词类转换

第四章词类转换

1. 转译为动词

（1）名词转译为动词

A) 一些习语中的主体名词可以转成动词，如：

这类习语有：have a rest, go for a walk, catch a look, make a claim to, pay attention to, have an effect on, in answer to, by means of, with a view of, for lack of, in accordance with, on account of, in proportion to相称, at the expense of

1). We wouldn’t have any idea when the boy was born.

我们不可能知道这孩子是什么时候出生的。

2). I will not only forgive your infidelity to me but will do you all the service I can.

我不但原谅你对我的不忠实，还要尽力为你效劳。

3). As the man leaned over, the driver caught his first good look at the small cat-like

face.

那个人弯下腰来，司机才第一次看清那张小小的猫儿脸。

B)由动词派生出来的名词可转译成动词

1). The government called for the establishment of more schools.

政府号召建立更多的学校。

2). There has been a tremendous expansion of kindergartens in both towns and

villages.

城市和农村的幼儿园都在大量发展。

3). The new situation requires the formation of a new strategy.

新形势要求制定新战略。

C) 含有动作意味的名词可转译成动词

1). Vietnamese War is a drain on American resources.

越南战争不断地消耗美国的资源。

2). In fact, the abuse of drugs has become one of America’s most serious social

problems.

事实上，滥用毒品已经成为美国最为严重的社会问题之一。

3). The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing.

看到我们的喷气式飞机，听到隆隆的机声，令我特别神往。

D) 由动词+er构成的名词可转译成动词

1). His father is a non-smoker, but he is a chain-smoker.

他父亲根本不抽烟，他抽起烟来却一根接一根。

2). I am an amateur actor. He is a better player than I .

我是个业余演员，他演得比我好。

3). Talking with his son, the old man was the forgiver of the young man’s past wrong doings.

在和儿子谈话时，老人宽恕了年轻人过去所干的坏事。

(2). 介词转译成动词

1). He went to the shop for a bottle of wine. 他去小店买了一瓶酒。

2). At noon, she came home for lunch. 中午，她回家吃午饭。

3). He came to my home for help. 他来到我家，请求帮助。

4). He came to me with a luggage. 他拿着行李向我走来。

5). Up the street they went, past stores, across a broad square, and then entered a huge building.

他们沿着大街走去，经过一家家店铺，穿过一个宽阔的广场，然后走进一幢大楼。

(3) 形容词可以转译成动词

1). It was a very informative meeting.

会上透露了很多信息。

2). The manager is grateful to the customers for their valuable suggestions.

经理感谢顾客们提出的宝贵意见。

3). Animals become indifferent to their young as soon as their young can look after

themselves.

一旦它们的后代能够自己照料自己，它们就不管了。

(4) 连词转译成动词

1). Eight and seven is fifteen. 七加八等于十五。

2). They will return in 60 days or two months. 他们60天后，也就是2个月后回来。

3). Winter is the fourth and last season in a year.

冬季是一年中第四个也是最后一个季节。

4). The distance is four kilometers or 2.4856 miles.

距离是4公里，折合（即）2.4856里。

(5). 副词转译成动词

1). Our holiday is three weeks away.

离我们的假期还有3个星期。

2). When will your mother be back?

你妈妈什么时候回来？

3). The boy told me that his father was out.

那个男孩告诉我他的父亲出去了。

4). That day he was up before sunrise.

那天他在日出前就起来了。

2. 转译成名词

(1) 动词转译成名词

英语中好多由名词派生出来的动词，以及由名词转用的动词，在汉语中往往不易找到相应的动词，这时可将其转译成汉语名词。

1). Formality has always characterized their relationship.

他们之间的关系，有一个特点，就是以礼相待。

2). The man looked and talked a little wildly.

那男子的神情和言谈有些不可思议。

有些英语被动句式中的动词，可以译成“受到（遭到）…+ 名词”

1). Several buildings around the square were damaged.

广场附近的几幢建筑物遭到了毁坏。

2). Mr. Snow was treated very shabbily by the U.S. press and officialdom.

在这期间，斯诺受到了美国和政界极不公正的对待。

(2) 形容词转译成名词

有些英语的形容词前加定冠词时，其功能就相当于名词，译时将其转译成名词。还有一些形容词充当表语时，为了行文方便，转译为汉语的名词。

1. They did their best to help the sick and the wounded.

他们尽了最大的努力帮助病号和伤员。

2. Tom was eloquent and elegant —— but soft.

汤姆有口才、有风度，但很软弱。

(3) 副词转译成名词

由名词派生出来的副词，如译成汉语时很难找到对应词，而酌情将其译成名词。

1. Originally Ingrid Bergman was from Sweden.

英格丽.褒曼的原籍是瑞典。

2. He is strong physically, but weak mentally.

他体力很强，可智力很弱。

3 转译为形容词

(1) 副词转译为形容词

有些副词是形容词派生出来的，翻译时如副词所修饰的动词转译为名词，那么副词亦转译为形容词。如：

He was deeply impressed by what they did in the critical moment.

他们在关键时刻的行为给他留下了深刻的印象。

She stupidly answered such a question.

她真笨，竟然回答了这样一个问题。

The English language had changed subtly and pervasively.

英语的变化很敏感，很普遍。

(2) 名词转译为形容词

有时名词在句子中充当表语，前面通常有冠词，译时可以转换为形容词。

A newly-elected Senator is a power, I know that.

一个新当选的参议员的确是威风十足，那我是知道的。

She said, “Good country people are the salt of the earth!”

她说：“善良的乡下人最可贵！”

Oh, she is all gentleness, kindness, goodness!

她真是最温柔，最体贴，最善良了！

Now their happiness was complete.

现在他们真是快乐到了极点。

4 转译为副词

(1) 名词转译为副词

They were sitting on a bank and talking of the universe.

他们坐在河岸边，高谈阔论地谈着。

We set out in great haste for Venice.

我们匆匆忙忙地动身来到威尼斯。

I have the honor to inform you that your request is granted.

我荣幸地通知您，您的请求已得到批准。

(2)形容词转译为副词

About all these sticky question, he writes with calm frankness.

对于所有这些棘手的问题，他都心平气和地、坦率地写了出来。

A helicopter is free to go almost anywhere.

直升机几乎可以自由地飞到任何地方去。