考研英语长难句:定语从句

考研英语长难句:定语从句
考研英语长难句:定语从句

考研英语长难句:定语从句

定语从句(Attributive Clauses)是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句,其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个成分。这个起修饰作用的从句功能上相当于一个定语的形容词,所以也可称定语从句为形容词从句。

定语从句结构:先行词+ 关系词+ 从句

被修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句不同于单词作定语的情况,它通常只能放在被修饰的词(即先行词)之后。定语从句由关系词(关系代词、关系副词)引导,关系代词、关系副词位于定语从句句首。

定语从句有两种划分标准:

v 限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句

v 关系代词引导的定语从句和关系副词引导的定语从句

限定性定语从句中的关系代词

作主语作宾语作定语指人who/that whom/that(可省略) whose

指物which/that which/that(可省

略)

whose

非限定性定语从句中的关系代词

作主语作宾语作定语指物which which whose/of which 指整个句子which/as which/as

关系副词引导的限制性定从句和非限制定从句

限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句先行词是时间,在定从中作时间状

when/that/介词+which when/介词+which 先行词是地点,在定从中作地点状

where/that/介词+which where/介词+which 先行词是原因,在定从中作原因状

why/that/介词+which why/介词+which

2-1. 关系代词引导的定语从句

关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。关系代词引导的定语从句主要可以分为4大类:

(1)who, whom, that这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中可做主语、宾语等,例如:【第1句】

Is he the man who/that wants to see you?

他就是想见你的人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语)

He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.

他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语)

(2)whose 用来指人或物,(只用作定语, 若指物,它还可以同of which互换), 例如:【第2句】

They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.

那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙。

Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.

请递给我那本绿皮的书。

(3)which, that它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等,例如:【第3句】

A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.

农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(which / that在句中作主语)

The package which / that you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.

你拿的包快散了。(which / that 在句中作宾语)

(4)介词 + which / whom的结构有时是介词与定语从句中的动词,形容词的习惯搭配,例如:【第4句】

These are the wires with which different machines are connected.

这是连接不同的机器的电线。(be connected with是习惯搭配)

The author with whom all of us are familiar will visit our company.

我们大家都熟悉的那位作家将访问我们公司。(be familiar with是习惯搭配)

(5)which,引导非限制性定语从句的情况在考研的长难句中很常见。As引导非限制性定从的特点主要有两个:第一,as所指代的先行词通常都是一个完整的句子;第二,as引导的定语从句位置很灵活,可以在句首、句中或句末。which 也能引导非限制性定从,但是which引导的非限制性定从不能放在句首,并且which引导的非限制性定从指代的先行词即可以是一个完整的句子,也可以是单个的词或词组。例如:【第5句】

As is so often pointed out, knowledge is a two-edged

weapon which can be use equally for good or evil.

正如人们常常指出的,知识是一把双刃剑,既可以用于造福,也同样可以用来为害。

1.The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. (2015 Text 1)

【念念有词】

I) taste n. 味道,滋味;口味;爱好;鉴赏力,品味;v. 品尝...的味道,试尝;体验。She has frightful taste in literature.(她的文学鉴赏力很糟。)It was his first taste of serious action.(那是他第一次体会到重大行动的滋味。)The team has not yet tasted victory at home.(这个

队还没有尝过主场胜利的滋味呢。)

II) hierarchical a. 等级制度的,分等级的。the hierarchical bureaucracy of a local authority(地方当局等级森严的官僚制度。)

【句理力争】

本句主干为The danger will come with Charles。后面是一个由who引导的非限定性定语从句修饰Charles。缺主语的定语从句大家在写的时候要注意所修饰名词或代词是否是单数,如果是的话需要把谓语动词变成单数第三人称形式。

【译译生辉】

查尔斯亲王则面临危机,他生活奢华,等级观念浓厚。

2. The researchers’argument stems from a simple observation about social influence: With the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey—whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence—even the most influential members of a population simply don’t interact with that many others. (2010 Text 3)

【念念有词】

I) argument n. 争论,争吵,辩论;理由,论据;说理,论证。argument(with sb.) (about / over sth.) The argument among the two parties was blown up by the press.(双方的争论被新闻界夸大了。)I got into an argument with the other driver.(我和另一个司机争执不休。)

II) stem n. 茎,干;v. 起源于,由...而造成;堵住,遏制。stem from sth. 起源于…;Most people's insecurities stem from something that happened in their childhood.(大多数人的不安全感源于小时候的经历。);stem the blood 止血。

III) function n. 功能,作用,职能;重大聚会(或宴会);函数,随他物变化而变化的事物;v. 工作,运行,起作用。Neither kind of sleep is at all well-understood, but REM sleep is assumed to serve some restorative function of the brain.(1995完形)(我们对两种形式的睡眠了解都不多,但是人们认为REM睡眠会对大脑有某种康复作用。);When her mother was ill, she had to function as both cook and nurse.(母亲生病时,她既当厨师又做护士。)

IV) interpersonal a. 人与人之间的,关于人与人之间关系的。interpersonal relations 人际关系;interpersonal communication 人际沟通。

V) interact v. 互相作用;互动;互相影响。Teachers have a limited amount of time to interact with each child.(老师能和每个孩子互动的时间是有限的。)Perfume interacts with the skin's natural chemicals.(香水和皮肤的天然化学物质相互作用。)

【句理力争】

主句的主干部分为argument stems from an observation, 冒号后面的内容具体解释observation的内容。冒号后面的主句是:...members don’t interact with others...。其中,with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey为状语成分,两个破折号之间为whose引导的非限定性定语从句,用来修饰a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey。

【译译生辉】

研究者的观点源于对社会影响的简单观察:除了个别像欧普拉·温弗瑞这样的少数名人之外—她的非凡魅力要归功于媒体的作用,而不是人际交往的作用—即使是人群中最有影响力的人也不能与那么多人相互来往。

3. The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value, business-friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation. (2015 text 4)

【念念有词】

I) efficiency n. 功效;效能;效力。greater energy efficiency(更大的能效。)The reforms will lead to efficiencies and savings.(改革将会提高效力和促进节约。)

II) flexibility n. 柔韧,有弹性,易弯曲;适应力强,灵活。Employees expect flexibility in the workplace.(员工期待工作岗位上实现弹性工作制。)

III) shareholder n. 股东。

IV) circulation n. 循环,环流;流传,传播;(货币的)流通;(报纸、杂志的)销量。His music has achieved wide circulation.(他的音乐广为流传。)The magazine had a large circulation.(这份杂志销售量很大。)

【句理力争】

本句主干是“主 + 系 + 表”形式,that have mattered是定语从句,修饰the words。此处“matter”为动词,意为“有关系,重要”。

【译译生辉】

相关的重要词是效率、弹性、股东利益、利于商业、财富创造、销售、影响力以及新闻界的发行量。

4.It’s a theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. (2003 Text 3)

【念念有词】

I) subscribe v. 认购;认捐,捐赠;签署,同意,赞成,署名;订阅,订购。My main reason for subscribing to New Scientist is to keep abreast of adva nces in science.(我订阅《新科学家》主要是为了了解科学的最新进展。); I’ve personally never subscribed to the view that either sex is superior to the other. (我个人从不同意性别有优劣之分的观点); I subscribe to a few favourite charities.(我定期向几个中意的慈善机构捐款。)

II) determine v.(使)下决心,(使)做出决定;决定,确定;判定,判决。The Baltic people have a right to determine their own future. (波罗的海各国人民有权决定自己的未来。)He determined to rescue his two countrymen.(他决意营救自己的两名同胞)

III) flourish v. 挥舞;茂盛,繁荣;活跃,蓬勃;n.挥舞,挥动;繁荣;花样,华丽的辞藻。Business flourished and within six months they were earning 18,000 roubles a day(生意红火起来,不出6个月他们就可以每天赚18,000卢布了。); He flourished the glass to emphasize the point.(他挥动手中的杯子来强调这一点。); This can cause employee out of work and impact the stabilization and flourish of s ociety.(另外,还会造成员工下岗失业,影响社会的稳定和繁荣。)

【句理力争】

这是用but 连接的两个并列小分句。前面的小分句中套了to which引导的一个定语从句,这是一类比较特殊的介词+which引导的定语从句,介词实际上是接在定从的动词之后,先行词在定从中作介词的宾语。所以在这个定语从句中,应该是:many economists subscribe to which (which代替先行词 a theory)。后面的这个小分句中it(指代前面的theory)是主语,leaves是谓语动词,railroads是宾语,in the position是宾语补足语,of之后的都是作为后置定语来修饰position,which引导宾语从句做determining的宾语。

【译译生辉】

这一理论很多经济学家都赞成,但在实际上,它却总会使得铁路处于一个决定哪些公司将会繁荣哪些公司将会失败的位置。

5. Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg. (2011 Text 3)

【念念有词】

I) motor n. 马达,发动机,电动机;原动力;v. 乘汽车,以汽车载运;a.

原动的,汽车的。motor vehicles (汽车);There is something wrong with the motor; it would not kick over.(发动机出故障了,它发动不起来。)II) alleviate vt. 减轻,缓解,缓和。A number of measures were taken to alleviate the problem.(采取了很多方法来缓和问题。)the alleviation of poverty (扶贫);alleviate the problem/situation/suffering etc.(缓解问题/形势/苦难)。

III) recall vt. 回忆起,回想起;召回,叫回;收回,撤销。Can you recall exactly what happened?(你能回想起到底发生了什么吗?)The company has recalled all the faulty hairdryers.(这家公司召回了所有问题吹风机。)

IV) orchestrate v. 把...编成管弦乐曲;精心安排,策划。Their victory was largely a result of their brilliantly orchestrated election campaign.(他们的胜利很大程度上是归功于他们出色的策划竞选活动。)

V) campaign n. 战役,活动,运动v. 参加活动。conduct a campaign(进行一次活动);campaign(for/against sb./sth.) (为了/抵抗...的运动)。

【句理力争】

该句主干为Toyota Motor… alleviated some of the damage…。主句宾语后紧跟介词短语from its recall crisis作后置定语,with引导的结构在句中作方式状语,其后还跟随着一个由which引导的非限定性定语从句,补充说明先行词campaign。该定语从句的主语由引导词which充当,谓语为included,宾语为efforts,不定式短语to engage with consumers…充当efforts的同位语,on sites为地点状语,such as引导的结构用来举例说明sites。

【译译生辉】

以丰田汽车公司为例,其通过(一系列)迅速且精心策划的社交媒体回应活动,包括在Twitter和社会新闻网站Digg上直接与消费者交流,挽回了今年早些时候由召回危机所带来的部分损失。

2-2 关系副词引导的定语从句

关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。

(1)when, where, why 关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词 + which"结构,因此常常和"介词 + which"结构交替使用,例如:【第1句】

There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.

任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。

Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.

北京是我的出生地。

Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?

这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?

(2) that代替关系副词 that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词 + which"引导的定语从句,在非正式文体中that常被省略(正式文体中不可省略),例如:【第2句】

His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born.

他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。

He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago.

他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。

1.But in her new book, Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the world. (2012 Text 1)

【念念有词】

I) contend v. 争夺,竞争;搏斗,争斗;声称,主张。Several teams are contending for the prize.(有几个队正在争夺锦标。)Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who "until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death." (2002阅读)(蒙特非里奥医疗中心的主任南希·杜布勒认为这一原则将会保护这样一些医生,他们“到目前为止还强烈坚持他们不能给病人足量的镇痛剂来控制疼痛,如果这么做会加速他们死亡的话”。)

II) peer n. 同龄人,同等地位的人;贵族;v. 仔细看,费力地看。peer pressure(同辈压力);The Queen created him a peer.(女王封他为贵族。)We peered into the shadows.(我们仔细地往阴暗处看。)

III) dynamics n. 动力学。molecular dynamics(分子动力学);group dynamics(群体动力学/团体动力学)。

【句理力争】

该句的主干为:Tina Rosenberg contends that…是一个宾语从句。Join the Club作her new book的同位语。谓语动词contends后接that引导的宾语从句,从句主干为peer pressure can be a positive force,through引导的介词短语部分作方式状语,该状语包括了一个含有what引导的宾语从句。in which 引导定语从句修饰the social cure,在该定语从句中,organizations and officials为主语,use为谓语,the power of group dynamics 为宾语,动词不定式to help…world为目的状语。

【译译生辉】

但是,在她的新书《加入俱乐部》中,蒂娜·罗森堡认为,同辈压力也是一种积极的力量。在社会治疗中一些组织和官方(机构)利用团体动态力量来帮助个人提升他们的生活,甚至改善整个世界。

2.The way consumers now approach the process of making purchase decisions means that marketing’s impact stems from a broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media. (2011 Text 3)

【念念有词】

I) approach v. 靠近,接近;着手处理n. 靠近,接近,临近;相似,近似;途径,方法。The bank has approached the issue in a practical way.(该银行已经务实地处理了这个问题。);This approach, originated abroad, offered inventors medals, cash prizes and other incentives.(这一政策起源于国外,它为发明者提供了奖章、奖金和其他一些奖励。)

II) impact n. 影响,效果;冲击,碰撞;v. 影响,作用;冲击,碰撞;紧压。impact on…(表示“对…..的影响”)。如:Professor Taylor’s talk has indicated that science has a very strong impact on the everyday life of non-scientists as well as scientists.(泰勒教授的讲话表明,科学对科学家以及非科学家的日常生活都具有很大的影响。)

III) stem n. 茎,干;把,柄;v. 起源于(stem from);去掉(水果、烟叶的)干(或茎、梗)。Many of the universities’problems stem from rapid expansion.(大学的许多问题来源于快速扩张。)

IV) broad a. 广泛的,一般的;宽的,辽阔的;宽容的;多学科的;多领域的;综合性的;总的;粗略的;直白的;明显的。The river grows broader at its mouth to the sea.(那条河在入海口变宽了。);The company has a broad range of experience.(该公司有在多领域经营业务的经验。)

V) conventional a. 传统的,习惯的,常规的;符合习俗的,因循守旧的。Reporters tend to be part of a broadly defined social and cultural elite, so their work tends to reflect the conventional values of the elite.(2011阅读)(记者属于广义上说的“社会文化精英”群体的一部分,因此他们的作品倾向于反映这个精英群体的传统价值观念。)

【句理力争】

本句的主干结构The way…..means that…..。the way 后为省略了关系代词that的定语从句,在the way,the day,the time等之后,关系词that,when,where或“介词+which”常常省略。这里还需要注意的是the way在从句中作状语。该定语从句的主语是consumers,谓语是approach,宾语the process,of引导的介词短语为process的后置定语,用来对其进行解释说明。means后为that 引导的宾语从句,该宾语从句的主语为marketing’s impact,谓语为stems,介词宾语from a broad range of factors作方式状语,beyond conventional paid media修饰factors的后置定语。

【译译生辉】

如今消费者作出购买决定的方式意味着市场营销的影响力来自传统付费媒介以外的诸多因素。

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