工程管理 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献

工程管理 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献
工程管理 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献

工程管理外文翻译外文文献英文文献摘要

本翻译主要针对工程管理本专业的工程项目管理、工程量清单、工程量等专业术语进行阐述,从而使自己对工程管理专业有更深刻的了解和认识。当前,世界经济一体化,我国随后加入了世贸组织,使我国在各行各业都有了新的突破,为了增强国际竞争力,在重视硬件发展的同时,我们不能忽视软件(工程管理)的发展。因此,工程量清单计价规范和无底招标的推行使我国工程管理和工程量清单等实现了与国际社会的全面接轨。

关键词:工程管理,工程量清单,工程量

1

工程管理是对具有技术成分的活动进行计划、组织、资源分配以及指导和控制的科学和艺术。中国工程院咨询项目《我国工程管理科学发展现状研究》报告中对工程管理有如下界定:工程管理是指为实现预期目标,有效利用资源,对工程所进行的决策、计划、组织、指挥、协调与控制。工程项目管理是工程管理的一个主要组成部分,它采用项目管理方法对工程的建设过程进行管理,通过计划和控制保证工程项目目标的实现,不仅包括工程项目管理,还包括工程的决策、工程估价、工程合同管理、工程经济分析、工程技术管理、工程质量管理、工程的投融资、工程资产管理等。

工程管理的目标是取得工程的成功,是工程达到成功的各项要求,对于一个具体的工程,这些要求就转化为工程的目标。同时,工程管理是对工程全生命期的管理,包括对工程的前期决策的管理、设计和计划的管理、施工的管理、运营维护管理等。除此之外,工程管理是以工程为对象的系统管理方法,通过一个临时性的、专门的柔性组织,对工程建设和运营过程进行高效率的计划、组织、指导和控制,

以对工程进行全过程的动态管理,实现工程的目标。因此,目前在工程管理方面应从以下几方面学习:

1、技术领域

工程管理专业培养具备管理学、经济学和土木工程技术的基本知识,学生在校学习期间,要接受工程师和经济师的基本素质训练,打好工程技术、管理、经济、法律、外语及计算机应用方面的坚实基础。管理学院在对工程管理专业人才培养过程中,积极提供相应条件,使学生根据自身能力,能够攻读相关学科专业的双学位和双专业。

有不少人认为工程管理就是一种单纯的管理学科,工程管理需要学习的不仅仅是一种管理的思想,同时还要求有一定的工程背景和数学知识。

2、培养要求

在这门专业的学习中,应明白一个基本的等式就是“工程管理=工程技术+经济管理”,当然决不是简单的相加,而应当掌握几个基本的技能:

(1)掌握以土木工程技术为主的理论知识和实践技能;

(2)掌握相关的管理理论和方法;

(3)掌握相关的经济理论;

(4)掌握相关的法律、法规;

(5)具有从事工程管理的理论知识和实践能力;

(6)具有阅读工程管理专业外语文献的能力;

(7)具有运用计算机辅助解决工程管理问题的能力;

(8)具有较强的科学研究能力。总的来说,工程管理还是偏重于管理科学,适合那些人际交往能力强,又善于用理性去思考问题的考生报考。

3、培养目标

本专业的培养目标是培养适应现代化建设需要,德智体全面发展,具备工程技术及经济管理、法律等基本知识,获得工程师基本训练,具有较强实践能力、创新能力、组织管理能力的高级工程管理人才。工程管理专业与国家注册监理工程师、国家注册造价工程师的知识结构相接轨,专业方向涵盖工程项目管理、房地产管理经营、工程投资与造价管理、国际工程承包等方向。毕业生可从事工程咨询、工程项目施工、房地产开发与经营的相关工作,专业覆盖面宽,从业范围广,社会需求大。

4、就业状况

工程管理专业的就业领域涉及建筑工程、工程施工和控制管理、房地产经营以及金融、宾馆、贸易等行业部门的管理工作。这一专业涉及就业领域对人才的大量需求比较普遍。从银行证券到酒店宾馆,从建筑企业到房地产开发公司都急需补充大量的工程营造管理及相关专业的人才,因此人才市场上对该专业人才的需求量很大。该专业就业领域所涉及到的工作是:综合系统地运用管理、建筑、经济、法律等基本知识,侧重于工程建筑、施工管理以及房地产经营开发,并熟悉中国相关的方针、政策和法规,进行企业工程开发建设项目的经营和管理。

近年来由于市场经济的发展需要,国家修改制定了一系列相关的就业政策,为专业人才的发展创造更加有利的市场环境,完善了专业人才尤其是高校毕业生脱颖而出的市场机制。北京市先后出台了《北京招聘外地人才细则》等政策,使外地专业人才留京之路进一步拓宽。享受政策优惠的人才包括从事科技、文教、经贸等工作,具有大学专科以上学历,人事关系和常住户口不在北京市的专业技术人员和管理人员。该专业毕业生在就业时需注意三个问题。第一、就业时要分清主次。在择业时应把事业放在第一位,其次才是工作地点的选取。经济发达省市的建筑业市场已趋于饱和,而中西部地区则刚刚起步,选择落后地区将有助于自己今后长远的发展;第二、根据自己的特点和能力合理地选择职业。应做好自我能力水平的分析,

知道自己知识能力适用于哪些具体职位和工作;第三、就业时不应以金钱作为衡量事业成功的尺度,应着眼长远,选择对自己长远发展有利的职业。从北京市国际展览中心人才交流会的状况来看,近几年该专业毕业生就业状况出现明显好转,但比起有经验的人员还比较逊色。

而与此专业就业领域相关的主要行业之一是房地产业。这一行业的发展趋势随着国民经济整体形势不断好转逐渐走向高潮,住宅投资和市场需求全面看好。2000年一季度北京市完成投资34(6亿元,增长16(9%。从长期看,竣工面积升幅将下降,而需求面积将上升,供求形势乐观。个性鲜明、外观典雅的经济型住房将大受欢迎。同时政府将继续加大城建投资力度。房地产行业向着好的形势不断发展。但机遇与竞争并存,激烈的市场竞争对房地产业的开发建设、经营管理都提出了更高的要求。市场越来越注重专业化的竞争:房盘设计的专业化、周围社区服务的专业化以及相关物业管理的专业化。顺应行业专业化发展的趋势,相关的职业也将呈现出专业化发展的态势,使原来的职业逐渐细分,达到功能运作的合理与完善,以适应激烈的市场竞争。该专业毕业生就业趋势,也将逐步适应市场行业的快节奏发展步伐,在全行业回暖的经济背景下,在与国际化逐渐接轨的历史条件下,继续向好的方向发展。

除此之外,在工程管理项目中,工程量清单是完成建设工程需要实施的各个分项及其工程数量的明细清单,它是将设计图纸和业主对项目的建设要求以及要求承建人完成的工作转换成许多条明细分项和数量的表单格式,每条分项描述叫一个清单项目或清单分项,它也反映了承包人完成建设项目需要实施的具体的分项目标。

工程量清单是投标人填报分项工程单价,对工程进行计价的依据。招标人提供的工程量清单为投标人提供了一个平等的竞争报价的基础。实行工程量清单计价是建立公开、公正、公平的工程计价和竞价的市场环境,逐步解决定额计价中与工程建设市场不相适应的因素,深化建设工程招标投标工作的改革措施,实行建立在工

程量清单计价模式上的招投标制度具有很强的优越性:1>充分引人市场竞争机制,规范招标投标行为。2>实现量价为分离、强调风险分担,促进各方面管理水平提高。>3增强招投标过程的透明度,淡化标底的作用。4>缩短招标周期、提高社会效益。5>加快改革开放步伐,引人国际竞争机制。

工程量是指以物理计量单位或自然计量单位表示的建筑工程各个分项工程或结构构件的实物数量。工程量是确定工程量清单、建筑工程直接费、编制工程施工组织、安排工程施工进度、编制材料供应计划、进行统计工作和实现经济核算的重要依据。其计算是一个重要而细致的过程,在计算过程中,除依据工程量清单计价规范和定额中工程量计算规则的各项规定外,还应依据下列文件来进行计算:1>经审定的施工图纸及设计说明书、相关图集、设计变更资料、图纸答疑、会审记录等。

2>经审定的施工组织设计或施工方案。3>工程施工合同、招标文件的商务条款。4>经审定的其他有关技术经济文件。

总之,我国对工程项目管理、工程量清单以及工程量进行严格要求,为保证我国建筑行业的质量和安全奠定了基础。因此,改变原有工程造价估算,概算,预算,合同价格,结算价,决算完成搬迁的。缺乏连续性的情况下, 以完善的控制水平,发展控制系统的投资项目, 投资建设项目,可以促进我国社会主义市场经济发展,适应全球经济一体化进程。

Project management professional foreign language translation

Summary

The translation is mainly for project management professional

project management, engineering, engineering and other professional terminology to explain, allowing themselves to have a better knowledge and understanding of project management major. At present, the world economy, then joined the World Trade Organization, so that there is a

new breakthrough in all sorts, in order to enhance their international competitiveness, emphasis on hardware development at the same time, we cannot ignore the software (management) development. Therefore,

normative and non-implementation of the tendering of Bill of quantities of engineering management and Bill of quantities to achieve a full integration with the international community.

Key words: project management, Bill of quantities, quantities

Project management is to plan, organize activities with

technological components, resource allocation, as well as guidance and control of science and art.

Consulting project of the Chinese Academy of engineering engineering management of the status quo of scientific research of engineering management in the report has the following definition: project management is expected to achieve its objectives, the efficient use of resources, project decision making, planning, organizing, directing, coordinating and controlling. Project management is a major component of project management, it project management methodology for project

process management, planning and control guarantees the achievement of project objectives, including not only project management, including decision-making, project evaluation, project economic analysis of contract management, engineering, project management, project quality management, project investment and financing, asset management, such as.

Project management's goal is to achieve project success, is to meet successfully the requirements for a specific project, these requirements

translate into the target.At the same time, project management is the project life-cycle management, including early decisions for engineering design and management, program management, construction management, operations, maintenance and management. In addition, project management is aimed at engineering approach to systems management, through an ad hoc, flexible organizations, specialized, project construction and operations processes for efficient planning, organizing, directing and controlling based on dynamic management of engineering, realization of the project objectives. Therefore, in engineering management from the following areas:

1、Technology project

Management professional training with basic knowledge in management, economics and civil engineering technology students during the study period, to accept the basic quality and training of engineers and economists, good engineering, management, economics, law, foreign languages, and a solid foundation of computer applications. School of management in engineering management in the course of professional training, also provides the appropriate conditions, students according to their ability, to pursue a dual degree in related disciplines, and double majors.

A lot of people believe that project management is a simple management discipline, project management needs to learn more than just a management idea, also requires a certain degree of knowledge of engineering and mathematics. 2、Training requirements

In the professional learning, should understand this basic equation

is "project management = economic+ management of engineering", of course, by no means a simple sum, but some basic skills:

(1) Master in civil engineering technology-oriented theoretical knowledge and practical skills;

(2) To acquire the relevant management theory and methods;

(3) Control of economic theory;

(4) Acquire the relevant laws and regulations;

(5)With the theoretical knowledge and practical abilities in engineering management;

(6) Has a reading ability to project management professional foreign language documents;

(7) With the use of computer-assisted project management problem-solving abilities;

(8) With strong scientific research capabilities. In General,

project management emphasis on scientific management, for those strong interpersonal communication skills, and good reason to think the candidates.

3、Cultivation and training objectives in the field

This professional training objective is the modernization of

training needs, the needs of development, with basic knowledge such as engineering and economic management, legal, access to basic training of engineers, with a strong practical ability, creativity, organization and management of advanced project management talents. Project management

professional and national registered supervision engineers, State-registered cost engineer knowledge structures of integration into the professional direction covering project management, property management, and cost management of project investment, international project contracting and other directions. Graduates in engineering consulting, project construction, real estate development and management of related work, professional wide coverage, industry wide social needs.

4、The employment situation

Of engineering management major areas of employment involved in construction, engineering, construction and management, property management, and financial management, hotels, trade and industry sectors. This specialty involves high demand for talents in the field of employment more widespread. Securities from banks to hotels, from construction to real estate development companies will need to replenish large amounts of engineering construction management and related professional talents, talents for the professionals are in great demand on the market. The work of the professionals involved in the field of employment are: integrated systems

management, architectural, economic, legal, and other basic knowledge, focused on engineering and construction, construction management and real estate management and development, and is familiar with China's related guidelines, policies and regulations, enterprise operation and management of project development and construction projects.

In recent years due to the development of the market economy needs review formulated a series of relevant employment policy, for professional development

and create a more favorable market environment and perfect professionals, especially college graduates stand out on the market mechanism. Beijing, which follows the recruitment of foreign talent

rules and other policies, so that professionals in the field remain road to Beijing to further expand. Favourable policy for talent, including engaging in economic and trade, science and technology, culture, education, work, have a university diploma, human relations and the city of residence was not in Beijing by professional technicians and managers. The graduates in employment should pay attention to three issues. First, employment is to distinguish between major and minor. In choosing a career should be placed in the first position, followed by selection of the duty stations. Economically developed provinces and cities in the construction market has become saturated, while the Midwest is just getting started, select backward areas will contribute to the long-term development of their future; the second, according to its own characteristics and reasonable choice of career. Analysis of your

ability level, knowing knowledge applicable to specific positions and work; third, employment, money should not be used as a measure of success, you should look forward to the future, enabling occupations selected for their long-term development. Judging from the talent fair

in Beijing International Exhibition Center, specialized graduates '

employment situation improved markedly in recent years, but compared to the relatively less experienced personnel.

With this professional real estate industry is one of the major

areas of employment-related industry. The trend in this industry with improving the overall situation of the national economy gradually towards orgasm, residential investment and market demand overall look good. In 2000, Beijing completed investment of 3.46 billion yuan in the first quarter In the long run, completed an increase will fall and demand areas will rise, optimism the supply and demand situation. Budget homes, distinctive, elegant appearance will be very popular. While the Government will continue its efforts to increase investment in urban construction. Real estate industry in good situations continue to develop. But both opportunities and competition, the

intensity of competition in the market for real estate development, construction, operation and management of the industry has put forward higher requirements. Competition in the market is increasingly focusing on specialization: Fang Pan design services of specialized professional, and the surrounding communities as well as professional property management. Conform to the professional development of trends in the industry, related occupations will also show a trend of specialization development, so that the original's career gradually subdivided, meet reasonable and improvement of functions, to meet the fierce competition in the market. The graduate employment trends, will gradually adapt to the fast-paced development of the marketing industry, warmer across the

industry under the background of economic, and internationalization of the gradual convergence of historical circumstances, continue to develop in a good direction.

Besides, in engineering management project in the, engineering volume list is completed construction engineering needs implementation of all points items and engineering number of detail list, it is will design drawings and owners on project of construction requires and requires contractors people completed of work conversion into many article detail points items and number of table single format, each article points items description called a list project or list points items, it also reflect has contractor completed construction project needs implementation of specific of points items target.

Engineering quantity list price bidders is to complete project, on project basis for valuation. Bill of quantities provided by the tenderer for bidders to provide a competitive quote on an equal basis. Introduced engineering volume list pricing is established open, and just, and fair of engineering pricing and bid of market environment, gradually settlement fixed pricing in the and engineering construction market not phase adapted of factors, deepening construction engineering tender bid work of reform measures, introduced established in engineering volume

list pricing mode Shang of enrollment bid system has is strong of superiority: 1> full inductive market competition mechanism, specification tender bid acts. Volume pricing for the separation of 2>, stressed the risk-sharing and to promote management development. >3

enhanced transparency in the bidding process, play down the role of bidding. 4> shorten the tendering cycle, increase social benefits. 5> accelerate the pace of reform and opening up, source of international competition.

Quantities are expressed in physical units of measurement or natural units of measurement of building works or structural elements of physical quantities.

Engineering is the engineering quantity list, direct costs of construction projects, organization of preparation of construction organization, construction progress, the preparation of materials supply plans, statistical work and achieve economic accounting basis. Its computation is an important and detailed process, computation, except pursuant to engineering Bill pricing norms and norm quantities calculated in addition to the provisions of the rule, should be evaluated based on the following documents: 1> certified construction drawings and design specifications, drawings, design changes, answer record, triage information, drawings, and so on. 2> certified construction organization design or construction project. 3> terms of construction contracts, tender documents. 4> validated other relevant technical and economic documentation.

In short, our project management, quantities and quantities are strictly required, in order to ensure the quality and safety of the construction industry in China laid the foundations. Therefore, changing the original project cost estimates, budget, budgeting, contract prices,

clearing, accounts to complete the relocation. Case of lack of continuity, with perfect control, development of control system for investment projects, investment and construction projects, can promote the development of China's socialist market economy and adapt to the process of global economic integration.

红外数据通信技术外文翻译文献

红外数据通信技术外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译) Infrared Remote Control System Abstract Red outside data correspondence the technique be currently within the scope of world drive extensive usage of a kind of wireless conjunction technique, drive numerous hardware and software platform support. Red outside the transceiver product have cost low, small scaled turn, the baud rate be quick, point to point SSL, be free from electromagnetism thousand Raos

etc. characteristics, can realization information at dissimilarity of the product fast, convenience, safely exchange and transmission, at short distance wireless deliver aspect to own very obvious of advantage. Along with red outside the data deliver a technique more and more mature, the cost descend, red outside the transceiver necessarily will get at the short distance communication realm more extensive of application. The purpose that design this system is transmit customer’s operation information with infrared rays for transmit media, then demodulate original signal with receive circuit. It use coding chip to modulate signal and use decoding chip to demodulate signal. The coding chip is PT2262 and decoding chip is PT2272. Both chips are made in Taiwan. Main work principle is that we provide to input the information for the PT2262 with coding keyboard. The input information was coded by PT2262 and loading to high frequent load wave whose frequent is 38 kHz, then modulate infrared transmit dioxide and radiate space outside when it attian enough power. The receive circuit receive the signal and demodulate original information. The original signal was decoded by PT2272, so as to drive some circuit to accomplish customer’s operation demand. Keywords: Infrared dray;Code;Decoding;LM386;Red outside transceiver 1 Introduction 1.1 research the background and significance Infrared Data Communication Technology is the world wide use of a wireless connection technology, by the many hardware and software platforms supported. Is a data through electrical pulses and infrared optical pulse switch between the wireless data transceiver technology.

土木工程类专业英文文献及翻译

PA VEMENT PROBLEMS CAUSED BY COLLAPSIBLE SUBGRADES By Sandra L. Houston,1 Associate Member, ASCE (Reviewed by the Highway Division) ABSTRACT: Problem subgrade materials consisting of collapsible soils are com- mon in arid environments, which have climatic conditions and depositional and weathering processes favorable to their formation. Included herein is a discussion of predictive techniques that use commonly available laboratory equipment and testing methods for obtaining reliable estimates of the volume change for these problem soils. A method for predicting relevant stresses and corresponding collapse strains for typical pavement subgrades is presented. Relatively simple methods of evaluating potential volume change, based on results of familiar laboratory tests, are used. INTRODUCTION When a soil is given free access to water, it may decrease in volume, increase in volume, or do nothing. A soil that increases in volume is called a swelling or expansive soil, and a soil that decreases in volume is called a collapsible soil. The amount of volume change that occurs depends on the soil type and structure, the initial soil density, the imposed stress state, and the degree and extent of wetting. Subgrade materials comprised of soils that change volume upon wetting have caused distress to highways since the be- ginning of the professional practice and have cost many millions of dollars in roadway repairs. The prediction of the volume changes that may occur in the field is the first step in making an economic decision for dealing with these problem subgrade materials. Each project will have different design considerations, economic con- straints, and risk factors that will have to be taken into account. However, with a reliable method for making volume change predictions, the best design relative to the subgrade soils becomes a matter of economic comparison, and a much more rational design approach may be made. For example, typical techniques for dealing with expansive clays include: (1) In situ treatments with substances such as lime, cement, or fly-ash; (2) seepage barriers and/ or drainage systems; or (3) a computing of the serviceability loss and a mod- ification of the design to "accept" the anticipated expansion. In order to make the most economical decision, the amount of volume change (especially non- uniform volume change) must be accurately estimated, and the degree of road roughness evaluated from these data. Similarly, alternative design techniques are available for any roadway problem. The emphasis here will be placed on presenting economical and simple methods for: (1) Determining whether the subgrade materials are collapsible; and (2) estimating the amount of volume change that is likely to occur in the 'Asst. Prof., Ctr. for Advanced Res. in Transp., Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ 85287. Note. Discussion open until April 1, 1989. To extend the closing date one month,

英文文献翻译

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土木工程专业外文文献及翻译

( 二 〇 一 二 年 六 月 外文文献及翻译 题 目: About Buiding on the Structure Design 学生姓名: 学 院:土木工程学院 系 别:建筑工程系 专 业:土木工程(建筑工程方向) 班 级:土木08-4班 指导教师:

英文原文: Building construction concrete crack of prevention and processing Abstract The crack problem of concrete is a widespread existence but again difficult in solve of engineering actual problem, this text carried on a study analysis to a little bit familiar crack problem in the concrete engineering, and aim at concrete the circumstance put forward some prevention, processing measure. Keyword:Concrete crack prevention processing Foreword Concrete's ising 1 kind is anticipate by the freestone bone, cement, water and other mixture but formation of the in addition material of quality brittleness not and all material.Because the concrete construction transform with oneself, control etc. a series problem, harden model of in the concrete existence numerous tiny hole, spirit cave and tiny crack, is exactly because these beginning start blemish of existence just make the concrete present one some not and all the characteristic of quality.The tiny crack is a kind of harmless crack and accept concrete heavy, defend Shen and a little bit other use function not a creation to endanger.But after the concrete be subjected to lotus carry, difference in temperature etc. function, tiny crack would continuously of expand with connect, end formation we can see without the

变电站_外文翻译_外文文献_英文文献_变电站的综合概述

英文翻译 A comprehensive overview of substations Along with the economic development and the modern industry developments of quick rising, the design of the power supply system become more and more completely and system. Because the quickly increase electricity of factories, it also increases seriously to the dependable index of the economic condition, power supply in quantity. Therefore they need the higher and more perfect request to the power supply. Whether Design reasonable, not only affect directly the base investment and circulate the expenses with have the metal depletion in colour metal, but also will reflect the dependable in power supply and the safe in many facts. In a word, it is close with the economic performance and the safety of the people. The substation is an importance part of the electric power system, it is consisted of the electric appliances equipments and the Transmission and the Distribution. It obtains the electric power from the electric power system, through its function of transformation and assign, transport and safety. Then transport the power to every place with safe, dependable, and economical. As an important part of power’s transport and control, the transformer substation must change the mode of the traditional design and control, then can adapt to the modern electric power system, the development of modern industry and the of trend of the society life. Electric power industry is one of the foundations of national industry and national economic development to industry, it is a coal, oil, natural gas, hydropower, nuclear power, wind power and other energy conversion into electrical energy of the secondary energy industry, it for the other departments of the national economy fast and stable development of the provision of adequate power, and its level of development is a reflection of the country's economic development an important indicator of the level. As the power in the industry and the importance of the national economy, electricity transmission and distribution of electric energy used in these areas is an indispensable component.。Therefore, power transmission and distribution is critical. Substation is to enable superior power plant power plants or power after adjustments to the lower load of books is an important part of power transmission. Operation of its functions, the capacity of a direct impact on the size of the lower load power, thereby affecting the industrial production and power consumption.Substation system if a link failure, the system will protect the part of action. May result in power outages and so on, to the production and living a great disadvantage. Therefore, the substation in the electric power system for the protection of electricity reliability,

土木工程外文文献翻译

专业资料 学院: 专业:土木工程 姓名: 学号: 外文出处:Structural Systems to resist (用外文写) Lateral loads 附件:1.外文资料翻译译文;2.外文原文。

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不是说富于想象力的结构设计就能够创造出伟大建筑。正相反,有许多例优美的建筑仅得到结构工程师适当的支持就被创造出来了,然而,如果没有天赋甚厚的建筑师的创造力的指导,那么,得以发展的就只能是好的结构,并非是伟大的建筑。无论如何,要想创造出高层建筑真正非凡的设计,两者都需要最好的。 虽然在文献中通常可以见到有关这七种体系的全面性讨论,但是在这里还值得进一步讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论中。 抗弯矩框架 抗弯矩框架也许是低,中高度的建筑中常用的体系,它具有线性水平构件和垂直构件在接头处基本刚接之特点。这种框架用作独立的体系,或者和其他体系结合起来使用,以便提供所需要水平荷载抵抗力。对于较高的高层建筑,可能会发现该本系不宜作为独立体系,这是因为在侧向力的作用下难以调动足够的刚度。 我们可以利用STRESS,STRUDL 或者其他大量合适的计算机程序进行结构分析。所谓的门架法分析或悬臂法分析在当今的技术中无一席之地,由于柱梁节点固有柔性,并且由于初步设计应该力求突出体系的弱点,所以在初析中使用框架的中心距尺寸设计是司空惯的。当然,在设计的后期阶段,实际地评价结点的变形很有必要。 支撑框架 支撑框架实际上刚度比抗弯矩框架强,在高层建筑中也得到更广泛的应用。这种体系以其结点处铰接或则接的线性水平构件、垂直构件和斜撑构件而具特色,它通常与其他体系共同用于较高的建筑,并且作为一种独立的体系用在低、中高度的建筑中。

通信工程移动通信中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文翻译 附件1:外文资料翻译译文 通用移动通信系统的回顾 1.1 UMTS网络架构 欧洲/日本的3G标准,被称为UMTS。 UMTS是一个在IMT-2000保护伞下的ITU-T 批准的许多标准之一。随着美国的CDMA2000标准的发展,它是目前占主导地位的标准,特别是运营商将cdmaOne部署为他们的2G技术。在写这本书时,日本是在3G 网络部署方面最先进的。三名现任运营商已经实施了三个不同的技术:J - PHONE 使用UMTS,KDDI拥有CDMA2000网络,最大的运营商NTT DoCoMo正在使用品牌的FOMA(自由多媒体接入)系统。 FOMA是基于原来的UMTS协议,而且更加的协调和标准化。 UMTS标准被定义为一个通过通用分组无线系统(GPRS)和全球演进的增强数据

技术(EDGE)从第二代GSM标准到UNTS的迁移,如图。这是一个广泛应用的基本原理,因为自2003年4月起,全球有超过847万GSM用户,占全球的移动用户数字的68%。重点是在保持尽可能多的GSM网络与新系统的操作。 我们现在在第三代(3G)的发展道路上,其中网络将支持所有类型的流量:语音,视频和数据,我们应该看到一个最终的爆炸在移动设备上的可用服务。此驱动技术是IP协议。现在,许多移动运营商在简称为2.5G的位置,伴随GPRS的部署,即将IP骨干网引入到移动核心网。在下图中,图2显示了一个在GPRS网络中的关键部件的概述,以及它是如何适应现有的GSM基础设施。 SGSN和GGSN之间的接口被称为Gn接口和使用GPRS隧道协议(GTP的,稍后讨论)。引进这种基础设施的首要原因是提供连接到外部分组网络如,Internet或企业Intranet。这使IP协议作为SGSN和GGSN之间的运输工具应用到网络。这使得数据服务,如移动设备上的电子邮件或浏览网页,用户被起诉基于数据流量,而不是时间连接基础上的数据量。3G网络和服务交付的主要标准是通用移动通信系统,或UMTS。首次部署的UMTS是发行'99架构,在下面的图3所示。 在这个网络中,主要的变化是在无线接入网络(RAN的)CDMA空中接口技术的引进,和在传输部分异步传输模式作为一种传输方式。这些变化已经引入,主要是为了支持在同一网络上的语音,视频和数据服务的运输。核心网络保持相对不变,主要是软件升级。然而,随着目前无线网络控制器使用IP与3G的GPRS业务支持节点进行通信,IP协议进一步应用到网络。 未来的进化步骤是第4版架构,如图4。在这里,GSM的核心被以语音IP技术为基础的IP网络基础设施取代。 海安的发展分为两个独立部分:媒体网关(MGW)和MSC服务器(MSS)的。这基本上是打破外连接的作用和连接控制。一个MSS可以处理多个MGW,使网络更具有扩展性。 因为现在有一些在3G网络的IP云,合并这些到一个IP或IP/ ATM骨干网是很有意义的(它很可能会提供两种选择运营商)。这使IP权利拓展到整个网络,一直到BTS(基站收发信台)。这被称为全IP网络,或推出五架构,如图五所示。在HLR/ VLR/VLR/EIR被推广和称为HLR的子系统(HSS)。 现在传统的电信交换的最后残余被删除,留下完全基于IP协议的网络运营,并

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