2010厦门大学814阅读及英美文学、语言学基础考研真题及详解【圣才出品】

2010厦门大学814阅读及英美文学、语言学基础考研真题及详解

Part One Reading Comprehension70points.

Directions:Each passage below is followed by questions based on its content.After reading a passage,choose the best answer to each question.Answer all

questions following the passage on the basis of what is stated or implied

in that passage.

Passage1

Since the end of the Cold War,successive American presidents have grappled with the consequences of the loss of a global adversary around whom American strategy Was long organized,including the inherited“chub and spokes”alliance system in Asia and the Pacific.Each administration has also sought to confront the inertial tendencies inherent in the operation of large military bureaucracies.The approaches have varied.from George H.W.Bush’s emphasis on adaptation and the preservation of American regional preponderance;to Bill Clinton’s early efforts at an economically oriented strategy relying less on the traditional instruments of American power,but subsequently geared more toward a doctrine of counter proliferation and preventive defense;to George W.Bush’s pursuit of strategic primacy and dissuasion,partially supplanted in his second term by an emphasis on selective diplomatic collaboration.President Obama must now renew this quest,all in the context of an ascendant Asia.

Regional states largely fit into three broad categories：autonomous major

powers,long-time allies pursuing an enhanced national identity while seeking assurance from the United States：and local actors prepared to collaborate with the United States and to facilitate complementary political and security goals(North Korea and Burma remain outside these categories.)In oversimplified terms,the United States can pursue(1)inclusion and integration,(2)prevention and inhibition. or(3)preservation and hedging.These correspond to three impulses underlying these alternative possibilities：an opportunity-or incentive.based approach,a threat-driven approach;or an uncertainty-based approach.The tests of a strategy’s viability and relevance,in turn seem relatively straightforward.First,it should guide and shape the actions of policy makers,not simply serve as an empty slogan or bumper sticker.Second,it should be proportional to the totality of national interests.Third,it should be commensurate with the budgetary.manpower,and political resources required to achieve it.Fourth,it must enjoy a requisite level of public support.Fifth,it must be attentive to the potential effects either of failed or incomplete policy assumptions,or of the intended or unintended consequences of different courses of action.Sixth,it must remain mindful of how policy will influence the incentives,interests and calculations of states whose behavior a given strategy seeks to influence.I will resist the temptation to engage in a“name that strategy”competition,but will instead turn briefly to a fundamental if often ignored premise of strategy—i.e..the presumed relationship between ends and means.

1.Under what circumstances will the USA pursue the strategy of inclusion and integration?

A.When Asia-Pacific countries adopt an economically oriented strategy.

B.When Asia-Pacific countries wish to adapt to and preserve American

preponderance in the Asia-Pacific area in general.

C.When Asia-Pacific countries threaten to compete with the USA.

D.When an Asia-Pacific country offers opportunities for development in the

interest of the USA.

2.Under what circumstances will the USA pursue the strategy of preservation and hedging?

A.When Asia-Pacific countries adopt a doctrine of counter proliferation and

preventive defense.

B.If an Asia-Pacific country shows ambiguity in its diplomatic policy.

C.When Asia-Pacific countries threaten to destroy world peace.

D.When an Asia-Pacific country wants to avoid getting into conflict with the USA.

3.Which of the following words or phrases is probably what is referred to by the

words“a global adversary”in Paragraph1?

A.The USSR

B.the Warsaw Pact

C.NATO

D.ASEAN

4.Which of the following words or phrases refers to something closest to the

meaning of the word“viability”in Paragraph2?

A.vitality

B.capacity

C.possibility

D.practicality

5.According to the author,which of the following is not a criterion by which the quality of a strategy is judged?

A.It must have sufficient financial support

B.It must have sufficient moral support from the general public

C.It must be constantly on the alert against any country that intends to damage

the incentives interests,and calculations of the United States

D.It must have plans for consequences of having to change into a different

course of action

【答案与解析】

1.D细节理解题。根据第二段第二、三句话，可知美国寻求融合和一体化是以机会为基础

的，故选D。

2.B细节理解题。根据第二段第二、三句话，可知美国采取保留和模糊政策是以不确定性

为基础的，故选B。

3.C细节理解题。美国成立北大西洋公约，与苏联的华沙条约组织对抗，形成冷战，后遭

到全世界反对，故选C。

4.D词义猜测题。viability可行性。practicality实用性，符合句意，故选D。

5.C细节理解题。根据最后一段，策略的质量的判断方法包括是否有足够的经济和民众支

持，是否能注意到政策对美国的影响，是否能注意到不同行动中意料之中以及意料之外的结果等，并没有谈及其他国家，故选C。

Passage2

It is said that in England death is pressing,in Canada inevitable and in California optional Small wonder.Americans’life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century.Failing hips can be replaced,clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a30-minuts surgical procedure.Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50years ago.But not even a great health-care system can cure death-and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours.

Death is normal;we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions.We all understand that at some level,yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved.Shielded by third-party, payers from the cost of our care,we demand everything that can possibly be done for us,even if it’s useless.The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care. Physicians-frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient-too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified.

In1950,the U.S.spent7billion on health care.In2002,the cost will be billion. Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable.Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it. Some scholars conclude that a government with finite resources should simply stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain age—say83or so. Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old

and infirm“have a duty to die and get out of the way”,so that younger healthier people can realize their potential.

I would not go that far.Energetic people now routinely work through their60s and beyond,and remain dazzlingly productive.At78,Viacom chairman Sumner Redstone jokingly claims to be53.Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O’Connor is in her70s,and former surgeon general C.Everett Koop chairs an Internet start-up in his80s.These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age.As a mere68-year-old,I wish to age as productively as they have.

Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit.Ask a physician,I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful.I also know that people in Japan and Sweden,countries that spend far less on medical care,have achieved longer,healthier lives than we have.As a nation,we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improve people’s lives.

6.What is implied in the first sentence?

A.Americans are better prepared for death than other people.

B.Americans enjoy a higher life quality than ever before.

C.Americans are over-confident of their medical technology.

D.Americans take a vain pride in their long life expectancy.

7.The author uses the example of cancer patients to show that______.

A.medical resources are often wasted