0英汉翻译八大不同

0英汉翻译八大不同
0英汉翻译八大不同

英汉翻译八大不同

一、英语重结构,汉语重语义

我国著名语言学家王力先生曾经说过:“就句子的结构而论,西洋语言是法治的,中国语言是人治的。”(《中国语法理论》,《王力文集》第一卷,第35页,山东教育出版社,1984年) 我们看一看下面的例子:

Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with inbuilt personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell television, and digital age will have arrived.

译文:孩子们可以和装有性格芯片的娃娃一起玩耍;内嵌性格装置的电脑将被视作人们工作上的伙伴而不仅仅是工具;休闲时,电视机还能满足人们嗅觉感官的需求——那时,数码时代就已经到来了。

这句英语是由四个独立句构成的并列句,前三个句子都用简单将来时,最后一个句子用的是将来完成时,句子之间的关系通过时态、逗号和并列连词and表示得一清二楚。而汉语译文明显就是简单的叙述,至于句子之间的关系完全通过句子的语义表现出来:前三个句子可以看成是并列关系,最后一个句子则表示结果。

二、英语多长句,汉语多短句

由于英语是“法治”的语言,只要结构上没有出现错误,许多意思往往可以放在一个长句中表达;汉语则正好相反,由于是“人治”,语义通过字词直接表达,不同的意思往往通过不同的短句表达出来。正是由于这个原因,英译汉试题几乎百分之百都是长而复杂的句子,而翻译成中文经常就成了许多短小的句子。

例如:Interest in historical methods had arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.

译文:人们对历史研究方法产生了兴趣,这与其说是因为外部对历史作为一门知识学科的有效性提出了挑战,还不如说是因为历史学家内部发生了争吵。

英文原句是个典型的长句,由27个词组成,中间没有使用任何标点符号,完全靠语法结构使整个句子的意思化零为整:less through...and more from构成一个复杂的状语修饰动词arisen。在中文翻译中,“产生兴趣”这一重要内容通过一个独立的句子表达,两个不同的原因则分别由不同的句子表达,整个句子被化整为零。

三、英语多从句,汉语多分句

英语句子不仅可以在简单句中使用很长的修饰语使句子变长,同时也可以用从句使句子变复杂,而这些从句往往通过从句引导词与主句或其它从句连接,整个句子尽管表面上看错综复杂却是一个整体。汉语本来就喜欢用短句,加上表达结构相对松散,英语句子中的从句翻成汉语时往往成了一些分句。

例如:On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.

译文:总的来说,得出这样一个结论是有一定程度把握的,但是必须具备两个条件:能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度和与他相比的另一个孩子的态度相同;他也没有因缺乏别的孩子已掌握的有关知识而被扣分。

原文中两个only if引导的从句显然使整个句子变得很复杂,可是由于有并列连词but 和and,整句话的逻辑关系十分清楚:……能够得出结论……但是只要……而且只要……。从上面的译文我们可以看出,为了使中文表达更加清楚,but only if...and only if...首先提纲挈领:但是必须具备两个条件……,这种做法给我们的感觉是译文中没有从句,有的只是一些不同的分句。

四、主语,宾语等名词成分“英语多代词,汉语多名词”

在句子中,英语多用名词和介词,汉语多用动词。英语不仅有we、you、he、they等人称代词,而且还有that、which之类的关系代词,在长而复杂的句子,为了使句子结构正确、语义清楚,同时避免表达上的重复,英语往往使用很多代词。汉语虽然也有代词,但由于结构相对松散、句子相对较短,汉语里不能使用太多的代词,使用名词往往使语义更加清楚。请看下面的例句:

There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.

译文:届时,将出现由机器人主持的电视访谈节目及装有污染监测器的汽车,一旦这些汽车污染超标(或违规),监测器就会使其停驶。

五、英语多被动,汉语多主动

英语比较喜欢用被动语态,科技英语尤其如此。汉语虽然也有“被”、“由”之类的词表示动作是被动的,但这种表达远没有英语的被动语态那么常见,因此,英语中的被动在汉译中往往成了主动。下面我们先看一组常用被动句型的汉译:

It must be pointed out that... 必须指出……

It must be admitted that... 必须承认……

It is imagined that... 人们认为……

It can not be denied that... 不可否认……

It will be seen from this that... 由此可知……

It should be realized that... 必须认识到……

It is (always) stressed that... 人们(总是)强调……

It may be said without fear of exaggeration that... 可以毫不夸张地说……

这些常用被动句型属于习惯表达法,在科技英语中出现频率很高,考生不仅要熟悉这些句型的固定翻译,同时要认识到许多英语中的被动从习惯上来讲要译成汉语的主动。我们再看一个典型的例子:

And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can by no means be compared with these processes, and that they have to be required by a sort of special training.

译文:许多人认为,普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维活动相比,认为这些思维活动必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握。

原文中有三个被动语态is imagined, be compared和be required,译成汉语都变成了主动表达:认为、相比和掌握。

有些英语被动需要把主语译成汉语的宾语,这样才能更加符合中文的表达习惯。

例如:New sources of energy must be found, and this will take time, but it is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the past time.

译文:必须找到新的能源,这需要时间;而过去我们感觉到的那种能源价廉而充足的情况将不大可能再出现了。

六、英语多变化,汉语多重复

熟悉英语的人都知道,英语表达相同的意思时往往变换表达方式。第一次说“我认为”可以用“I think”,第二次再用“I think”显然就很乏味,应该换成“I believe”或“I imagine”之类的表达。相比之下,汉语对变换表达方式的要求没有英语那么高,很多英语中的变化表达译成重复表达就行了。请看下面的例子:

The monkey's most extraordinary accomplishment was learning to operate a tractor. By the age of nine, the monkey had learned to solo on the vehicle.

译文:这只猴子最了不起的成就是学会驾驶拖拉机。到九岁的时候,这只猴子已经学会了单独表演驾驶拖拉机了。Tractor和vehicle在句中显然都表示“拖拉机”,英语表达上有变化,而译成汉语时使用了重复表达法。

七、英语多抽象,汉语多具体

做翻译实践较多的人都有这样的体会:英文句子难译主要难在结构复杂和表达抽象上。通过分析句子的结构,把长句变短句、从句变分句,结构上的难题往往迎刃而解。表达抽象则要求译者吃透原文的意思、用具体的中文进行表达,这对译者往往具有更大的挑战性。

下面我们先看一组例子:

disintegration 土崩瓦解

ardent 热心的;热情的

loyalty 赤胆忠心

total exhaustion 筋疲力尽

far-sightedness 远见卓识

careful consideration 深思熟虑

perfect harmony 和睦;水乳交融

feed on fancies 画饼充饥

with great eagerness 如饥似渴

lack of perseverance 三天打鱼,两天晒网

make a little contribution (捐款、捐助)添砖加瓦

on the verge of destruction 危在旦夕

从上面的例子不难看出,英语表达往往比较抽象,汉语则喜欢比较具体。我们再看一个翻译:

Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the points whereas the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more "unnatural food."

译文:除非人类终于意识到要把人口减少到这样的程度:使地球能为所有人提供足够的饮食,否则人们将不得不接受更多的“人造食品”。

原文中有三个抽象的名词:sense, point和support和两个抽象的形容词comfortable和unnatural。其中,sense可指“感觉”、“判断力”,point的意思是“点”,support的意思是“支撑(物)”、“支持(物)”,comfortable是“舒适的”,unnatural是“非自然的”,都是意思十分抽象的词,如果不进行具体化处理,译文就可能是这样:除非人类有这样的感觉,把人口减少到这样的,使地球能为大家提供舒适的支持,否则人们将不得不接受更多的“非自然的食物”。

八、英语多引申,汉语多推理

英语有两句俗话:一是You know a word by the company it keeps.(要知义如何,关键看

词伙),二是Words do not have meaning, but people have meaning for them.(词本无义,义随人生)。这说明词典对词的定义和解释是死的,而实际运用中的语言是活的。从原文角度来说,这种活用是词义和用法的引申,翻译的时候要准确理解这种引申,译者就需要进行推理。例如:

While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.

译文:尽管关于历史的定义几乎和历史学家一样多,现代实践最符合这样一种定义,即把历史看作是对过去重大历史事件的再现和解释。

“recreate”根据构词法和一般词典上解释都是“重新创造”,但是仔细观察recreate不难发现它带有宾语the significant events of the part,从逻辑上来讲,“过去的重大历史事件”是不能“重新创造”的,作者显然对recreate一词的词义进行了引申。做翻译的人经常会有这样一种感受:某个词明明认识,可就是不知道该怎样表达。这其实就是词的引申和推理在起作用。

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One day, while I was playing with my new doll, Miss Sullivan put my big rag doll into my lap also, spelled “d-o-l-l” and tried to make me understand that “d-o-l-l” applied to both. 有一天我正在玩一个新娃娃,沙利文小姐把我的大布娃娃也放在我腿上,然后写了“d-o-l-l”这几个字母,她是想让我知道“d-o-l-l”既可以指新娃娃,也可以指旧娃娃。(如译作“指二者”,就不顺;如译作“两个都指”,意思既不清楚,句子也压不住。) If they are disappointed at one place, the drillers go to another. 钻探石油的人如果在一个地方得不到预期的结果,便到另一个地方去钻探。 ⒋英语动词有时态,时间概念往往通过时态表现出来:汉语动词没有时态,表示不同的时间,往往需要加时间状语。 It is like a dream to me now, floating through my mind in slow motion. Many children were playing close to the water, and we were stunned by their ignorance and daring. 现在回想起来,就仿佛是一场梦,当时的情景还在我脑海里缓缓浮动。那一天,许多孩子在靠近水边的地方玩耍,他们那样大胆,不知道危险就在眼前,使我们非常吃惊。(译文加了“那一天”。)

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