首都师范大学2011年考博英语真题

首都师2011年博士研究生入学考试题

考试科目：英语

Part I Vocabulary Test (15%)

Directions: In this part, there are 30 incomplete sentences. Below each sentence, there are 4 choices marked by letters A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase which best completes each sentence. There is only ONE right answer. Mark the corresponding letter on Machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the centre.

1. The team will have to do well to win a medal at the Olympic Games, where they will face ________ competition from several countries.

A. rough

B. rigid

B. harsh D. stiff

2. In that year the ________of infections diseases in the United States was extremely high.

A. rate

B. ratio

C. frequency

D. incidence

3. He's been working too hard and he's ________. He needs a rest.

A. run down

B. run over

C. broken apart

D. broken up

4. The large crowds lingering in the streets were quickly _______by heavy rain.

A. dispersed

B. dispatched

C. deposited

D. detached

5. This ticket ________you to a free meal in our new restaurant.

A. confers

B. entitles

C. grants

D. credits

6. The gloves are really too small, and it is only by ________them that I manage to get them on.

A. stretching

B. extending

C. enlarging

D. squeezing

7. Young people's social environment has a ________effect on their academic progress.

A. gross

B. solid

C. complete

D. profound

8. It is rather ________that we still do not know how many species there are in the world today.

A. misleading

B. embarrassing

C. boring

D. demanding

9. My boss has always attended to the _________of important business himself.

A. transaction

B. stimulation

C. transition

D. solution

10. When he applied for a _______in the office of the local newspaper he was told to see the manager.

A. location

B. profession

C. career

D. position

11. There’s a whole _______of bills waiting to be paid for the poor family.

A. stock

B. stack

C. number

D. sequence

12. The new washing machines are ________at the rate of fifty a day.

A. turned up

B. turned down

C. turned out

D. turned in

13. The senator ________in Los Angeles, but he lives for the better part of the year in Washington.

A. lodges

B. resides

C. lingers

D. inhabits

14. How do you ________his refusal to attend the meeting?

A. interview

B. interval

C. interpret

D. translate

15. The teachers of the college are making great efforts to ________in their students the habit of speaking English.

A. cultivate

B. accomplish

C. assist

D. require

16. Sam’s close _______to his brother made people mistake them for one another.

A. accurac

B. confusion

C. probability

D. resemblance

17. An argument was _______because they dislike each other so much.

A. ridiculous

B. inevitable

C. excessive

D. conservative

18. His inability to learn foreign language was an ________to his career.

A. shortage

B. disturbance

C. occurrence

D. obstacle

19. The workers' demand are ________; they are asking for only a small increase in their wages.

A. complicated

B. moderate

C. abnormal

D. commercial

20. This document is _________unless it is officially stamped.

A. invalid

B. acute

C. deliberate

D. confidential

21. Since the couple couldn’t _______their difference, they decided to get a divorce.

A. revise

B. resume

C. reconcile

D. repel

22. The Chinese Red Cross _______a generous sum to the relief of the physically disabled.

A. assigned

B. contributed

C. furnished

D. administered

23. Charles has not the least _______of giving up his research.

A. idea

B. intention

C. mind

D. desire

24. After the examination, the doctor ________a prescription for me.

A. wrote out

B. wrote in

C. wrote down

D. wrote off

25. This is the _______piano on which the composer created some of his greatest works.

A. actual

B. genuine

C. real

D. original

26. Children ar do not know.

A. queer

B. strange

C. curious

D. quaint

27. Nobody can _______her from marrying him, for she always has her own way.

A. prevent

B. preserve

C. present

D. prevail

28. Some people either _______avoid questions of right and wrong or remain neutral about them.

A. violently

B. enthusiastically

C. sincerely

D. deliberately

29. When you take medicine, be careful not to _______that amount printed on the bottle.

A. surpass

B. substitute

C. exceed

D. overcome

30. Though she was not a professional writer, she became an _______member of the Writer’s Association.

A. honour

B. honourable

C. honoured

D. honorary

Part Two Reading Comprehension (40%)

Directions:There are 5 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by 4 questions. For each of them there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one for each question and mark the corresponding letter on Machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the centre.

Passage 1

The word of science is heard so often in modern times that almost everybody has some notion of its meaning. On the other hand, its definition is difficult for many people. The meaning of the term is confusing, but everyone should understand its meaning and objectives. Just to make the explanation as simple as possible, suppose science is defined as classified knowledge.

Even in the true sciences distinguishing fact from faction is not always easy. For this

reason great c nguish between beliefs and truths. There is no danger as long as a clear difference is made between temporary and proved explanations. For example, hypotheses and theories are attempts to explain natural phenomena. From these positions the scientist continues to experiment and observe until they are proved or discredited. The exact status of any explanation should be clearly labeled to avoid confusion. The objectives of science are primarily the discovery and the subsequent understanding of the unknown, Man can not be satisfied with recognizing that secrets exist in nature or that questions are unanswerable; he must solve them. Toward that end specialists in the field of biology and related fields of interest are directing much of their time and energy.

Actually, two basic approaches lead to the discovery of new information. One, aimed at satisfying curiosity, is referred to as pure science. The other is aimed at using knowledge for specific purposes---for instance, improving health, raising standards of living, or creating new consumer products. In this case knowledge is put to economic use. Such an approach is referred to as applied science.

Sometimes practical-minded people miss the point of pure science in thinking only of its immediate application for economic rewards. Chemists responsible for many of the discoveries could hardly have anticipated that their findings would one day result in applications of such a practical nature as those directly related to life and death. The discovery of one bit of information opens the door of the discovery of another. Some discoveries seem so simple that one is amazed they were not made years ago; however one should remember that the construction of the microscope had to precede the discovery of the cell. The hosts of scientists dedicating their lives to pure science are not apologetic about ignoring the practical side of their discoveries; they know from experience that most knowledge is eventually applied.

31. Which of the following sentences about pure science is true?

A. It may lead to anti scientific, “impure” results.

B. It necessarily precedes applied science and discovery of the cell.

C. It is not always as pure as we suppose.

D. It necessarily results from applied science and the discovery of the cell.

32. A scientist interested in general knowledge about oxygen would probably call this approach________.

A. applied science

B. chemical science

C. pure science

D. environmental science

33. Which of the following does the author imply?

A. pure scientists should not be blamed for ignoring the practical side of their discoveries.

B. Today few people have any notions of the meaning of science.

C. in science, it is not difficult to distinguish fact from fiction.

D. Practical-minded people can understand the meaning and objectives of pure science.

34. Which of the following can be the best title for this passage?

A. On Distinguishing Fact from Fiction

B. Biology and the Scientific Age

C. Hypotheses and Theories

D. The nature of Science and Scientists

Passage 2

While fashion is thought of usually in relation to clothing, it is important to realize that it covers a much wider domain. It is to be found in manners, the arts, literature, and philosophy, and may even reach into certain areas of science. In fact, it may operate in any field of group life, apart from the technological and utilitarian area and the area of the sacred. Its operation requires a class society, for in its essential character it does not occur either in a homogeneous society like a primitive group, or in a caste society.

Fashion behaves as a movement, and on this basis it is different from custom which, by comparison, is static. This is due to the fact that fashion is based fundamentally on differentiation and emulation. In a class society, the upper classes or the so-called social elite are not able to differentiate themselves by fixed symbols or badges. Hence the more external features of their life and behavior are likely to be imitated by classes

immediately b them, who, in turn, imitated by groups immediately below them in the social structure. This process gives to fashion a vertical descent. However, the elite class finds that it is no longer distinguishable, by reason of the imitation made by others, and hence is led to adopt new differentiating criteria, only to displace these as they in turn are imitated. It is primarily this feature that makes fashion into a movement and which has led one writer to remark that a fashion, once launched, move to its doom.

As a movement, fashion show little resemblance to any of the other movements which we have considered. While it occurs spontaneously and moves along in a characteristic cycle, it involves little in the way of crowd behavior and it is not dependent upon the discussion process and the resulting public opinion. It does not depend upon the mechanisms of which we have spoken. The participants are not recruited through agitation. No morale is built up among them. Nor does the fashion movement have, or require, an ideology. Further since it does not have a leadership imparting conscious direction to the movement, it does not build up a set of tactics. People take part in the fashion movement voluntarily and in response to the interesting and powerful kind of control which fashion imposes on them.

35. it is known from the first paragraph that ________.

A. fashion operates in every society

B. fashion is found only in a few fields of group life

C. fashion originates in a class society

D. people like to keep up with fashion in a primitive society

36. Which of the following statements is true?

A. Fashion, as a movement, is static.

B. A fashion is destined to disappear once it is launched.

C. A fashion will never vanish once it is launched.

D. The upper classes play a little role in fashion movements.

37. According to the author, a fashion movement ________.

A. will eventually develop into a social organization

B. has little in common with other movements

C. has a powerful leadership guiding it

D. has a set of symbols and values

38. It can be inferred from the passage that a fashion movement ________.

A. is a form of expressive behavior

B. contributes a great deal to the way of crowd behavior

C. can boost the morale of its participants

D. functions in the same way as specific social movements

Passage 3

If sustainable competitive advantage depends on work-force skills, American firms have a problem. Human-resource management is not traditionally seen as central to the competitive survival of the firm in the United States. Skill acquisition is considered an individual responsibility. Labour is simply another factor of production to be hired-rented at the lowest possible cost-much as one buys raw materials or equipment.

The lack of importance attached to human-resource management can be seen in the corporation hierarchy. In an American firm the chief financial officer is almost always second in command. The post of head of human-resource management is usually a specialized job, off at the edge of corporate hierarchy. The executive who holds it is never consulted on major strategic decisions and has no chance to move up to Chief Executive Officer (CEO). By way of contrast, in Japan the head of human-resource management is central-usually the second most important executive, after the CEO, in the firm’s hierarchy. While American firms often talk about the vast amounts spent on training their work forces, in fact they invest less in the skills of their employees than do either Japanese or German firms. The money they do invest is also more highly concentrated on professional and managerial employees. And the limited investments that are made in training workers are also much more narrowly focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies.

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As a result, problems emerge when breakthrough technology arrives. If American workers, for example, take much longer to learn how to operate new flexible

manufacturing station than workers in German (as they do), the effective cost of those stations is lower in German than it is in the united States. More time is required before equipment is up and running at capacity, and the need for extensive retaining generate costs and created bottlenecks that limit the speed with which new equipment can he employed. The result is a slower pace of the technological change. And in the end the skills of the bottom half the population affect the wages of the top half. If the bottom half can’t effectively staff the processes that have to be operated, the management and professional jobs that go with these processes will disappear.

39. Which of the following applies to the management of human resources in American companies?

A. They hire people at the lowest cost regardless of their skills.

B. They only hire skilled workers because of keen competition.

C. They attach more importance to workers than to equipment.

D. They see the gaining of skills as their employees' own business.

40. What is the position of the head of human-resource management in an American firm?

A. He is one of the most important executives in the firm.

B. His post is likely to disappear when new technologies are introduced.

C. He has no say in making important decisions in the firm.

D. He is directly under the chief financial executive.

41. According to the passage, the decisi ve factor in maintaining a firm’s competitive advantage is_______.

A. the introduction of new technology

B. the improvement of workers' basic skills

C. the rational composition of professional and managerial employees

D. the attachment of importance to the bottom half of the employees

42. What is the main idea of the passage?

A. American firms are different from Japanese and German firms in human-resource management.

B. Extensive retraining is indispensable to effective human-resource management.

C. The head of human-resource management must be in the central position in a firm’s hierarchy.

D. The human-resource management strategies of American firms affect their competitive capacity.

Passage 4

Pop stars today enjoy a style of living which was once the prerogative only of royalty. Wherever they go, people turn out in their thousands to greet them. The crowds go wild trying to catch a brief glimpse of their smiling, colorful dressed idols. The stars are transported in their chauffeur driven Rolls-Royces, private helicopters or executive airplanes. They are surrounded by a permanent entourage of managers, press agents and body guards. Photographs of them appear regularly in the press and all their comings and goings are reported, for, like Royalty, pop stars are news. If they enjoy many of the privileges of Royalty, they certainly share many of the inconveniences as well. It is dangerous for them to make unscheduled appearance in public. They must be constantly shielded from the adoring crowds which idolize them. They are no longer private individuals, but public property. The financial rewards they receive for this sacrifice can not be calculated, for their rates of pay are astronomical.

And why not? Society has always rewarded its top entertainers lavishly. The great days of Hollywood have become legendary famous stars enjoying fame, wealth adulation on an unprecedented scale. By today's standards, the excesses of Hollywood do not seem quite so spectacular. A single gramophone record nowadays may earn much more in royalties than the film of the past ever did. The competition for the t itle “Top of the Pop” is fierce, but the rewards are truly coloss al!

It is only right that the stars should be paid in this way. Don't the top men in industry earn enormous salaries for the services they perform to their companies? Pop stars earn vast sums in foreign currency-often more than large industrial concerns-and the taxman can only be grateful for their massive annual contributions to the exchequer. So who would begrudge them their rewards?

It's all very well for people in humdrum jobs to moan about the successes and rewards of others. People who make envious remarks should remember that the most

famous stars r

hundreds of others struggling to earn a living. A man working in a steady job and looking forward to a pension at the end of it has no right to expect very high rewards. He has chosen security and peace of mind, so there will always be a limit to what he can earn. But a man who attempts to become a star is taking enormous risks. He knows at the outset that only a handful of competitors ever get to the very top. He knows that years of concentrated effort may be rewarded with complete failure. But he knows, too, that the rewards for success are very high indeed: they are the recompense for the huge risks involved and if he achieves them, he has certainly earned them. That's the essence of private enterprise.

43. What is the author's attitude toward top stars' high income?

A. Approval

B. Disapproved.

C. Ironical.

D. Indifferent.

44. It can be inferred from the passage that ________.

A. there exists fierce competition in climbing to the top of the Pops

B. people are blind in idolizing stars

C. successful pop stars give great entertainment

D. pop stars usually try to avoid paying tax

45. Which of the following is true according to the text?

A. Pop stars get high-income repayment but are taxed less.

B. Great contribution made by pop stars is limited to entertainment industry.

C. Successful men represent the tip of the iceberg.

D. Pop stars shouldn't enjoy the life of royalty,

46. According to the author, one who dreams of being a star should be aware that ________.

A. first he should look for a steady job with a pension

B. at last many people can climb to the very top

C. great efforts will surely be rewarded with complete success

D. the essence of private enterprise is huge risks probably bringing high rewards Passage 5

The biogra

Too close a relation, and the writer may lose objectivity. Not close enough, and the writer may lack the sympathy necessary to any effort to portray a mind, a soul-the quality of life. Who should write the biography of a family, for example? Because of their closeness to the subject, family members may have special information, but by the same token, they may not have the distance that would allow them to be fair. Similarly, a king's servant might not be the best one to write a biography of that king. But a foreigner might not have the knowledge and sympathy necessary to write the king's biography-not for a readership from within the kingdom, at any rate.

There is no ideal position for such a task. The biographer has to work in the position he or she has in the world, adjusting that position as necessary to deal with the subject. Every position has strengths and weaknesses: to thrive, a writer must try to become aware of these, evaluate them in terms of the subject, and select a position accordingly.

When their subjects are heroes or famous figures, biographies often reveal a democratic motive: the attempt to show that their subjects are only human, no better than anyone else. Other biographies are meant to change us, to invite us to become better than we are. The biographies of Jesus found in the Bible are this class.

Biographers may cl aim that their account is the “authentic” one. In advancing this claim, they are helped if the biography is “authorized” by the subject; this presumably allow the biographer special access to private information. “Unauthorized” biographie s also have their appeal, however, since they can suggest an independence of mind in the biographer. In book promotions, the “unauthorized” characterization usually suggests the prospect of juicy gossip that the subject had hoped to suppress. A subject might have several biographies, even several “authentic” ones. We sense intuitively that no one is in a position to tell the “story” of a life, perhaps not even the subjects, and this has been proved by the history of biography.

47. The author cites the biographies of Jesus in the Bible in order to show that ________.

A. biographies can serve different purposes

B. biographies are authentic accounts of their subjects' lives

C. the best biographies are those of heroes and famous figures

D. the best sform their readers

48. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?

A. An authentic biography seldom appeals to its readers.

B. An authentic biography is one authorized by the subject.

C. Authorized biographies have a wider readership.

D. No one can write a perfect biography.

49. An unauthorized biography is likely to attract more readers because ________.

A. it portrays the subjects both faithfully and vividly

B. it reveals a lot of accurate details unknown to outsiders

C. it contains interesting information about the subject's private life

D. it usually gives a sympathetic description of the subject's character

50. In this passage, the author focuses on _________.

A. the secret of a biographer to win more readers

B. the difficulty of a biographer in finding the proper perspective to do his job

C. the techniques required of a biographer to write a good biography

D. the characteristics of different kinds of biographies

Part Three Cloze Test (10%)

Directions: There 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE answer that best fits into the passage. Mark the corresponding letter on Machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the centre.

Most people who travel long distances complaining of jetlag. Jetlag makes business travelers less productive and more prone ____51____ making mistakes. It is actually caused by ____52___ of your “body clock” a small cluster of brain cells that controls the timing of biological ____53____. The body clock is designed for a ____54____ rhythm of daylight and darkness, so it is thrown out of balance when it ____55____ daylight and darkness at the “wrong” times in a new time zone. The ____56____ of jetlag often persist for days ____57____ the internal body clock slowly adjusts to the new time zone.

Now a new anti-jetlag system is ____58_____that is based on proven ____59____pioneering scientific research. Dr. Martin Moore-Ede has ____60____a

practical stra y clock much sooner to the new time zone ____61____controlled exposure to bright light. The time zone shift is easy to accomplish and eliminates ____62____ of the discomfort of jetlag.

A successful time zone shift depends on knowing the exact time to either ____63____ or avoid bright light. Exposure to light at the wrong time can actually make jetlag worse. The ____64____ schedule for light exposure depends a great deal on ____65____ travel planes.

Data on a specific flig ht itinerary and the individual’s sl eep ____66____ are used to produce a Trip Guide with ____67____ on exactly when to be exposed to bright light.

When the trip Guide calls ____68____bright light you should spend time outdoors if possible. If it is dark outside or the weather is bad, or you are on an airplane, you can use a special light ____69____to provide the necessary light ____70____for a range of activities such as reading, watching TV or working.

51. A. for B. from C. to D. of

52. A. rupture B. corruption C. eruption D. disruption

53. A. actions B. functions C. reflection D. behavior

54. A. regular B. formal C. continual D. circular

55. A. retains B. encounters C. possesses D. experiences

56. A. diseases B. symptoms C. signs D. defects

57. A. while B. whereas C. until D. although

58. A. adaptable B. approachable C. available D. agreeable

59. A. broad B. inclusive C. tentative D. extensive

60. A. devised B. witnessed C. scrutinized D. visualized

61. A. at B. through C. in D. as

62. A. least B. most C. little D. more

63. A. attain B. shed C. retrieve D. seek

64. A. tight B. right C. proper D. very

65. A. unique B. specific C. complicated D. peculiar

66. A. norm B. mode C. pattern D. style

67. A. directories B. instructions

C. specificat

D. commentaries

68. A. off B. on C. for D. up

69. A. device B. service C. measurement D. year

70. A. agitation B. spur C. acceleration D. stimulus

Part Four Translation (15%)

Directions:There are 2 short passages in this part. Passage A is for you to translate from English to Chinese and passage B is from Chinese to English. Write your answers on ANSWER SHEET for translation.

Passage A

Custom has not commonly been regarded as a subject of any great moment. The inner workings of our brains we feel to be uniquely worthy of investigation, but custom, we have a way of thinking, is behavior at its most commonplace. As a matter of fact, it is the other wav round. Traditional custom, taken the world over, is a mass of detailed behavior more astonishing than what any one person can ever evolve in individual actions, no matter how abnormal. Yet that is a rather trivial aspect of the matter. The fact of first-rate importance is the predominant role that custom plays in experience and belief, and the very great varieties it may manifest.

No man ever looks at the world with pure eyes. Even in his philosophical probing he can not go behind certain stereotypes. John Dewey has said that the part played by custom in shaping the behavior of the individual, as against anyway in which he can affect traditional custom, is as the proportion of the total vocabulary of the mother tongue against those words of his own baby talk. Passage B

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教育的主要目标之一就是给未来的公民准备好他们在成人社会占有一席之地所需要的一切。当今的成人社会由男人和女人组成，所以男女分开的学校怎么可能为他们的将来做好恰当的准备呢？男女同校的教育给孩子提供的完全是现实社会的真实缩影。男孩女孩都有机会互相了解，有机会学着从小在一起生活。在这里，他们可以在学习能力、体育运动成绩和许多课外活动方面进行相互比较，这些都是学校生活的一

部分。

Part Five Writing (20%)

Directions: In selecting public servants(公务员）a national examination is held every year in our country. In addition, i t is said that a person has to have two years’ working experience in the root position such as Village Officials before he or she can become a public servant. Do you think these are necessary? Write a passage of no less than 200 words to state your opinion. Remember to write your composition on the ANSWER SHEET for writing.

What should a Public Servant Have?