人教版初中英语语法——介词

人教版初中英语语法——介词
人教版初中英语语法——介词

介词(The Preposition)

一、考点解读

在今天的这节课中我将为同学们讲解介词这个专题。中考对于介词的考查有一大部分是关于方位、范围的考查。还有就是易混淆同义介词的辨析及介词的固定搭配。我们今天将从以下几个方面进行复习:

1. 介词的种类

2. 介词的作用

3. 介词短语与短语介词的区别

4. 易混淆介词辨析

二、专题梳理

(一)什么是介词?介词有哪些种类?

介词又称为前置词,它后面通常接名词或代词(或相当于名词作用的其他词类、短语和从句),表示后接的名词或代词与句中其他词语之间的关系。

介词可分为四类:简单介词(Simple Preposition)、合成介词(Compound Preposition)、短语介词(Phrasal Preposition)和分词介词(Participle Preposition)。

1)简单介词是指单个的介词,例如:in,at,on,over,from,under,with,by,for,about等。

2)合成介词是由两个简单介词合成的。例如:without,into,out of,as for,onto,within等。

3)短语介词是指一个或两个简单介词和一个或几个其他种类的词构成的固定短语,其作用相当于一个介词。例如:according to(按照),ahead of(提前),because of(因为),by means of(借助于,通过),due to(由于),in front of(在……前面),instead of(代替),on account of(因为),regardless of(不管,不顾),in spite of(尽管),on behalf of(代表某人,为了某人的利益)等。

4)分词介词是指某些由分词转化而来的介词。例如:concerning(关于),considering (就……而论),including(包括),regarding(关于)等。

(二)介词的作用是什么?

在英语中,介词起着联系词语的作用。它能与不同的词语搭配,用来表示时间、地点、方式、程度等。

常用来表示时间的介词有:at(在……时刻),on(在某天),in(在……期间),within(在……时间内),during(在……期间),between(在……之间),before(在……之前),after(在……之后),since(自从……以来),by(到……时候),till/until(直到……时候)等。

表示地点的介词有:at(在……地点),in(在……里),(a)round(在……周围),about(在……周围),beside(在……旁边),on(在……上面),over(在……上面),above(在……上面),below(在……下面),under(在……下面),beneath(在……下面),in front of(在……前面),behind(在……后面),between(在两者中间),among/amid (st)(在……中间)等。

表示空间运动的介词有:along(沿着),across(横跨),through(穿过),over(越过),up(向上,沿着……向上),down(向下,沿着……向下),from(从……),to (到……),towards(向……去),into(进入……),out of(从……里面往外)等。

表示方式、方法的介词有:by(用、靠、乘、坐),with(用、以),through(通过),in(用),on/upon(依靠),by means of(通过……手段或方法),from(用、由),of (用、由)等。

另外还有一些表示语意关系的介词:

(1)表示原因:because of(因为、由于),owing to(因为、由于),on account of (因为、由于),as a result of(由于),due to(由于、因为),for(由于、因为),at (因……、对……),out of(出于……、由于……),with(因……),thanks to(幸亏、由于)等。

(2)表示让步:in spite of(尽管),despite(尽管)等。

(3)表示排除:except(除……之外),but(除……之外),besides(除……之外还有),apart from(除……之外),in addition to(除……之外还有)等。

(4)表示条件:in case of(如果、倘若、万一),in (the) event of(如果、万一)等。

(5)表示目的:for(为了),for the purpose of(为了……目的)等。

(6)表示伴随:with(和……),along with(和……一起),together with(和……一起)等。

(7)表示比较、比喻:like(像……),as(作为,如同)等。

(8)表示所有、部分和同位关系:of(……的)

然而,介词除了其基本意义外,在许多情况下,它们无任何意义,只是与所搭配的词语构成固定短语,如:insist on(坚持),persist in(坚持),be good at(善于),be fond of(喜欢)等等。

(三)什么是介词短语,它与短语介词有何区别?介词短语有哪些句法功能?

介词是一种虚词,一般不能单独作句子成分,必须与后接的名词或代词或相当于名词的其他词类、短语和从句一起构成介词短语,才能在句中作句子成分。例如:He is in the room. 他在房间里。

(介词in与后接的名词the room构成介词短语,在句中作表语。)

He sat behind her. 他坐在她身后。

(介词behind与后接的代词her构成介词短语,在句中作状语。)

由此可以看出,介词短语与短语介词的区别是:介词短语可单独作句子成分,而短语介词只起介词的作用,不能单独作句子成分。

介词短语在句中可充当定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语(或主语补足语)等句子成分。

(1)作定语:

介词短语作定语时,必须紧接在所修饰的名词之后。例如:

Whose is the book on the desk?

桌上的那本书是谁的?

I have lost the key to the door of my room.

我把房间的钥匙丢了。

(2)作状语:

介词短语在句中可作时间状语、地点状语、方式状语、让步状语和原因状语等。例如:They have worked here since 1990.

自1990年以来他们在这里工作。(时间状语)

I met one of my old friends in the street.

我在街上遇见一位老朋友。(地点状语)

He goes to work by bike every day.

他每天骑自行车上班。(方式状语)

The flight was cancelled due to the fog.

班机因雾停航。(原因状语)

They went to work in spite of the heavy snow.

尽管下大雪,他们仍去上班。(让步状语)

(3)作表语:

He looks like a film star.

他看上去像电影明星。

I am for you.

我支持你。

(4)作宾语补足语(或主语补足语):

He found himself in hospital when he came to.

他苏醒时发现自己住进了医院。(宾补)

Do you consider it of great importance?

你认为那很重要吗?(宾补)

The machine was found out of order.

人们发现这机器出故障了。(主补)

(四)易混淆介词的区别

1.介词at,on和in在表示时间时有何区别?

(1)at表示“在……时刻”或“……点钟”。如:at 6:00 a.m.(上午6点钟),at that time (当时),at the moment(在此刻),at noon/ night/ midnight/ dawn/

daybreak/sunrise/dusk/sunset……(在中午/夜里/半夜/黎明/拂晓/日出/黄昏/日落……)。

在表示短期假日的名词前也用at,如:at Christmas(在圣诞节),at Easter(在复活节),at the weekend(在周末),at the Spring Festival(在春节)。

(2)on表示“在某天(的上午、下午,晚上)”、“在……时候”,用于日期、星期几前面,如:on July 1st(在7月1日),On Friday(在星期五),on Thursday

morning/afternoon/evening(在星期四的上午/下午/晚上),on a spring morning(在一个春天的早晨)。

on还可表示“在……后立即”。如:

On arriving there, they set to work.

他们一到那里就着手干了起来。

(3)in表示“在……期间”,一般用于月、季节、年、世纪、上午、下午、晚上等前面。如:in October(在10月),in 1990(在1990年),in summer(在夏季),in the 20th century(在20世纪),in the morning/afternoon/evening(在上午/下午/晚上)。

in还可以与一段时间连用,表示“在……(时间)内”或“在……(时间)后”。当in表示“在……(时间)内”时,常用于过去时态中;而表示“在……(时间)后”时,常用于将来时态。例如:

The work was done in a week.

这工作在一星期内就完成了。

I’ll come to see you in 5 days.

过五天我再来看你。

2.介词by,till和until在表示时间时有何区别?

(1)by意为“不迟于”、“到……时(为止)”,如:

They had arrived here by 2 o’clock.

他们两点钟的时候已经到这儿了。

He will come by six o’clock.

他六点钟以前来。

by还可以表示“在……的时候”、“当……的时候”,如:

They don’t work by day but by night.

他们不是白天工作,而是夜间工作。

(2)till和until表示“直到……时候”,用于否定句时表示“直到……时才……”。例如:He watched TV until/till 11 o’clock last night.

他昨晚看电视一直看到11点钟。

I didn’t go to bed until/till 12 o’clock last night.

我昨晚12点钟才上床睡觉。

3.介词on,above和over在表示地点时有何区别?under和below有何区别?

(1)on表示“在……上面”,指在某事物的平面上与该事物有直接接触。例如:The book is on the table.

书在桌上。

There is an oil painting on the wall.

墙上有一幅油画。

(2)over和above意为“在……上方”、“在……上面”,与某事物有一定的空间距离。但over往往指在某事物的垂直上方,或指“在……上空”,而above仅指“在……上方”。例如:

The lamp was hung over the table.

灯悬挂在桌子的上面。

The sun is over the mountain by ten every morning.

太阳每天早上十点钟升上山。

He kept his head above water.

他使头部露出水面。

(3)under和below意为“在……下面”。其中under与over相反,表示在某事物的垂直下方。而below与above相反,仅指“在……下面”,表示位置低于所提及的事物。例如:Your pencil is under the chair.

你的铅笔在椅子下面。

Please sign your name below the line.

请在线的下面签名。

4.介词between和among有何区别?

(1)between意为“在……两者之间”,可表示地点、时间或其他语意关系,例如:He sat between his father and his mother.

他坐在他爸爸和妈妈中间。

Come sometime between 3 and 4 o’clock.

在3点与4点之间来。

注意:在我们谈到正好几个事物的中间位置时,通常用between,例如:Ecuador lies between Colombia, Peru and the Pacific Ocean.

厄瓜多尔位于哥伦比亚、秘鲁和太平洋之间。

(2)among意为“在……中间”、“在……之中”。一般指在三者和三者以上之中。例如:He built a house among the trees.

他在树丛中建了一座房屋。

He lived among the Indians.

他生活在印第安人当中。

(3)amid(st)表示“在……中”,“在……当中”或“在……包围中”。既可置于可数名词复数形式前,又可置于不可数名词前。例如:

They built a hut amid(st) the woods.

他们在树林中盖了一间茅屋。

Amid warm applause the honored guests mounted the platform.

贵宾们在热烈的欢呼声中登上了主席台。

5.在表示空间运动时,across,through和over有何区别?

(1)across意为“横跨”,指从一边到另一边。例如:

The dog walked across the street.

狗穿街而过。

A bridge was laid across the river.

一座桥架于河上。

(2)through表示“穿过”、“经过”。例如:

The water flows through a pipe.

水流经水管。

The road goes under the river through a tunnel.

这条路穿过一条河底隧道。

(3)over表示“越过”、“从……边缘上往下”。例如:

They climbed over the mountain.

他们爬过了山。

The child fell over the balcony.

那小孩从阳台上掉了下来。

6.在表示方式、方法时,介词by,with,through和in有何区别?from和of有何区别?

(1)by表示“用(方法、手段、途径等)”或意为“乘坐(交通工具)”,后接的名词前面通常不用冠词。例如:

He earns his living by teaching.

他以教书为生。

Please let me know by letter/telephone/telegraph.

请写信/打电话/拍电报告诉我。

(2)with表示“用(工具、手段、材料或其他行为方式)”。例如:

Mend it with this glue.

用这种胶补一补。

He writes with his left hand.

他用左手写字。

(3)through表示“以(方法、手段)”、“经由”。例如:

He got the job through a friend.

他经朋友介绍找到了这份工作。

He learnt of the event through Radio Beijing.

他从北京广播电台得悉此事。

(4)in表示“用(方式、材料、途径)”。例如:

They were speaking in Italian.

他们在用意大利语说话。

She spoke in a calm voice.

她用平静的语气说话。

(5)from和of都可表示“用(原料、材料)”、“由……”,常用于be made from/of短语中,意为“由……制成”。要注意的是:be made of表示从成品中能看出原材料,而be made from则看不出原材料或者成品是由几种材料混合而成的。例如:

The desk is made of wood.

这张桌子是由木头做的。

The paper is made from wood.

这种纸是由木头制成的。

7.介词besides,except,except for,but,apart from和in addition to在用法上有何区别?

(1)besides和in addition to同义,表示“除……之外(还)……”。如:

There was another visitor besides me.

除我之外还有另一位客人。(包括我在内)

In addition to English, he knows French and Japanese.

除英语外,他还懂法语和日语。(包括英语在内)

但是,当与nothing,nobody或no one等否定意义的不定代词连用时,besides与except

同义,表示“除……之外(其余都不)”。例如:

There is nothing on the table besides/except a pen.

桌上除了一支钢笔外别无它物。

(2)except表示“除……外,(其余都)……”,常与“all,every,no,none,nothing”等含有整体肯定或否定意义的词连用。

except for也表示“除……以外”,但与except有区别:与except连用的整体词和except 后接的词是同类的,指从整体中除去一部分;与except for连用的整体词和except for后接的词常常不是同类的,指从整体中除去一个细节。例如:

He answered all the questions except the last one.

除了最后一题外,他回答了所有的问题。

Everyone was tired except John.

除了约翰以外,每个人都很累。

The classroom is empty except for a desk.

教室里除了一张课桌以外空无一物。

The carpet is good except for its price.

地毯很好,只是价钱太高。

(3)but和except同义,但but仅用于none,all,nobody,no one,anywhere,everything 或疑问词who,where,what等词的后面。例如:

No one replied but me.

除我以外无人回答。

I know them all but two.

他们中除两人外,我都认识。

except和but还都可接动词不定式作宾语。若用于句型do nothing/ anything/ everything,but(except)中,不定式符号“to”可省略。但如果不是这种句型,那么but或except后面的不定式须带“to”。例如:

Last night, I did nothing but/except do my homework.

昨晚我除了做作业外,没有做其他事。

I had no choice but/except to take his advice.

我别无办法,只得听从他的劝告。

8.like和as在作介词用时有何区别?

(1)like意为“像……,如……,似……一般”。如:

He climbed the tree like a cat.

他像猫一样爬上树。

He was like a son to me.

他像儿子一样待我。

(2)as意为“作为,如同”。例如:

Over the summer she worked as a waitress.

她整个夏天当女招待员。

We are learning French as a second foreign language.

我们把法语作为第二外语学习。

试比较下列句子:

He has been playing tennis as a professional for two years.

他作为职业运动员打了两年网球。

He plays tennis like a professional.

他网球打得像个职业运动员一样。

He worked as a slave.

他当奴隶。

He worked like a slave.

他像奴隶一样地工作。

备考策略

1. 对于有关方位、范围的试题,我们在平时的学习中可用图示法,牢固掌握图片中介词所表示的方位,其次要在具体的语境中熟练地使用。

2. 关于介词的固定搭配,在解答试题时要注意从句子中找出中心词汇,并将它与选项中的词进行匹配,看哪个能符合句子的意思,这样问题就能很快解决。同时,平时要多积累固定短语和句型。

初中英语语法介词知识点总结.

初中英语语法介词知识点归纳 1.in; on; at用在时间词前,表“在” 1at + 具体时刻 2on + 具体某天(具体某天的上、下午等;星期词;以及上、下午词前有修饰词时 3in + 年、月、季节及一天中的某部分 但注意:at night= in the night at noon at this / that time at Christmas eg. 1.___ the morning 2.___ Monday morning 3. ___ a rainy evening 4. ___3:50 5.__ 2002 6.___ the morning of April 10 7.___ spring 8.___ night 9.___ this time 10. ___ March 另外注意:在时间词(morning , afternoon , evening ; Sunday…前有last, next , this , that 时,不再用介词. tomorrow, tonight前也不用介词。 eg. I will go(A to the cinema(B in(C this evening.

2. in , on , at 表地点: at一般指小地方;in一般指大地方或某个范围之内;on往往表示“在某个物体的表面”。例如: eg. 1He arrived ___Shanghai yesterday. 2They arrived ___a small village before dark. 3There is a big hole ____ the wall. 4The teacher put up a picture ____ the wall. 3.in , on , to表方位 in(范围内;on(范围外且接壤;to(范围外但不接壤。可表示为下图的位置关系 eg.1Taiwan is in the southeast of China. 2Hubei is on the north of Hunan. 3Japan is to the east of China. cross: 动词“跨过,越过”=go across 4. across: (表面跨过 through: (内部穿过,贯穿介词 eg. 1Can you swim _____ the river? 2The road runs __________ the forest. 3 _____ the bridge, you’ll find a cinema.

初中英语语法大全

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一、选择题 1.---What’s your hobby ? ---______collecting balls, I also like different kinds of CDs. A.Besides B.Except C.Beside D.About 2.It is reported that he won an award________Best Actor________his role in that film. A.as; in B.as; for C.for;for D.for; in 3.The boy read English________every morning ________the age of ten. A.on; in B.on; at C.in; at; D./; at 4.—What do you use the shelf ______? —I use it ______ books. A.to; to keep B.to; keep C.for; to keep D.for; keep 5.Which of the following(下面) is right? A.The boy begin to clean the room with his sister. B.In the Spring Festival, the children often get lucky money. C.How is weather like in spring there? D.You’d better not read a book in the sun. 6.—Do you know the girl ________ red skirts? —Yes, she is my sister. A.at B.on C.in D.to 7.—What do you think of happiness, Zoe? —I think happiness is a way station too much and too little. A.among B.between C.opposite D.beyond 8.The elephant is the only animal__________a trunk- a special long nose. A.For B.with C.to 9.—Mary's birthday is ________ March. What about Lucy's? —Her birthday is ________ December 10th. A.in;on B.on;in C.on;on 10.My uncle has taught in this school________ he was twenty years old. A.after B.for C.until D.since 11.Taiwan is _________ the southeast of China. A.to B.in C.from D.on 12.—I feel sad from time to time.Could you give me some advice? —________ sharing your worries with your parents? A.Why don't you B.How about C.Why not D.Would you like 13.Thanks ______your family photos, they are very nice. A.to B.in C.for D.at 14.Can you jiaozi English?

初中英语语法大全:常用表示时间的介词

初中英语语法大全:常用表示时间的介词 一、at, on, in (A) at表示“在某一时刻,某一时点”。如: I get up at 6:00 every day. 我每天6点起床。 注:at daybreak在黎明;at noon在中午;at night在夜间;at Christmas 在圣诞节期间;at the age of five在五岁时。 (B) on表示“在具体某一天或某天的上、下午”。如: I heard a shot on (the morning of ) March 18. 三月十八日(早晨) 我听到一声枪响。 We don’t have classes on Sunday. 星期天我们不上课。 (C) in表示“在某世纪、年、季度、月、周”以及泛指的上、下午、晚上。如: in the 20th century在20世纪;in 1999在1999年;in winter在冬 季;in September在九月;in the morning/afternoon/evening 在上午/下午/晚上。 二、for, during, through (A) for后接“一段时间”,表示某事持续多久,多与完成时连用。如: She has been ill for several days. 她已经病了几天了。 (B) during表示“在……期间”。如: I went to France for two weeks during the summer. 夏天我去了法国两个星期。 (C) through表示“一直……,自始至终”。如: They worked hard through the winter. 整个冬天他们都在努力工作。 三、from, since (A) from表示“时间的起点”,可译作“从……”,多用于“from… to/till…”中。如: You can come anytime from Monday to Friday. 周一至周五你什么时间来都行。 (B) since表示“自从……以来(直到现在)”。如: He has been away from home since 1973. 他自从1973年就离开了家乡。 We have known each other since ten years ago. 我们十年前就认识了。 注意:for和since都常与完成时连用,但for接时间段,since接时间点。如for two hours(持续)两小时;since last week从上周直到现在。 四、before, by, till, until (A) before指“在……之前”,与after相对。如: Please come before ten o’clock. 请10点以前来。 (B) by指“不迟于,到……时为止,在……以前”。如: We had learned over 1000 words by the end of last term. 到上学期末为止,我们已经学了1000多个单词了。

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