想政治工作关于区分法条竞合与想象竞合的意义试析受教育权理论发展综述独立学院实践教学模式改革

对语篇解读的作用,旨在促进学习者对此类语篇的理解能力。

当今的中国国际化水平越来越高,与其他国家的交往渗透到各个领域,包括经济、教育、文化、体育、政治、医疗等,中外这些领域的合作越来越广泛,因此,精通法律英语的复合型人才越来越受到重视,但是,这类人才在中国又非常紧缺。阅读法律英语报刊是了解国际国内法律文化的重要窗口,同时也是学习和掌握现代法律英语的理

想途径。因此,掌握法律英语阅读策略和学习技巧对于法律报刊的阅读非常重要。本文尝试运用图示理论对法律英语进行分析,探讨图示理论对语篇解读的作用,旨在促进学习者对此类语篇的理解能力。

一、图式的概念

图式理论(Schema Theory)是对心理过程进行理解、解释的一种理论模式,属于认知心理学。

十八世纪德国心理学家伊曼努尔·康德(Immanuel Kant)最早提出了图示的概念——“人的大脑中存在纯概念的东西,图式是连接概念和感知对象的纽带(王晓红,2004)”[1]。而最先将此概念引入心理学研究的是英国心理学家巴特利特(Bartlett)。他将图式概念运用到记忆和知识结构的研究中,并重新定义为人们过去的经历在大脑中的动态组织。著名心理学家皮亚杰在图式理论研究中也做出了巨大的贡献。他指出:图式的发展水平是人的认识发展水平的重要标志。图式既是认识发展的产物,又是认识发展的基础和条件(石向实,1994)[2]。20世纪70年代后期完善图式理论并将其运用到外语教学中的是美国人工智能专家鲁梅哈特(D.E.Rumelhart)等人。他们对图式理论进行了更加深入地研究。他们的观点是:图式是认知的建筑块件,人类的认知依靠记忆中已经存在的图式。

简而言之,图式是以等级层次形式存储于长时记忆的一组相互作用的认知结构,人们从语言材料中所获取的新信息与已有知识图式相互作用,以实现对重要信息的理解。

二、英语阅读教学现状

提起英语阅读,由于对背景知识比较缺乏、平时阅读习惯较差以及阅读技能掌握不全面等原因,学生们普遍表现出阅读模式单一、兴趣不高等特点。

目前,各大高校的英语阅读课程大都采用传统的教学模式,教师是教学的主体,一切以教师为中心。这种教学方式是填鸭式的教学方式,教学手段也非常单一。这种教学模式的弊端是:讲授过多的词汇、语法内容;教师对学生进行阅读检查时,提出问题过细;在阅读中教师介入多;阅读材料陈旧,课堂教学沉闷(李丽妍,2010)[3]。

传统的教学模式只顾教师的讲解,忽视学生对信息的反馈,学生对所阅读的材料是否真正掌握,对材料的理解是不是只停留在表面,这些都需要教师去关注。传统的教学模式也不利于培养学生的思辨能力、主动学习的能力及创新的能力。久而久之,学生对阅读越来越排斥,教学效果就会越来越差。因此,必须改变传统的教学模式。

三、法律英语的图式分析

根据图式理论,阅读者的阅读能力主要由三种形式决定:

语言图式(linguistic schema):指词汇、语法和习惯用法等方面的语言知识。

内容图式(content schema):指文章的文化背景知识和文章的主题。

形式图式(formal schema):指学习者对阅读文本体裁的了解程度。

在阅读的过程中,学生头脑中的这三种图式与材料的内容互相作用,这将决定学生对阅读材料的理解程度。

(一)法律英语语言图式

法律英语的语言特点鲜明,无论是词语、词义,还是表达方式等方面,都与普通英语有所区别,在阅读过程中,学习者需要有大量的词汇储备。

法律英语的语言特点:

1区别于文学作品中常见的华丽辞藻和丰富的修饰语,法律英语属于正式的书面语,用词准确又很拘谨,不像日常英语一样随意,否则容易引起法律纠纷。例如:在法律英语中表示“根据”,一般用in accordance with,而很少会用according to。

例:Cancellation charges will apply in accordance with Paragraph 4 above.(按照上面第四节条款内容应该支付注销费。)

2在英语的发展过程中,法律英语词汇逐渐从多义的普通英语词汇中分离出来,一些普通英语中的常用语在法律英语中具有另一种含义。例如:

(1)This is a sensitive issue(问题).

The man died without issue(直系继承人)

(2)At twenty,hes just beginning to find himself.

The jury found(裁定)him guilty of manslaughter(过失杀人罪).

3因为法典讲究传承和稳定,在法律文书的制定过程中,为避免因改变原词而产生歧义,一些古体词得以保留下来,这一点主要体现

在大量使用以here,there和where与介词合成的词。

例如:thereinafter(在下文中)

例:The books first reference was innocuous,but the six references thereinafter were libelous per se.(本书的第一条引文没有问题,但是后面的6条引文本身即具有诽谤性。)

4不熟悉法律业务的外行人很难理解法律术语和行话,但是,如果律师需要开展业务,或者起草相关的文件,这些术语就必须掌握了。例如起草合同文件时常用的法律术语:

at issue(争论点)

issue of fact(事实问题)

issue of law(法律问题)

cause of action(诉讼原因,案由)

due care(适当的小心)

5当不愿意肯定地表明个人观点或为体现对他人的礼貌和尊重时,有意地使用模糊语言。

(二)法律英语内容图式

本门课程从国内外权威的法律报刊、网站等选取近三年的法律新闻作为语料。共涉及十个关注度较高的主题,分别是:商业金融、刑事案件、就业、环境、保险、知识产权、互联网与科技、媒体与通信、房地产、安全。学生们如果没有进行法律课程的学习,不具备相关法律知识,就无法形成法律知识图式。

(三)法律英语形式图式

法律英语的体裁主要有:法律、法规、法律案例、法律理论文章以及法律实务文本等。笔者所教授的学生属于政法学院,具有一定的法律知识基础,对这些体裁的识别相对容易些,可以借助头脑中已有的形式图式来理解新的法律信息文本。

四、图式理论对法律英语阅读教学的启示

学生头脑中的图式能够帮助他们调节注意力、理解分析阅读材料、搜索记忆、对重要的信息进行加工、概括、推论并重新组织等。在法

律英语阅读教学中,只有最大程度上激活学生头脑中的图式,才能使阅读的效果最大化。

如果学生不具备相应的基本图式、或者阅读材料所提供的激活图式的线索不足,都无法激活相关图式。

在实际教学中,教师可以通过多种手段来帮助学生加深对法律英语阅读材料的理解:

1广泛利用资源向学生介绍法律文化背景知识,创建内容图式。

2帮助学生熟悉法律英语的语言特点,以图表、文字等各种方式对学生进行语言知识的头脑风暴。

3应用体裁教学法,引导学生归纳法律英语语篇的结构特点、分析文章的整体思路、段落间的逻辑关系,以提高学生的语言综合能力。

阅读的过程主要包含以下几种模式:

1自下而上模式(Bottom-up models),也称数据驱动法(data driven),强调对阅读材料从词汇到语篇意义的理解。在这种模式中,信息被动输入,学生被动参与阅读。

2自上而下模式(Top-down models),即概念驱动法(concept driven)。在这种模式中,学生主动参与阅读,运用已有的知识、经验等预测、筛选输入的信息,属于高层次的阅读过程。

3互动模式(Interactive models)。它结合了上述两种模式的特点,“自下而上”和“自上而下”交互作用是阅读理解的过程,是视觉信息和已有知识相互作用的过程。我们可以三种模式相结合,从而培养学生的阅读策略和提高语言运用的效率,以达到激发学生的英语思维、调动学生的学习兴趣、促进新信息与已知信息的融合、激活原有图式并建立新的图式的目的。

作者:金品卓于轶来源:黑龙江教育学院学报2015年12期

新高考英语时文阅读高三专版(含答案解析及全文翻译)

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英语时文阅读

英语时文阅读 TTA standardization office【TTA 5AB- TTAK 08- TTA 2C】

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英语时文阅读

英语时文阅读

英语时文阅读 公司内部档案编码:[OPPTR-OPPT28-OPPTL98-OPPNN08]

英语时文阅读 第一篇 A ban on setting off firecrackers XINHUA 话题:“过年要不要燃放烟花爆竹”这个讨论从年前争论到年后,从减少环卫工人负担到降低空气污染,反对者的声音高涨。但也有人认为,作为传统节日活动,应该燃放烟花爆竹。你怎么看 Wang Xingyue, 14, from Shanghai: I don’t think we should set off firecrackers (爆竹) during holidays. It is really noisy. Some people fire them during midnight. People around cannot sleep well. Besides, it brings air pollution (污染) and lots of rubbish. Most people do not clean the rubbish after they set off firecrackers. So I think there is no need to set them off anymore during holidays. Liu Ran, 14, from Shandong: Setting off firecrackers is a tradition during Chinese festivals. They set them off to celebrate or wish a happy new year. The ceremony (仪式) is very important in Chinese people’s lives. And it also reminds (提醒) us of one of the four great inventions (发明) of China, gunpowder (火药). We cannot give it up. It is good to have this ceremony during holidays. Do you agree with me

新高考赢在阅读高二英语时文阅读专版(含原文翻译及答案解析)

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英语时文阅读一

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