2018 考研英语(二)冲刺测试卷-答案与解析
2018 考研英语（二）冲刺测试卷
答案与解析
一．完形填空答案：
1-5 CACBA 6-10 DBDDA
11-15 CBADA 16-20 BBAAC
这是一篇论述美国企业的人力资源管理的社科类议论文。
文章的首句首先提出了一个鲜明的问题——If sustainable competitive advantage depends on work force skills, American firms have a problem.(如果可持续的竞争优势依赖于员工的技能的话，美国的企业是有问题的。)这一点就是此篇议论文的核心观点，其实也就是本文的主题。
把握了这个主题，就不难了解文章后面的分述部分一定是围绕着对美国企业不重视员工、轻视人力资源管理问题展开的深入探讨和批评，即主线决定全文。分析分述部分可以看出，分述部分确实是在集中、深入地描写和批评美国企业不重视员工、轻视人力资源管理的现象以及由此造成的问题，是紧紧围绕着主线展开的。
答案详解:
1．C本填空考查形容词，此形容词的作用很重要，是对Human resource management酌直接定位，四个选项的意思也是大相径庭，选项A) necessary为“必要的”，选项B) dispensable
表示“非必要的、可有可无的”，而选项C) central表示“核心的、处于中心位置的”，D）
understandable表示“可以理解的”；要准确定位出本填空的最佳形容词，首先涉及对整个
文章主线倾向的把握，即本填空是一个利用同现结构法可以定位的答案。很显然，文章的首句已经概括了本文的主线观点和倾向，即“美国企业轻视员工和人力资源是错误的”：把握了这一点，本填空所在的原文句子讲述的是：Human resource management is not traditionally seen as __1__to the competitive survival of the firm in the United States．这样四个选项中的最佳选项是最能说明“人力资源管理重要”的形容词，并且文章下一段的首句
实际也提示出了本题的答案。首先排除选项B）dispensable（非必要的、可有可无的），因为这个词汇与主线倾向完全背离。选项D）understandable（可以理解的）也可以排除，因为它表达的意思太轻，远不能承担最佳选项的重任。因此只能在选项c）central（核心的、处于中心位置的）和选项A）necessary（必要的）之间选择，显然C）central的含义更准确，因此答案为选项C）central。
2．A本填空考查动词，利用关联结构或者对应成分分析法就可以解出。本填空的待选动词与hired形成了明显的关联对应结构，根据此提示线索可知四个选项中A）rented（租用）最为贴切，所以答案为选项A) rented。
3．C 本填空考查一个常用结构，从原文信息判断应该表达的意思是“就像……一样”，主要在两个选项中选择：A）like和c）as，这两个选项都能表达此意思，但从严格的语法角度来看，选项A）like一般衔接的都是名词或者词组，而选项c）as -般衔接句子，从这个角度看，
答案应该为选项C）as。
4．B本题需要首先确定填空所在句子的原文意思。本填空前面的原文已知信息为：The lack of importance；之后的原文已知信息为：to human resource management;根据我们对文章主题的了解很容易判断出此处要表达的意思是：人力资源管理重要性的缺失；理解了这一点，四个选项中A）compared (to)表达的是“与……相比较”，C）detached (to)表达的是“与……分离”，D)entitled (to)表达的是“有资格、有权利”，只有选项B)attached (to)表示的是“附属于，与……有关的”，所以答案为选项B）attached。
5．A本填空涉及选择介词与名词的惯用搭配，答案为A）in，second in command
是中文常说的“二把手”的意思。
6．D本填空考查名词，并且此名词处于主语的位置，本填空所在句子又是一个主系表结构，即“主语是什么”的概念，所以关键绒索是定位原文的表语信息：a specialized job，off at the
edge of the corporate hierarchy，提到了corporate hierarchy（公司的等级制度），如果再对比分析本填空所在句子与前一句，前一句中的原文线索the chief financial officer与The__6___of head of human resource managements是明显的对应成分，the chief financial officer（首席财务官）是一个职位、职务，那么本填空也应该对应是一个职位和职务，所以四个名词选项中只有D) post（职位、职务）最为合适。
7．B本填空考查动词，首先定位其在原文中的主语和宾语。主语为The executive （管理者），宾语为一个代词it，继续定位，此代词指代的是前文中的“The post of head of human resource management”；定位出了本填空待选动词的宾语为The post （职位、职务），则本题的答案为选项B）holds表示“占有这个职务”，其他的选项A）supervises（监督）、C）manages（管理）和D）brings（引入、带来）表达的动作均不合适。
8．D本填空考查动词词组，也是分析其在原文中的主语和宾语。主语为The executive（处于人力资源职位的管理者），宾语为Chief Executive Officer(CEO)，并且还给出了一个与此待选动词词组搭配的介词线索to；综合这些线索，特别是宾语是个职位，答案选择选项D）move up to表示“晋升到CEO的职务”最为合适，其他选项表达的意思均无法合理衔接此
处的主语和宾语。
9．D本填空考查上下文的逻辑关系，本填空前面的原文信息均是在阐述：“美国企业中人力资源的不重要，主管人力资源的管理者在企业中地位不突出”；而本填空后面的原文信息则
为：in Japan the head of human resource management is central-usually the second most important executive，after the CEO;这里的提示线索second most important（第
二重要的）已经说明了前后文逻辑关系为转折，答案选择选项D）However。10.A本填空选择名词，利用复现结构可以迅速走位答案。首先本填空所在的句子在阐述：in
Japan the head of human resource management is central-usually the second most important executive，after the CEO，即人力资源负责人在日本企业中的地位，仅次于CEO；而之前的原文信息也谈论了在美国企业中人力资源管理者的地位，即：The post of head of human resource managements is usually a specialized job, off at the edge of the corporate hierarchy．在谈论地位时，原文出现了提示线索corporate hierarchy（企业的等级制度），因此答案应该为选项A）hierarchy。11．C本填空考查一个惯用词组，能与原文线索As a构成惯用搭配的有三个选项，即As a fact
（事实上）、As a result（结果）、As a case（作为一个例子，表示举例）；分析上下文我们发现填空后面的原文信息为：problems___12____when new breakthrough technologies arrive，谈论了“问题的出现”，前文都在谈论“美国企业不重视人力资源”，分析了这些前后文的关
系，可选出本题的答案C）As a result（结果）。
12．B本题考查动词，答案选择B）emerge，因为本填空所在句子的意思就是说“问题出现了”(problems___12____when new breakthrough technologies arrive)，四个选项中只有选项B）
emerge表示“出现、浮现”，其他选项均无此意思。
13．A本填空的答案取决于原文句子所要表达的意思，因为本文的首句就说明了If sustainable
competitive advantage depends on work force skills,本文的主题涉及的是work force skills，那么在四个选项中how to是最贴切表达skills概念的选项，所以为最佳答案。
14．D本填空考查形容词，一并且这个形容词是对事物进行定性，这样就需要研
究其所在句子的意思，并且由于此填空所在句子又处于一个条件逻辑关系中，需要首先研究之前的条件句：If American workers, for example, take much longer to learn___13___to operate new flexible
manufacturing stations than workers in Germany( as they do)．这个条件句的原文信息明确阐述了：如果美国工人比德国工人花费更长的时间学习如何操作新型的多用途制造设备，根据这个条件信息就不难判断后面的句子所要表达的意思应该为：这种设备的有效成本在德国比在美国低。选项B）higher是方向性的错误，而选项A) fewer和C）littler在语法上不正确。
15．A本填空可以利用对应成分分析法来定位答案。根据本句句首信息，本空要填入的形容词是类似于More time的；四个选项中B）intensive（密集的、集中的）是指程度上的概念，而More time是一个数量上的概念，因此B）intensive 并不贴切。选项D）decisive表示“果断的、决定性的”，用在此处更不合适。选项C）excessive表示“过分的、过量的”，选项A）extensive有“大量的”之意。因为More time也并没有表示出“过量的”意思，更接近“大量的”意思，所以比较之下extensive的意思更贴切于More。
16.B本填空考查动词，并且利用关联结构和对应成分分析法就可以解出。根据后面的信息可知：本填空明显处于一个平行对应结构中，本填空有一个明显的对应提示线索，即creates，依据此提示线索，四个选项中答案为选项B）generates。
17.B本填空考查动词，首先定位其主语和宾语；主语为bottlenecks（瓶颈），而宾语为the speed;把握了这丙个线索就可以排除A) promote（提升）和D）accelerate （加快）；选项C) confine表示的“限制”更多的是指“外力控制自由”，即“监禁”的意思，此处并不合适，所以最佳答案为B）limit（限制、阻碍）。
18.A本题为一个语法题，考查从句，首先要判断本句是定语从句，先行词为the speed，能够与这个先行词搭配的标志词在四个选项中有A）which和B）that，进一步再考虑到介词with的因素，答案最终选定为A）which。
19.A本填空选择名词，该名词处于表语的位置，因此一个关键线索是定位主语，即The result;
这个主语加了定冠词the，实际指的就是前文的美国工人的技能有问题造成的结果，那么这个结果一定是负面的。理解了这一点，这里的表语就是The result的具体内容，再加上已
知线索a slower pace of technological，四个选项中首先排除B）recession（衰退）；选项D) adaptation（调整）的意思不很明确；答案在选项A) innovation和C）progression之间选择，英文中与technological搭配表示“技术进步”概念昀常用名词为A）innovation，所以本题的最佳答案为选项A）。
20.C本填空考查动词，本句主语为the skills of the bottom half of the population（人口中下半部分人群的技能，即技能不行的那部分人），宾语为the wages of the top half（上半部分人群的工资，即技能较好的那部分人），理解了这两个关键线索，选项A）raise和B）lift可以排除，因为这两个动词的意思为“提高”；而选项D）balance表示“平衡”，意思不明确；只有选项C）affect表示“影响”，而这个“影响”一般是指“负面影响”，因此最为合适。
全文翻译：
如果可持续的竞争优势取决于员工的技能，那么美国企业是有问题的。在美国，传统上，人们并不认为人力资源管理是决定企业生存的核心因素。员工只不过是以最低的成本雇用或者租用的生产要素之一，如同购买原材料或者设备一样。
对人力资源管理缺乏重视在企业的等级制度中就可以看出来。在美国企业中首席财务官几乎总是排在第二位的，而人力资源管理的负责人通常被认为是一个专业化的职务，处于企业等级中的边缘位置。从来没人就重大的战略决策向人力资源管理的负责人咨询忘见，他们也没有机会被提升至首席执行官的位置。然而在日本，人力资源管理的负责人在企业等级体系中处于核心，往往是仅次于首席执行官的第二号人物。
结果，当突破性的新技术被应用的时候问题就出现了。例如，如果美国工人需要花费比德国工人长得多的时间去学习如何操作新的多用途制造设备，那么这
种设备的有效成本在德国就比在芙国要低。设备在被安装以及达到全产能运行之前需要花费更多的时间并且需要大量的重新培训，这就产生了成本并且造成了瓶颈，从而制约了新设备被应用的速度。其结果就是技术创新的速度降低了。最终，人口中处于劣势群体的技能就会影响优势群体的工资。如果劣势群体不能有效承担起操作流程，与这些流程相关的管理和专业职位就会消失。
二．阅读理解答案：
21-25. BCDCB
26-30. DCADB
31-35. CACBD
36-40. ACDCB
Text 1
最高法院于周一以法官的分歧性意见裁定，将以严重罪行被捕的犯人记录在案时，警方可以提取其DNA样本。这一裁定勉强维护了马里兰州的一项法律，打开了执法部门更加广泛收集DNA的合法权益，正如它可以拍摄照片、采集指纹。大多数法官驳斥了“该做法构成非法搜查”的观点，认为确定在押犯人的身份是正当合理的。“只要有逮捕，DNA鉴定代表了执法部门为警方在逮捕情形下履行合法职责提供服务所使用的技术的重大进步”，法官安东尼肯尼迪代表多数派写到。
反对者为最高法院的三位自由派法官，加上保守派法官安东宁斯卡利亚，后者通过朗读其异议总结陈词详诉了其不满。“法院摒弃了我们第四修正案的一条基本规则：政府不可对公民进行罪证搜查，除非有合理原因使人民相信罪证会被找到。”在他的异议陈词中，斯卡利亚写到，多数派试图以“用做鉴定工具”证
明DNA的合法性，这是“让幼稚轻信的人为他们的天真上税”。他补充道：“对这一点不要搞错；今天所做的决定完全可以预见的后果是，一旦你什么时候被捕，不管是真有罪还是被冤枉，也不管是因何被捕，你的DNA都可以被提取，并被录入国家DNA数据库。
肯尼迪说马里兰州的法律比上述情形多出了某些限制。他指出，DNA只能从那些涉嫌犯下“严重”罪行的人身上提取，且如果被捕人未被定罪，则会毁掉样本，而且DNA测试并未以“揭露遗传特征或医疗信息”的方式侵犯被捕人的隐私。除此之外，肯尼迪说，DNA鉴定包含了有关“被捕者是否符合保释的条件”以及“他是否可能会因曾经犯下比当前被捕罪行更严重的罪行而逃跑”的关键线索。
但斯卡利亚说到，“破解未破案件是一个高尚的目标，但在美国人民众多的高尚目标中，它所展位置低于对我们的人民免受毫无怀疑根据的执法搜查的保护。”斯卡利亚写到。他以向宪法制定者们致敬的方式结束：“我很怀疑起草我们自由宪章那些骄傲的人会如此热切地张开嘴巴，等待高贵的审视。”
该项裁决证明在和第四修正案相关的案件上，法庭的思想观念差异是如何趋于模糊。这个开庭期早些时候，斯卡利亚与金斯伯格，索托马约尔以及卡根一同裁定，在没有搜查证的情况下把警犬带到疑似毒贩地人家门口相当于非法搜查。而且斯卡利亚与索托马约尔在另一案件中共同做出宽泛裁定，认定通常情况下经管强迫不合作的酒驾嫌疑人验血之前必须取得搜查令。
Text 2
成为做某事的第一人很重要。第一时间告诉他人你做了这件事也很重要。对科学家来说，在经过同行评审的期刊发表研究是与他人交流实验结果的主要方式。因此，手稿能通过评审过程并得到及时发表很重要。如果你还想试试在最有声望的期刊上发表的可能，过程就会自然变得复杂了。
比如，科学家可以将其所在团队的研究手稿提交给著名期刊如《自然》或《科学》杂志。文章发出后接受评审，数月内作者们得到反馈通知：尽管他们的研究在方法上合理，但是它对那些期刊来说却不够创新。接着，该科学家将研究手稿
提交至同领域的最好期刊，却在几个月后被告知该研究对那一期看来说太过于跨学科了。科学家在为团队手稿寻找适合发表地地过程中，可能会经历好几轮的提交与被拒，随着数月时间匆匆而逝，他们还要担心其他人会抢在自己前面发表类似地研究结果。
新型“便携式同行评审”服务来到了科学家中间。传统上，评审过程在你所提交手稿的期刊组织结构内部完成。这些新服务独立与特定的期刊，且他们的目标是减少在发表过程中正在进行的重复工作。这使评审过程从发表过程中脱离出来，作者在寻找合适出版处的过程中可以带上他们的评审结果。
尽管在细节上存在较大变化，但是这种同行评审和以传统期刊为基础的同行评审类似。作者提交研究手稿，确定评审人员，随后评审者对论文提供评论。便携式同行评审服务通常已时间为评审者开发出详细的评估准则和详尽的指导性问题。然后作者们修改自己的手稿，而后将所有资料提交至自选的（目标）期刊。便携式同行评审服务也在努力与期刊编辑展开合作，让编辑们告知作者他们的服务。给出评审也收到某些特定期刊的欢迎。一些期刊已经制定相应政策接受外来的同行评审，开始对那些被更大影响里的期刊拒绝的手稿敞开大门。
重要的是，便携式同行评审服务常常提及想要为评审者建立起一种“声誉经济”。当许多评审者花时间对某一研究手稿提供礼貌且具有建设性的评价时，另外一些评审者可能就简单地评价“这（手稿）不怎么样”。提前了解谁更有可能做出前一种评价是有帮助的。比如，科学贵族公司提供了一种“对于同行评审地同行评审”，对评审者的评审进行评级并且在评审者档案中对其评审工作给出分值。
虽然科学家们承认同行评审存在问题，不过大部分人肯定它在科学研究交流方面起到重要作用。新的便携式同行评审服务希望能改善评审质量，同时又能减少发表系统中才存在的重复工作量。
Text 3
互联网已转变为巨型监控工具。我们一直被监控着，有时监控者是想向我们兜售产品的公司，有时是想密切注视我们的政府。瞬间对话已经结束。大规模的
监控成为常态。
不过，事态即将变得更糟。物联网指的不只是计算机和手机能够联网的世界。很快，我们的汽车以及家用电器上将会含有联网组件。联网的医疗设备将采集我们的实时健康数据。这种情况发展到最后就成为：一切都可以连入互联网。物联网确实会使许多美妙的事情成为可能，但它同时赋予追踪我们一举一动的政府以及公司一些它们现在还不曾有的东西：眼和耳。
从短期来看，数量庞大的数据将会限制所能得出的结论的种类。物联网新技术的侵袭取决于问对问题。比如，如果一名私家侦探正在有形世界中对你进行监控，她或他也许观察异常行为并在此基础上进一步调查。当你使用预定程序化的查询（工具）过滤资料库时这种偶发性观察就很难达成了。换句话说，询问“买了什么”和“你在哪里”要比询问“你用购买的东西做了什么”和“你为何要去那里购物”这类问题容易。这些分析的局限也意味着相对个人来说，Google和Facebook 这类大公司将从物联网中获益更多---不仅仅由于它们可以获取更多数据，而且还因为他们拥有更高级的查询技术。
从长远来看，物联网意味着无处不在的监控。如果一件物品“得知”你购买了它，并且它通过WI-FI或者移动网络传达该信息，那么与之进行沟通的任何人或物都将会掌握你的即时地理位置。你的汽车将会掌握乘车者的身份，驾驶员的身份及其遵循或忽视的交通法则。快餐店将会知道你的习惯订单并且准确掌握如何引诱你订得更多。
这一切你是否心知肚明？这得视情况而定。许多设备已经，而且将会拥有隐私设置。但是这些设置引人注目之处不在于他们能够在多大程度上保护隐私权，而在于它们能够在多大程度上否认隐私权。（对隐私的）获取将可能变得同（获取）你的浏览习惯、你在Google的搜索记录和你手机中的短消息类似。你以为自己的个人设置可以防止任意陌生人了解你的私人信息，但是该设置只能防止那些不为特权付账的陌生人--或者那些非政府工作人员和没有数据查询能力的人。权利在此成为关键：你将能够阻止无权力者侵犯你的个人隐私，但是你没办法阻止有权力者再三对它构成威胁。
Text 4
去年，当互联网活动分子和网络公司联合起来将由好莱坞发起的禁止互联网盗版法案（SOPA）一举击败之时，他们就警告国会说，未来任何推动威胁数字自由立法的企图都将会面临类似反应。现在，他们中的一部分再次极力反对，这次针对的是网络情报分享和保护法案（CISPA）：美国众议院正在讨论的、旨在加强网络防御的法案之一。
不管审议的结果是什么，有关CISPA的争议不可能很快就平息。包括可IBM 和Intel等公司在内的支持者认为，该法案条款将有助于美国自卫以防黑客企图秘密潜入重要的基础设施盗取公司知识产权。而包括电子前沿基金会（一家数字版权机构）、Mozilla（火狐网页浏览器制造商）在内的CISPA反对者认为，用不着无视“旨在防止政府不经司法监督就窃取公民私人数据”的隐私法，该法案也能实现这一目标。
CISPA旨在鼓励情报共享。由于担心信息共享会令自身陷入法律困境之中，公司和间谍经常对网络威胁保持沉默不语。但是，这使得无论是追捕黑客还是保卫电网及其他基础设施免受网络攻击都更加困难。该法案通过给两个群体在收集和共享有关网络威胁的数据时提供民事、刑事豁免权，鼓励他们要更加乐于提供信息。
麻烦之处在于，尽管该法案的目的值得称道，但它对什么样的网络威胁信息可以共享却含糊不清。所以，理论上来说，从电子邮件到医疗病案等一切信息，即使没必要，最终都可能会被发往情报机构。Mozilla的哈维安德森说道：CISPA“创建了一个黑洞”，由此黑洞政府可以获得各种数据。
该法案的确禁止官员对诸如医疗病案、纳税申报及其他文件记录清单等个人信息的使用。但是反对者说，如果公司能够删除该类数据再共享所剩数据的话可能会好得多。他们还指出，CISPA给公司提供的宽泛法律保护可能会被一些急于处理客户数据过程中掩饰小灾小难的公司滥用。一项措辞更加严谨的法律制裁能防止此种情况的发生。
所有这一切已经暴露了互联网世界的裂痕。Mozilla和其他公司希望能够全面修订或者废弃CISPA,而一些曾帮着击败SOPA的网络公司的心情则看似矛盾。Google声称它对此立法草案尚未正式表态，但一直在“紧密关注该立法过程”。而TechNet,一个成员涵盖该网络巨头以及Facebook的行业组织，已经给众议院情报委员会致函表达对CISPA的支持态度。如果Google和其他网络公司确实对此法案某些条例有疑虑的话，现在也许是发出警报的时候了。
三．新题型：
41-45. FADCE
41题对应段落主体及动作来源于段首句和段尾句：The penalties for plagiarism var y from situation to situation. …Such social pressures and copyright laws require writers to give scrupulous attention to documentation of their sources. 主体名词为：plagiarism和social，对应动作为：The penalties for plagiarism “学术剽窃的惩罚” vary from situation to situation.“因形式而异” …require writers to give scrupulous attention to documentation of their sources. “要求作者格外关注其材料的来源给出注解”。对应选项为：F。
42题对应段落主体及动作来源于段首句：Students, as inexperienced scholars themselves, must avoid various types of plagiarism by being self-critical in their use of other scholars? ideas and by giving appropriate credit for the source of borrowed ideas and words, otherwise dire consequences may occur.主体名词为：students，对应动作为：avoid various kind of plagiarism “避免各种剽窃”，being self-critical “自我批评”。对应选项为：A。
43题对应段落主体来源于段落前两句,动作来源于段落尾句：Plagiarism by accident, or oversight，sometimes is the result of the writer?s inability to decide or remember where the idea came from….Although this type of plagiarism must be guarded against, it is the least serious and, if lessons learned, can be exempt from
being severely punished.主体名词为：plagiarism, 对应动作为：by accident “意外”, is the result of the writer?s inability“是作者无能的结果”, be guarded against “小心提防”，exempt from being severely punished“未被严厉惩罚”。对应选项为：D。44题对应段落主体及动作来源于段落首句和尾句：Plagiarism through ignorance is simply a way of saying that inexperienced writers often do not know how or when to acknowledge their sources. …Although …there is no copyright in news, or in ideas, only in the expression of them,? the writer cannot plead ignorance when his sources for ideas are challenged.主体名词为：plagiarism和writer,对应动作为：do not know how or when to acknowledge their sources “不知道信息来源”，documentation-note-taking, quoting, footnoting, listing “笔记，引用，脚注，列举” cannot plead ignorance “不能恳求当作无知”, his sources for ideas “思想的来源” are challenged“受到质疑”。对应选项为：C。
45题对应段落主体及动作来源于段落首句和尾句：The most serious kind of academic thievery is plagiarism by intention…. Such words as immoral, dishonest, offensive, and despicable are used to describe the practice of plagiarism by intention.主体名词为：plagiarism和words,对应动作为：academic thievery “学术盗窃”，are used to describe the practice of plagiarism“被用来描述故意的学术剽窃”。对应选项为：E。
四．翻译：
研究人员称，雇主更倾向于雇用自己喜欢的员工，因为他们觉得“娱乐方式、社会背景以及自我表达方式，比技能重要得多。职场中的女性为证明她们拥有的技能、经验及简历才是她们取得成功的关键已经斗争了许久。然而，她们所付出的努力都可能是徒劳的。研究表明，美丽的容貌和迷人的笑容或许才是稳住工作的关键。
研究还发现，老板宁愿雇用那些有魅力、更喜欢与之在一起的雇员，也不愿
招聘完全合格的求职者。研究人员表示，老板宁愿雇用那些“可能成为其朋友，甚至情侣”的雇员，因为与他们在一起会有种“来电”的感觉。美国的社会学家进行的一项研究发现，银行、律师事务所及管理咨询公司的雇主无一例外地青睐那些让他们“感到舒服”的求职者。
五．作文：
Dear Sir or Madam,
I am a student of our university, who often have meals in our canteen.Generally speaking, our canteen provides quite good food. However, I still have some suggestions for you to make our canteen more popular among students.
To begin with, I wonder whether you could provide more varieties of food. We do not have many options when eating in our canteen now.To continue, some students have complained about the price of the food there, would you please lower it down?
I do hope to have a better canteen. And I would be highly grateful if you could take my suggestions into consideration.
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming
What is explicitly demonstrated in the above chart is the sales changes of online shopping in domestic market over the period from 2011 to 2015. The turnover of e-commerce saw a substantial gain from approximately 800 billion in 2011 to 2500 billion in 2014. Surprisingly, it is predicted that the figure will continue to soar dramatically to roughly 3400 billion in2015.
We can easily recognize its advantages as follows: e-commerce, which is extremely convenient, can save us a great amount of precious time and we can buy
products everywhere you want as long as we can surf online. However, for all the advantages mentioned above, online trading is by no means without its limitations as listed below: we may be cheated by some online retailers, which might be a potential threat to our bank accounts.
Accordingly, it is imperative for us to take drastic measures. For one thing, we should appeal to the authorities to make strict legislations to severely punish those who deliberately spoil the interests of online customers. For another, we should enhance the awareness of residents that rational purchasing is conducive to our income management. Only in this way can we maximize the merits and minimize the demerits of online purchasing.
2019考研英语二大纲完整版和2018年变动对比
2019年考研英语二大纲及变动情况 2019考研大纲在今天终于出来了，今天大纲有什么变化呢?下面是勤思考研的老师整理的2019英语二考研大纲对比2018年的变化。 2018英语二 2019英语二 全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(二)考试大纲 (非英语专业)(2019年版) I.考试性质 英语(二)考试主要是为高等院校和科研院所招收专业学位硕士研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的全国统一入学考试科目。其目的是科学、公平、有效地测试考生对英语语言的运用能力，评价的标准是高等学校非英语专业本科毕业生所能达到的及格或及格以上水平，以保证被录取者具有一定的英语水平，并有利于各高等院校和科研院所在专业上择优选拔。 II.考查目标 考生应掌握下列语言知识和技能： (一)语言知识 1.语法知识
考生应能熟练地运用基本的语法知识，其中包括： (1)名词、代词的数和格的构成及其用法; (2)动词时态、语态的构成及其用法; (3)形容词与副词的比较级和最高级的构成及其用法; (4)常用连接词的词义及其用法; (5)非谓语动词(不定式、动名词、分词)的构成及其用法; (6)虚拟语气的构成及其用法; (7)各类从句(定语从句、主语从句、表语从句等)及强调句型的结构及其用法; (8)倒装句、插入语的结构及其用法。 2.词汇 考生应能较熟练地掌握5 500个左右常用英语词汇以及相关常用词组(详见附录相关部分)。考生应能根据具体语境、句子结构或上下文理解一些非常用词的词义。 (二)语言技能 1.阅读 考生应能读懂不同题材和体裁的文字材料。题材包括经济、管理、社会、文化、科普等，体裁包括说明文、议论文和记叙文等。 根据阅读材料，考生应能： (1)理解主旨要义; (2)理解文中的具体信息; (3)理解语篇的结构和上下文的逻辑关系; (4)根据上下文推断重要生词或词组的含义; (5)进行一定的判断和推理; (6)理解作者的意图、观点或态度。 2.写作
2018考研英语大纲解析：阅读理解A、B部分大纲要
2018考研英语大纲解析：阅读理解A、B 部分大纲要 2018年的考研英语(一)和英语(二)大纲已于今天出炉，与去年的考纲相比，今年的考纲最大的变化在于大纲的内容增加了一部分的内容，即附录部分增加了附录4:2014全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)/英语(二)答题卡，增加此部分的目的是为了让考生提前认识答题卡的样子，尤其是主观题部分答题的空间。过去的考试中，每年都有很多同学因为字体过大或文章长度过长而导致翻译题，小作文答题空间不够，内容写不完而失分的情况。考试中心的这一举措就提前警示各位同学们：一定要根据答题空间调整自己的字体大，内容长短。 除了此部分之外，考研英语的的大纲，无论是英语一还是英语二都没有太大的变化，大家按照以往的安排进行就可以了。那么大纲对各题型有什么要求呢?英语教研室刘正锋老师撰写了一系列的文章对没个题型进行分析，本文主要说说阅读A和阅读B，即新题型。 阅读理解 就阅读理解(PartA)而言，由于这是一个大家非常熟悉的题型，也连着考了十几年，命题专家都有丰富的经验来应对它，因此每次考试最稳定的就是四选一的阅读理解题。就文章题材来说，近几年越来越重视对人文科学的考查，平时要多注重阅读一些英美经济文化科技方面的报刊书籍，例如：TheEconomist(经济学家)，Newsweek(新闻周刊)，Time(时代周刊)以及TheTimes(泰晤士报)上面的文章。在寻找材料时，要有选择，比如说不要涉及政治方面及时事方面比较敏感的话题，如种族歧视、宗教信仰、战争评论等。 关于阅读理解文章来源，根据2015大纲，文章来源依旧是英语国家原版报刊或书籍，绝大多数是评论性的文章(即除文学作品以外的其他类型的短文)。由于新闻记者惯用"引用"的方法，考研的文章经常喜欢正反交替举例，先说作者认同的，然后又是作者要批评的、揭露的，再是用实例来论证作者的观点。这种语篇思维模式会给考生在阅读理解中造成很大的障碍。正因为难，考研命题专家就非常青睐这类语篇，来命题目。近两年，这种题目每次都有，而且得分率也很低，因此需要大家平时阅读时要多注重对于作者观点、立足点、态度语气的把握。 最后从语言难度来看，秉承历年考研英语阅读理解的特点，2015年的阅读难度依旧，文章容易，选项"刁"。生词依然存在，但其比例仍然维持在3%左右。命题的风格、诱惑手段和解题思路也会和去年一致。 新题型 该题型要求考生从整体上把握文章的逻辑结构和内容上的联系，理解句子之间、段落之间的关系，对诸如连贯性、一致性等语段特征有较强的意识和熟练的把握，并具备运用语法知识分析理解长难句的能力。05、06年考查的是难度相对较大的第一种完形填句(段)题，而07年则选择了难度相对较低的第三种 --选择小标题。08、09年继续选择的是完形填句题。10、11，14年考查的是第二种排序题。12、13年考查的仍然是完型填句题。不同的题型考查的重点不同，因此有不同的解题思路和技巧，需要考生全面把握，尤其是对于完形填句(段)题和排序题，是对语言能力和阅读理解能力的综合测试，因此在要求上远远高于小
2018考研英语二模拟试卷2及答案
英语（二）模拟试题 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET . (10 points) Facebook has been 1 with fire and has got its fingers burned, again. On November 29th America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) announced that it had reached a 2 settlement with the giant social network over 3 that it had misled people about its use of their personal data. The details of the settlement make clear that Facebook, which 4 over 800m users, betrayed its users’ trust. It is also notable because it appears to be part of a broader 5 by the FTC to craft a new privacy framework to deal with the rapid 6 of social networks in America. The regulator’s findin gs come at a 7 moment for Facebook, which is said to be preparing for an initial public offering next year that could value it at around $100 billion. To 8 the way for its listing, the firm first needs to resolve its privacy 9 with regulators in America and Europe. 10 its willingness to negotiate the settlement 11 this week. Announcing the agreement, the FTC said it had found a number of cases where Facebook had made claims that were “unfair and deceptive, and 12 federal law”. For instance, it 13 personally identifiable information to advertisers, and it failed to keep a promise to make photos and videos on deleted accounts 14 . The settlement does not 15 an admission by Facebook that it has broken the law, but it deeply 16 the company nonetheless. In a blog post published the same day, Mark Zuckerberg, Facebook’s boss, tried to17 the impact of the deal. First he claimed that “a small number of high-profile mistakes” were 18 the social network’s “good history” on privac y. The FTC is not relying on Facebook to police itself. Among other things, the company will now have to seek consumers’ approval before it changes the way it shares their data. And it has agreed to an independent privacy audit every two years for the next 20 years. There is a clear pattern here. In separate cases over the past couple of years the FTC has insisted that Twitter and Google accept regular 19 audits, too, after each firm was accused of violating its customers’ privacy. The intent seems to be to create a regulatory regime that is tighter than the status quo, 20 one that still gives social networks plenty of room to innovate. 1. [A] setting [B] playing [C] lighting [D] turning 2. [A] craft [B] documentary [C] trade [D] draft 3. [A] verdicts [B] allegations [C] rumors [D] affirmation 4. [A] boasts [B] exaggerates [C] estimates [D] assesses 5. [A] impulse [B] initiative [C] innovation [D] motion 6. [A] increase [B] elevation [C] rise [D] appearance 7. [A] indispensable [B] essential [C] critical [D] fundamental 8. [A] steer [B] clear [C] lay [D] remove 9. [A] controversy [B] competition [C] dispute [D] compromise
2018考研英语作文范文模板：分析利弊型_毙考题
下载毙考题APP 免费领取考试干货资料，还有资料商城等你入驻 邀请码：8806 可获得更多福利 2018考研英语作文范文模板：分析利弊型 2018考研英语作文要多练习多背诵，好的句子模板背下来，写的时候就能够灵活套用。小编考研分享一些经典作文范文模板，速来学习吧！ 2018考研英语作文范文模板：分析利弊型 此类作文要求对某一现象或事物的优点或缺点进行正反两方面的分析，最后得出结论或发表自己的看法。注意是针对一件事物，要与比较分析类相区分。 模板1 Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)_________________. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in X. Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows. Firstly, _________________________. And secondly _________________________. Just As a popular saying goes, every coin has two sides , X is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects. To begin with, _____________________. In addition, ______________________________. To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of X into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time. In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the X. 模板2 X now plays such an important part in so many people’s lives that _____________________. Obviously, X has both advantages and disadvantages. As is often pointed out that, X makes us know ________________ so that __________________. In addition, _________________________. Yet here again, there is a danger. The main problem with it is that _______________________________. It is criticized on the grounds that it contributes to ______________________. Besides, _________________________. In any case, whether the ultimate of X is good or not, one thing is certain that __________________. It is the uses to which it is put that determine its value to society. 模板3 X has many advantages. In the first place, ____________________________. Second, ___________________________. Third, ____________________________. For all these advantages, it is really worthwhile to _________________________________. However, just as everything has two sides, there are some disadvantages in _______________. The most serious problem is ________________________. Besides, __________________________. Therefore, given an opportunity to ______________________, one must consider both sides of factors carefully before making. 考试使用毙考题，不用再报培训班
2018年考研英语二真题与答案解析
2018年考研英语二真题及答案解析 Section I Use of English Directions： Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) why do people read negative Internet comments and do other things that will obviously be painful?Because humans have an inherent need to 1 uncertainty, according to a recent study in Psychological Science. The new research reveals that the need to know is so strong that people wiill 2 to satisfy their curiosity even when it is clear the answer will 3. In a series of four experiments, behavioral scientists at the University of Chicago and the Wisconsin School of Business tested students' willingness to 4 themselves to unpleasant stimuli in an effort to satisfy curiosity. For one 5 each participant was shown a pile of pens that the researcher claimed were from a previous experiment. The twist?Half of the pens would 6 an electric shock when clicked. Twenty-seven students were told which pens were electrified;another twe nty-seven were told only that some were electrified 7 left alone in the room, the students who did not know which ones would shock th em clicked more pens and incurred more shocks than the students who knew what would 8 .Subsequent experiments reproduced this effect wit h other stimuli, 9 the sound of fingernails on a chalkboard and pho tographs of disgusting insects. The drive to 10 is deeply rooted in humans,much the same as the ba sic drives for 11 or shelter,says Christopher Hsee of the University of Chicago. Curiosity is often considered a good instinct-it can 12 new scientific advances, for instance-but sometimes such 13 can back fire.The insight that curiosity can drive you to do 14 things is a profound one.Unhealthy curiosity is possible to 15 ,however. In a f inal experiment,participants who were encouraged to 16 how they would
2018年考研英语一真题及答案(原题+答案+详解)
2018年考研英语一真题（后附答案详解） Section I Use of English Directions： Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Trust is a tricky business. On the one hand, it's a necessary condition _____(1) many worthwhile things: child care, friendships, etc. On the other hand, putting your _____(2)in the wrong place often carries a high _____(3). _____(4), why do we trust at all? Well, because it feels good. _____(5) people place their trust in an individual or an institution, their brains release oxytocin, a hormone that _____(6) pleasurable feelings and triggers the herding instruct that leads sheep to flock together for safety and prompts humans to _____(7) with one another. Swiss Scientists have found that exposure _____(8) this hormone puts us in a trusting _____(9): In a study, researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects; those subjects were ready to lend significantly higher amounts of money to strangers than were their _____(10) who inhaled something else. _____(11) for us, we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may _____(12) us. A Canadian study found that children as young as 14 months can differentiate _____(13) a credible person and a dishonest one. Sixty toddlers were each _____(14) to an adult tester holding a plastic container. The tester would ask, ―What's in here?‖ before looking into the container, smiling, and exclaiming, ―Wow!‖ Each subject was then invited to look _____ (15). Half of them found a toy; the other half _____ (16)the container was empty-and realized the tester had _____(17) them. Among the children who had not been tricked, the majority were _____ (18) to cooperate with the tester in learning a new skill, demonstrating that they trusted his leadership. _____ (19), only five of the 30 children paired with the "_____(20)"tester participated in a follow-up activity. 1. A．on B．like C．for D．from 2. A．faith B．concern C．attention D．interest 3. A．benefit B．debt C．hope D．price 4. A．Therefore B．Then C．Instead D．Again 5. A．Until B．Unless C．Although D．When 6. A．selects B．produces C．applies D．maintains 7. A．consult B．compete C．connect D．compare 8. A．at B．by C．of D．to 9. A．context B．mood C．period D．circle 10. A．counterparts B．substitutes C．colleagues D．supporters 11. A．Funny B．Lucky C．Odd D．Ironic 12. A．monitor B．protect C．surprise D．delight 13. A．between B．within C．toward D．over 14. A．transferred B．added C．introduced D．entrusted 15. A．out B．back C．around D．inside 16. A．discovered B．proved C．insisted D．remembered
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2018考研英语：常见长难句解析(56)_毙考题
2018考研英语：常见长难句解析（56） 为给您2018考研英语复习助力，小编为大家整理了一些考研英语的长难句资料参考，英语的复习像盖楼应该从基础开始复习，希望大家平时抽出一点时间读一读记一记。 The public morals are declining and the revival of them requires sincere commitment to good deeds. No thinking man would refuse to admit the fact that it is the public morals and individuals’good deeds ,such as helping the elderly cross the road that boost the sound evolution of a society. And the flourishing and prevailing trend of traditional and modern virtues is indispensable for the harmonious society construction. But the problem mentioned above perfectly exemplifies that many of us have not realized the essence of doing good deeds. Some corresponding programmes and initiatives should be proposed and promoted to help the restoration of public morality. 长难句解析： The public morals are declining and the revival of them requires sincere commitment to good deeds. 公共道德正在滑坡，要恢复这些道德就需要我们致力于促进善良的行为。 No thinking man would refuse to admit the fact that it is the public morals and individuals’good deeds ,such as helping the elderly cross the road that boost the sound evolution of a society. 任何一个理性的人都不会拒绝接受下面的事实：正是公共道德以及个人的善行比如帮助老人过马路，促进了社会的健康发展。 And the flourishing and prevailing trend of traditional and modern virtues is indispensable for the harmonious society construction. 传统道德和现代美德的兴旺和繁荣对于和谐社会的建设而言是不可缺少的。 But the problems mentioned above perfectly exemplifies that many of us have not realized the essence of doing good deeds. 但是上面所提到的问题就充分地表明，我们很多人还没有认识到文明行为(good deeds)的重要性。 Some corresponding programmes and initiatives should be proposed and promoted to help the restoration of public morality.
2018考研英语二真题及答案解析
2018年全国硕士研究生入学统考试英语(二)试题 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points) Why do people read negative Internet comments and do other things that will obviously he painful?Because humans have an inherent need to1uncertainty,according to a recent study in Psychological Science.The new research reveals that the need to know is so strong that people will
13.A.inquiry B.withdrawal C.persistence D.diligence 14.A.self-deceptive B.self-reliant C.self-evident D.self-destructive 15.A.trace B.define C.replace D.resist 16.A.conceal B.overlook C.design D.predict 17.A.choose B remember C.promise D.pretend 18.A.relief B.outcome C.plan D.duty 19.A.how B.why C.where D.whether 20.A.limitations B.investments C.consequences D.strategies Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions: Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSH ER SHEET.(40points) Text1 It is curious that Stephen Koziatek feels almost as though he has to justify his efforts to give his students a better future. Mr.Koziatek is part of something pioneering.He is a teacher at a New Hampshire high school where learning is not something of books and tests and rote memorization,but practical, reports staff writer Stacy Teicher Khadaroo in this week's cover story.When did it become accepted wisdom that students should be able to name the13th president of the United States but be utterly bamboozled by a busted bike chain? As Koziatek knows,there is learning in just about everything.Nothing is necessarily gained by forcing students to learn geometry at a trafficked desk stuck.With generations of discarded chewing gum.They can also learn geometry by assembling a bicycle. But he's also found a kind of insidious prejudice.Working with your hands is seen as almost a mark of inferiority.Schools in the family of vocational education“have that stereotype...that it's for kids who can't make it academically,"he says. On one hand,that viewpoint is a logical product of America’s evolution.Manufacturing is not the economic engine that it once was.The job security that the US economy once offered to high school graduates has largely evaporated.More education is the new mantra.We want more for our kids,and rightfully so. But the headlong push into bachelor's degrees for all--and the subtle devaluing of anything less--misses an important point:That's not the only thing the American economy needs.Yes,a bachelor's degree opens more doors.But even now,54percent of the jobs in the country aremiddl2-skill job,such as construction and high-skill manufacturing.But only44percent of workers are adequately trained. In other words,at a time when the working class has numbered the country on its political head,frustrated that the opportunity that once defined America is vanishing,one obvious solution is staring us in the face.There is a gap in working-class jobs,but the workers who need those jobs most aren't equipped to do them Koziatek's Manchester School of Technology High School is trying to fill that gap. Kcziatek's school is wake-up call.When education becomes one-size-fits-all,it risks