专八汉译英讲义
汉译英常用技巧及实例讲解
（一）词的翻译
1、词义选择
所谓词义选择，是指词本来就有这个意思，问题是要我们去选，把其在特定场合的正确意思选出来。正确选词是保证译文质量的重要环节。
选词时，要注意词义的广狭、所处语境、词的褒贬和色彩进行翻译。
（1）语境词
汉语有些词语的含义会因语境而发生微妙的变化，称之为“语境词”，应紧密结合上下文译成相应的词，不能按照原词的字面意思来译。
例1：在得病以前，我受父母宠爱，在家中横行霸道…（2003真题）
Before I fell ill, I had been the bully under our roofs owing to my doting parents.
分析：“横行霸道”在此并无“任意欺凌他人”之意，而是“为所欲为，想干什么就干什么，不受限制”，可用get everything in my own way 或get all things my own way或be the bully表达。
例2：钓鱼可分为三个阶段…（2001真题）
There are three states for fishing…
分析：根据上下文，“三个阶段”指的是钓鱼的三种境界，不是钓鱼具体的步骤，不能按字面意思译为three stages，应根据内涵译为three states。
例3：跨世纪青年一代应该用什么样的姿态迎接充满希望的新世纪，这是我们必须回答的问题。（1998真题）
What kind of attitude the cross-century young generation will have to meet the new century that promises so much hope is the question we must answer.
It is the question we must answer that what kind of attitude the cross-century young generation will have to meet the new century with so much hope.
分析：“姿态”在这里是抽象含义，即“态度”，因此应译为attitude，而不是gesture或pose等表示具体动作的词。
例4：美国内部对中国政策究竟怎么样，我们还要观察。
We still have to wait and see what China policy will be pursued by the American authorities. (the American government)
分析：“美国内部”并非指“美国国内”，而是指美国领导层。within the U.S.不足以传达这样的意思。
We still have to wait and see what China policy will be pursued by the American authorities (government).
例5：因为苦闷的强弱原是随欲望与野心的大小而转移的。（2006真题）
…because the degree of which is changing (moving ×) with the expansion of one’s desire and ambition.
分析：应准确把握“转移”这个词在这里的确切含义，切忌望文生义。
（2）表意模糊的词
有些汉语词语比较笼统，表意模糊，译成英语时应突破汉语重直觉、重表象的思维模式，寻求词语的确切含义。
例1：昨天看电影我没有买到好票。
I did not buy a good seat for yesterday’s film.
分析：“好票”比较笼统，实际上是指“好座位”。
例2：这所全国重点大学为社会输送了大批的人才。
The national key university has prepared batches of qualified graduates for the society.
分析：“输送”具体来说是指“培养出”，“人才”译为qualified graduates更具体。
（3）比喻词汇
汉语有许多比喻词汇，表面意义和喻指含义完全不同，英译时应跳出机械对应的思维定式，动态地译出其潜在含义。
例1：老师答应给这几个学生“吃小灶”。
The teacher has promised to give these students special tuition.
分析：“吃小灶”在这里指的是“个别辅导”。
例2：他是个墙头草，谁硬就跟谁。
He always sits on the fence and falls on the side of the stronger.
分析：“墙头草”是个比喻，与英语中sit on the fence含义一样。译文为译出内在含义舍弃了其表面意义。
2、词类转换
（1）动词→名词
例1：他得出这一结论是深思熟虑的结果。
His arrival at this conclusion was the result of much thought.
分析：英语中有大量行为抽象名词表示行为或动作意义，如advice, agreement, arrival, defence, exception, increase, knowledge, praise, use等。
例2：吃头两个主菜时，也是赞不绝口。（2004真题）
You will be full of praise while eating the first two main courses.
（2）动词→介词
例：这样，每个地方都有自己的传说，风俗也就衍传了下来。（2002真题）
Thus, every place, with its own legends and tales, has its traditions and customs passed on from generation to generation.
（3）动词→形容词
使用与动词同源的词，译文有时比直接使用动词更地道、标准。
例1：所以人们对于大自然，全都一致并深深地依赖着。（2002真题）
Therefore, everyone has become unanimously and profoundly dependent on Nature.
例2：他对过去追悔莫及，并保证永远不再开汽车。
He is truly sorry for his past, and he has undertaken to give up motorcars once and for all.
（4）形容词或副词→名词
例：只有这些生灵自由自在地享受着这个黄昏。（2007真题）
…leaving these livings to enjoy thi s moment of dusk with full ease and freedom.
（5）名词→动词
例：大自然对人的恩赐，无论贫富，一律平等。
People, rich or poor, are equally favored by Nature.
3、词的增补
（1）语法需要
例1：面对一池碧水，将忧心烦恼全都抛到一边，使自己的身心得到充分休息。（2001真题）
When facing a pool of green water, you forget all your worries and annoyance and enjoy a good rest, both mentally and physically. 增译出句中隐含的代词
例2：在我所呆的三年半中，共有14位学生被招进他的实验室，最后博士毕业的只剩下5人。（1997真题）
During the three and a half years I stayed at the lab, a total of 14 students were recruited to his lab, but only 5 of them got their doctor’s degrees at last.
分析：汉译英时需补充连词，保持句子结构完成。
例3：有水有鱼的地方大都是有好环境的，好环境便会给人好心情。（2001真题）
A place with water and fish is necessarily blessed with a nice setting, which in return keeps people in good mood.
例4：农业社会的人比工业社会的人享受差得多，因此欲望也小得多。（2006真题）
People in the agriculture society enjoyed far less than people in the industry society, thus their desires are far less either.
分析：英语中用得最多的介词有九个：at, by, for, from, in, of, on, to, with。根据上下文灵活选择介词。
（2）意思表达需要
例1：世界上第三代博物馆是充满全新理念的博物馆。（2000真题）
The third-generation museums in the world are run on entirely new concepts.
分析：“充满全新理念”的含义是说博物馆的创建、运营理念与众不同，如果按字面意思译为full of new ideas/concepts，就会造成“博物馆里到处都是新理念”的误解。
例2：这个车间既做来料加工，也做来样加工。
This workshop processes raw material s on client’s demand and processes according to investor’s samples as well.
分析：浓缩的意合词，应译出完整含义。
例3：这是黄河滩上的一幕。（2007真题）
This is a scene taking place on the shore of the Yellow River.
（3）文化背景解释的需要
三个臭皮匠，胜过诸葛亮。/ The wit of three cobblers combined surpasses that of Zhuge Liang, the master mind.
黄鼠狼给鸡拜年。/The weasel goes to pay his respects to the hen – not with the best of intensions.
4、词的减省
把原文中一些仅为语法需要而存在的词、词组加以适当省略，达到译文通顺、意思完整、句子精练的目的。
例1：于是转喜为怒，转赞美为责备挑剔，转首肯为摇头。（2004真题）
The happiness turns to anger, praise to scolding and nit-picking, and head-nodding to head-shaking.
例2：种植庄稼和葡萄，酿酒和饮酒，喂牛和挤奶，锄草和栽花…（2002真题）
Planting crops and grapes; brewing and drinking wines; raising and milking cows; weeding and planting flowers…（减省重复的名词短语）
例3：用点画成线，用线画成平面，用平面画成立体。
With points you can make a line; with line, planes; with planes, solids. （减省主谓句子成分）
5、词的替代
汉译英时可用替代的方法来避免重复，英语中主要有三种替代现象：名词成分替代、谓语成分替代和分句替代。
（1）名词成分替代
① 用代词替代重复出现的名词
例1：有水有鱼的地方大都是有好环境的，好环境便会给人好心情。（2001真题）
A place with water and fish is necessarily blessed with a nice setting, which in return keeps people in good mood.
例2：狡猾的人轻视学问；愚昧的人羡慕学问；聪明的人利用学问。
Crafty men contemn (despise, disregard) studies; benighted men admire them; and wise men use them.
② 用名词性替代词替代重复出现的名词
可用于替代的此类名词包括enough, half, the same, the kind, the sort, the former, the latter, the issue等。
例：——你最喜欢哪个男孩？——最高的那个男孩。
--Which boy do you like best? --The tallest one.
③ 同义词替代
同义词替代指用不同名词来表示同一个人或事物，常是概括词（generic term）和下属词（specific word）之间的替换。如用the furniture替代table，用vehicle替代car，用the animal替代horse等，以免重复。
例：另外一种方法是化学方法。
Another method is the chemical approach.
(2) 谓语成分替代
可用于代替重复出现的动词，或整个谓语部分。此类替代词包括do及其搭配do so, do it, do that, do this, do the same等，替代句型包括so do/be/will+主语、so+主语+do/be/will、as be+主语等。
例1：我不愿为占用你的时间而道歉，我占用你的时间是有道理的。
I will not apologize for trespassing on your time. I have a good reason for doing so/that.
例2:他说他很勤奋，他确实很勤奋。
You say he is diligent, so he is.
例3：成绩有两重性，错误也有两重性。
Achievement has a dual character, and so do mistakes.
例4：自周秦以来，中国是一个封建社会，其政治是封建的政治，其经济是封建的经济。
From the Zhou and Qin Dynasties onwards, Chinese society was feudal, as were its politics and economy.
（3）分句替代
用替代词so/ not来替代充当宾语的that从句；用 if so或if not替代条件状语从句；用so代替整个从句。
例1：原文；——明天会下雨吗？——我想不会/会下雨。
----Will it rain tomorrow? ----I guess not/so.
例2：你会来出席会议吗？假如不出席会议，请及早通知我们。
Will you come to attend the meeting? If not, please notice us as soon as possible.
例3：得罪了你就得罪了你。
If you were offended, so be it.
（二）句的翻译
1、确立主干
（1）确立主语
① 避免主语机械对应
例：这个地区比较多雨。
译文1：It rains a lot in this area.
译文2：This area sees much rain.
译文3：There is much rain in this area.
分析：汉语主语的角度变化很少，英语则变化较多，英语主语有多种选择。
② 时间词或方位词在主语位置
有些汉语句子常把时间词或方位词放在句首充当主语，译成英语时往往采用there be结构。
例1：山脚下住着一位老妇人。
There lives an old lady at the foot of the mountain.
例2：明天下大雪。
There will be a heavy snow tomorrow.
③ 汉语主语是复合结构
汉语的动词词组、主谓结构或句子作主语时，往往译成“it”作主语的英语句子。“it”充当形式主语是英语组句的一大优势，它还可以表示天气、时间、强调等。
例1：信不信是你自己的事。 It is your concern whether you believe me or not.
例2：最好是等他们回来。 It may be advisable to wait till they come back.
例3：勤能补拙 It is diligence that makes for deficiency.
（2）确立谓语
汉语的谓语具有开放性，除了动词之外，名词、形容词等词类都可以直接充当谓语，而且可以几个动词连用(横排式)，而英语的谓语通常只能由某个动词或系表结构担任，其他动词往往以非谓语动词的形态出现。
例1：在人际关系问题上我们不要太浪漫主义。（2004真题）
We shouldn’t be too romantic about human relationships.
分析：汉语中名词可充当谓语，英译文中转为系表结构。
例2：愈吃愈趋于冷静… （2004真题）
The more you eat, the calmer you will become.
例3：当他活着一天，总要尽量多工作、多学习，不肯虚度年华，不让时间白白地浪费掉。（2005真题）
As long as they are living, they always work and study as hard as possible, unwilling to dream their life away, let alone waste even a single moment of their lives.
分析：汉语谓语动词时态、情态及语态是隐性的，英译文中应变为显形，例2和例3的译文分别补充出汉语中隐藏的时态。
2、语序调整
（1）定语的位置
汉语的定语通常在修饰词之前；英语的定语位置分两种：前置和后置。单词充当定语通常放在被修饰的中心词前；而短语和从句作定语则多置于所修饰的中心语之后。
例1：…它所展示的是工业文明带来的各种阶段性结果。（2000真题）
…which present the fruits achieved by industrial civilization at various stages.
例2：钓鱼是一项能够陶冶性情的运动，有益于身心健康。（2001真题）
Fishing is an outdoor sport that can help cultivate your mind and it is good for our mental and physical health.
（2）状语的位置
例1：我在山坡的小屋里，悄悄掀起窗帘，窥见园中大千世界，一片喧闹。（2003真题）
Without being noticed, I lifted the curtain in my small room, only to spy the bustle of a kaleidoscopic world down in the garden. （状语前置）
例2：中华民族自古以来从不把人看作高于一切。（2006真题）
Chinese people has never regarded human being as the highest creature among everything else since ancient times. （状语后置）
例3：我吃了晚饭后出去散步。
I went out for a walk after I had my dinner.
/ After I had my dinner, I went out for a walk.
汉语按事情发生先后叙述，而英语中时间状语从句可在主句前，也可在主句后。
例4：他本来在天津开会，会议一结束，他就上北京去度假了，昨天才坐飞机回来。
He had flown yesterday from Beijing where he spent his vacation after finishing the meeting he had taken part in Tianjin.
分析：多个时间状语出现时，汉语按时间先后顺序排列，而英语中状语的顺序则比较灵活。
例5：他是1970年5月20日在北京朝阳区出生的。
He was born in Chaoyang District of Beijing on May 20, 1970.
分析：汉语中时间状语在地点状语之前，时间状语与地点状语按从大到小的顺序排列，而英语中地点状语在时间状语之前，时间状语与地点状语按从小到大的顺序排列。
（3）汉英语言叙事重心不同
汉语先叙事，而后表态或评论，以突出话题，这种句子被称为主题句。汉译英时有时会译为掉尾句，即先表态或进行评论，后叙事，以突出主句。
例1：下次会议要讨论什么，你给我们透透风吧。
Will you give us some idea of what will be taken up at the next meeting?
例2：万一有什么困难，请给我们一个信。
Send us a message in case you have any difficulty.
（4）强弱词语的顺序不同
表示感情色彩的轻重、强弱时，汉语将重的内容、强的词语放在前面；英语将语义轻的内容、弱的词语放在前面，基本原则是前轻后重，前简后繁。
例1：一霎时，一阵被人摒弃，为世所遗忘的悲愤兜上心头，禁不住痛哭起来。（2003真题）
In no time, I was thrown into a feeling of sorrowful anger at being forgotten and abandoned by the rest of the world and could not help crying my heart out.
分析：原文中，感情色彩较重的词“摒弃”在前，相对较弱的词“遗忘”在后，但在英译文中却应调整。
例2：救死扶伤，实行革命的人道主义。
Heal the wounded, rescue the dying, practice revolutionary humanitarianism.
（5）否定的转移
例：他要等你答应帮助他后才肯走。
He won’t go away until you promise to help her.
（6）习惯用法
例1：衣食住行是老百姓关心的大问题。
Food, clothing, shelter and transportation are the biggest concern of the common people.
例2：他饥寒交迫，吃了不少苦。
He suffered a great deal from cold and hunger.
3、语态对译
指主动语态与被动语态的转换。汉语中被动句的使用范围相当窄，而英语中被动句表现能力强，使用频率高。汉译英时，必要时应改变句子的语态，以适应表达的需要。
例1：大自然对人的恩赐，无论贫富，一律平等。（2002真题）
People, rich or poor, are equally favored by Nature.
例2：我国历代的劳动人民以及大政治家、大思想家等等莫不如此。（2005真题）
Such examples have been set a lot by Chinese laboring people, great politicians and thinkers of past dynasties. 原文主语太长，可用被动句表达。
（1）汉语中有很多无形式标志的被动句，特别要注意“把字句/将字句”、“是…的”、“ …的是”这样的隐性被动结构，汉译英时都应转为英语被动结构。
例1：考试后三日出榜。
The list of successful examinees will be published three days after the exams.
例2：他的话把我搞糊涂了。
I was confused/puzzled at his words.
例3：相对论是爱因斯坦提出的。
The theory of relativity was put forward by Einstein.
例4：推荐我的是一位教授。
I was recommended by a professor.
（2）汉语以泛称如“大家”、“人们”、“有人”等作主语时，英译时常使用被动结构。当含有“据说”、“据悉”、“据信”等不定人称的词语时，通常用固定的被动结构翻译。
例1：可以说，加拿大除了印第安人以外，无一不是外来移民，不同的只是时间长短而已。（1999真题）
It can be said that all Canadians except the American Indians are immigrants who differ only in the length of time they have settled in Canada.
例2：有人听见呼救的声音。
Voices were heard calling for help.
例3：无可否认，他是对的。
It can not be denied that he is right.
（3）汉语表示被动意义的句子在译文中通常用被动语态表达，但个别情况例外：表示“开始”、“结束”意思的不及物动词；表示“移位”、“运转”意思的动词；无灵主语的动作正在进行等。
例1：会议在热烈的掌声中闭幕了。 The meeting ended in warm applause.
例2：货物移动了位置。 The cargo has shifted.
例3：蔬菜正在锅里做着。 The vegetables are cooking.
例4：该方案需要进一步讨论。The plan required further discussing.
5、长句的翻译
（1）原序对译
即顺译法。这种方法多用于单一主语的长句，但要分清句中的信息重心。
例1：当他活着一天，总要尽量多工作、多学习，不肯虚度年华，不让时间白白地浪费掉。（2005真题）
As long as they are living, they always work and study as hard as possible, unwilling to dream their life away, let alone waste even a single moment of their lives.
例2：…一旦隔离，拘禁在花园山坡上一幢小房子里，顿感被打入冷宫，十分郁郁不得志起来。（2003真题）
Once segregated and confined in a small house on the hillside of the garden, I felt like being deposed into a cold palace, and I began to taste the bitterness of depression and frustration immediately.
例3：我在山坡的小屋里，悄悄掀起窗帘，窥见园中大千世界，一片喧闹。（2003真题）
Without being noticed, I lifted the curtain in my small room, only to spy the bustle of a kaleidoscopic world down in the garden.
例4：其中有一半是近5年才来温哥华地区的，这使温哥华成为亚洲以外最大的中国人聚居地。（1999真题）
Half of them have come to Vancouver area the past five years only, making the largest Chinese settlement outside Asia.
例5：我的导师是个亚裔人，嗜烟好酒，脾气暴躁…（1997真题）
My superior, an Asian American with a hot temper, was addicted to smoking and drinking.
例6：中国民族自古以来从不把人看作高于一切，在哲学文艺方面的表现反映出人在自然界中与万物占着一个比较较为恰当的地位，而非绝对统治万物的主宰。（2006真题）
Chinese people has never regarded human being as the highest creature among everything else since ancient times, whose behavior in both philosophy and arts takes a rather appropriate proportion with all others in the natural world, but not as an absolute dominant ruler.
（2）分句合译
汉译英时，汉语中教高层次的单位译为英语中层次较低一级的单位。
例1：他们几乎没有一个顾得上抬起头来，看一眼这美丽的黄昏。（2007真题）
Hardly any of them cares to look up and throws a glance at the beautiful twilight.
例2：一个人的生命究竟有多大意义，这有什么标准可以衡量吗？（2005真题）
Could t here be any standard to evaluate the meaning of one’s life?
例3：求学是一件艰苦的事情，许多人不能忍受那必经的艰苦，所以不能成功。
To learn, actually, is to experience the indispensable pain and those who can not get it over with can not become learned.
分析：合译为一个并列句。
（3）断句分译
汉语多流水句，一个长句可能有多个主语，英语一句话只能有一个主语，因此，应当把长句拆开来翻译。
例1：一个春天的傍晚，园中百花怒放，父母在园中设宴，一时宾客云集，笑语四溢。（2003真题）
One spring evening, my parents held a banquet in the garden where all sorts of flowers were in full bloom. Instantly, a crowd of their guests collected and their laughter was heard all over there.
例2：这次到台湾访问交流，虽然行程匆匆，但是，看了不少地方，访了旧友，交了新知，大家走到一起，谈论的一个重要话题
就是中华民族在21世纪的强盛。（1998真题）
The current visit to Taiwan for exchange, brief and cursory as it is, has enabled us to see many places, to visit old friends while making new acquaintances. An important topic for discussing at our gatherings was the prosperity of Chinese nation in the 21st century.
（4）主次信息句
在汉语中，有时两个或两个以上的不同主语的句子在表面上是并列的，没有主从或偏正关系，但实际上有内在的逻辑关联和主次之分，因此不宜断句分译，而应把主要信息译为完整的句子，把次要信息以独立结构的形式体现。
例1：在世纪之交的伟大时代，我们的祖国正在走向繁荣富强，海峡两岸人民也将加强交流，共同推进祖国统一大业的早日完成。（1998真题）
1. At the turn of the century, our motherland is becoming more prosperous and powerful. People across the Straits will strengthen their exchanges, and work together to realize the cause of the reunification of their motherland.
2. At the turn of the century, as our motherland is becoming more prosperous and powerful, people across the Straits will strengthen their exchanges, and work together to realize the cause of the reunification of their motherland.
3. At the turn of the century, our motherland becoming more prosperous and powerful, people across the Straits will strengthen their exchanges, and work together to realize the cause of the reunification of their motherland.
分析：这个句子有三种处理方式。可以根据分句的不同主语，断句分译，译为两个独立的句子；也可以根据信息重心的主次，将次要信息“我们的祖国正在走向繁荣富强”译为时间状语从句或独立结构。
例2：很难说他什么时候回家，我得上床睡觉了。
There being no telling when he’ll be home, I have to go to bed now.
例3：这位民族英雄没有死，他的故事照亮了千百万人的心。
This national hero lives on, his story lighting up the hearts of millions of people.
例4：在得病以前，我受父母宠爱，在家中横行霸道。（2003真题）
1. Before I became ill, I was much petted by my parents, doing everything at will in the home.
2. Before I fell ill, my parents dotted on me a lot. I could have my way at home.
3. Before I fell ill, I had been the bully under our roofs owing to my doting parents.
分析：首先要确定这句话的信息重心。虽然没有连接词，但仍有内在的逻辑关系。“受父母宠爱”是因，“在家中横行霸道”是果，作为结果的后半句是全句的信息重心。译文1颠倒了信息重心，译文2则把一句有内在逻辑关联的话分成了两句，模糊了信息重心。译文3突出了信息重心，并通过添加owing to表现出隐藏的逻辑关系。
6、无主句
汉译英时，需要补出省略的主语，或改变句型结构，以符合译语习惯。
例1：但是，大体上看一个人对待生命的态度是否严肃认真，看他对待工作、生活的态度如何，也就不难对这个人的存在意义做
出适当的估计了。（2005真题）
However, if we, on the whole, can find out whether his attitude towards his life is serious or not and what are his attitude towards his life and work, it would not be that difficult to make an appropriate evaluation of the meaning of one’s life.
例2：开始吃头盘或冷碟的时候，印象很好。（2004真题）
The starter or cold dish will leave you a very good impression.
分析：译文没有补充we作主语，而是把句中的逻辑宾语充当了译文的主语。
例3：没有安定的政治环境，干什么都不成。
Nothing can be accomplished without a stable political environment.
例4：尤其在乡间，上千年来人们一直以不变的方式生活着。种植庄稼和葡萄，酿酒和饮酒，喂牛和挤奶，除草和栽花；在周末去教堂祈祷和做礼拜，在节日到广场拉琴、跳舞和唱歌… （2002真题）
学译：Especially in the countryside, people have been living in the same styles for thousands of years ---- plant crops and grape, make wine and drink it, feed cows and milk them, kill grasses and give birth to flowers, go to church, and on festivals they go to the square for dance, sing and play the instruments.
1. This is particularly true in the countryside where people have been living in the same styles for thousands of years ---- planting crops and grapes; brewing and drinking wines; raising and milking cows; weeding and planting flowers; going to churches on weekend and praying; playing music, dancing and singing in the square on holidays.
2. This is particularly true in the countryside where people have been living in the same styles for thousands of years. They grow crops and grapes; brew and drink wines; raise and milk cows; weed and plant flowers; they go to churches and pray on weekends, and sing, dance and play music in the square on holidays.
分析：学生在处理这一连串无主句时，受汉语影响，译成了一系列没有主语的英语句子。事实上，它们可以译成分词短语，也可以与前面的句子断开，补充主语，译为独立的句子。
最新01-14年专八汉译英(附答案)
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TEM 8 2015 Translation Chinese to English 2015专业八级汉译英真题 茶花（Camellia）的自然花期在12月至翌年4月，以红色系为主，另有黄色系和白色系等，花色艳丽。本届花展充分展示了茶花的品种资源和科研水平，是近三年来本市规模最大的一届茶花展。为了广大植物爱好者有更多与茶花亲密接触的机会，本届茶花展的不沾范围延伸至整个园区，为赏花游客带来便利。 此次茶花展历时2个月，展期内200多个茶花品种将陆续亮相。 Camellia naturally blooms between December and April in the next year, mainlyinredaswellasinyellowandwhite,withitsbrightandgorgeousblossom.TheFlower Show, which displays into full the varieties and technological research of theflower, marks the largest one in our city in recent three years. In order to enable thevegetation lovers to embrace Camellia, the flower show extends its place to the wholegarden, making it more convenient for the visitors. The Flower Show lasts for two months and more than 200 types of camellia willmake its appearance during the period. 1/ 1
(完整版)专八英译汉练习答案
（一）英译汉练习 1. The winds of November were like summer breezes to him, and his face glowed with the pleasant cold. His cheeks were flushed and his eyes glistened; his vitality was intense, shining out upon others with almost a material warmth. 十一月的寒风，对他就像夏天吹拂的凉风一样。舒适的冷空气使他容光焕发，两颊通红，两眼闪光。他生气勃勃，叫别人感到是一团炙手的火。（英语material warmth 字面意思是"物质的温暖"，这里具体译作"一团炙手的火"言明意清，让人一看就懂。） 2. It was morning, and the new sun sparkled gold across the ripples of gentle sea. The sea was wonderfully calm and now it was rich with all the color of the setting sun. In the sky already a solitary star twinkled. 清晨，初升的太阳照着平静的海面，微波荡漾，闪耀着金色的光芒。（英语the ripples of the gentle sea 译成汉语时在结构上作了调整，这样译文念起来意思清楚，行文漂亮。） 3. To appease their thirst its readers drank deeper than before, until they were seized with a kind of delirium. 为了解渴，读者比以前越饮越深，直到陷入了昏迷状态。这个句子的译文死抠原文形式，死抠字典释义，翻译腔严重，让人难以明白其意思，可改译为：读者为了满足自己的渴望，越读越想读，直到进入了如痴如醉的状态。所谓过分表达，就是指译文画蛇添足，增加了原文没有的东西；而欠表达则是省略或删节原文的内容。翻译时均应避免这类错误。 4. Early Reagan was a mirror image of early Carter. 里根上台时在做法上跟执政初期的卡特毫无二致。 （a mirror image 如直译为"镜子里的形象"，就让人感到非常别扭，远不如"毫无二致"自然。） 5. Up Broadway he turned, and halted at a glittering café, where are gathered together nightly the choicest products of the grapes, the silkworm and the protoplasm. 他拐到百老汇路上，在一家灯火辉煌的饭店前停下来，那里每晚汇集上好的美酒、华丽的衣服和有地位的人物。 6. Words are not themselves a reality but only representation of it, and the King's English, like the Anglo-French of the Normans, is a class representation of reality. 单词本身并不是客观物体，只不过是代表客观体而已；像日尔曼人的盎格鲁法语一样，标准英语也是一种代表客观体的语言。 （King's English 不能直译为"国王英语"，它是指标准英语，相当于汉语中的"普通话"。） 7. At 19 he had commenced one of those careers attractive and inexplicable to ordinary mortals for whom a single bankruptcy is good as a feast. 他19 岁时就已经走上了一条在普通人看来是极富吸引力而又不可理解的道路，普通人认为，只是一次破产就叫人够呛了。 (good as a feast 如直译为"像丰盛的宴席一样好",意思正好反了.直接释明其意"叫人够呛",地道通顺.) 8. Mr. Kingsley and his Red Brick boys will have to look to their laurels. 金斯利先生和他那些二流大学的学生们必须小心翼翼地保持已经取得的荣誉。 （Red Brick 又称Red Brick Universities，指英国除牛津、剑桥大学以外的其他地方性二流大学。因其建筑主要是红砖砌成，不象牛津、剑桥的建筑均为古色古香的石块所建成，故得此名。 9. I was extremely worried about her, but this was neither the place nor the time for a lecture or an argument. 我真替他万分担忧，但此时此地既不宜教训她一番，也不宜与她争论一通。英语中没有量词，汉译时就得根据汉语的表达习惯增加合适的量词 10. An individual human existence should be like a river-small at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past boulders and over waterfalls.
英语四级历年真题汉译英翻译讲解
英语四级历年真题汉译英讲解 第一题（外国直接投资）： 商务部(Ministry of Commerce)最近发布的数据表明，在中国的外国直接投资(foreign Direct Investment,FDI)保持稳定增长。中国已经成为外国直接投资首选地。中央政府采取了一系列促进外国投资的扶持措施，这样既促进了经济增长，又贏得了国内外投资者的信心。商务部正在研究措施，进一步改善外商投资管理机制，创建一个透明和公平的竞争环境。世界银行(World Bank)也高度评价中国吸引外国直接投资所取得的成就。 表达难点： 1.第1句中的定语“商务部最近发布的”较长，故将其处理后置定语，用分词短语 recently released by theMinistry of Commerce 来表达。 2.第3句中的“这样既促进了经济增长，又贏得了国内外投资者的信心”，可用 which引导的非限制性定语从句来表达，which指代前面“中央政府采用了一系列促进外国投资的扶持措施”这一做法。“既……又……”在英语中的对等结构为both...and，其中both可省略。 3.第4句中的“进一步改善外商投资管理机制，创建一个透明和公平的竞争环境” 为表并列的两个目的，可将其译作两个不定式短语作状语 “to further improve... and (to) create...”，用and连接时后一个不定式的to可以省略。“外商投资管理机制”的中心词为管理机制 management mechanism，翻译时可在其后采用“of+名词”的形式构成名词所有格，对其进行补充说明，表示“……的”。 4.最后一句中的定语“中国吸引外国直接投资所取得的”用in引导的介词短语 in attracting Foreign DirectInvestment来表示在哪个方面所取得的成就。 而“中国”则作为形容词置于“成就”前面，这样比较符合英语的表达习惯。 资所取得的成就。 参考译文 The statistics recently released by the Ministry of Commerce showe d that Foreign DirectInvestment in China maintained steady growth . China has become the top destination for FDI.The central govern ment adopted a series of supportive measures to facilitate foreigni nvestment, which strengthened economic growth and won the co nfidence of investors athome and abroad. The Ministry of Commerc e is working on measures to further improve themanagement mech anism of foreign investment and create a transparent and fair co mpetitionenvironment. The World Bank also spoke highly of Chin a's achievements in attracting ForeignDirect Investment. 第二题（孙子兵法）： 孙武是春秋末期(the late Spring and Autumn Period)杰出的军事家（strategist）。他所著的《孙子兵法》(Sun Zi's Art of War)是中国古代最著名的兵书，也是世界上现存最早的兵书。《孙子兵法》现存13篇，共6000字。在这不长的篇幅中，孙武全面论述了自己对战争的看法，提出了诸如知彼知己、集中优势兵力打败敌人等许多作战思想。《孙子兵法》已被译为多种文字，在世界上也享有很高的声誉。 表达难点：
2012年英语专八翻译题目以及答案
2012年英语专八翻译题目 一、英译汉： A.原文： But such policies seem instead to have created the conditions for even more campus violence. Some college students who previously drank in bars and lounges under the watchful supervision of bouncers(夜总会，就把等保安人员)（not to mention owners eager to keep their liquor licenses）now retreat to the sanctuary of their fraternity houses and apartments, where they no longer control their behavior their drinking. The boomerang effect has also played a role in attempts to reduce the availability of illicit drugs. During recent years, the federal government has been quite successful in reducing the supply of street drugs. As fields are burned and contraband(违禁品) confiscated, the price of street drugs has skyrocketed to a point where cheap alternatives have begun to compete in the marketplace. Unfortunately, the cheap alternatives are even more harmful than the illicit drugs they replace. B.译文： 然而上述政策反而引发了更多的校园暴力。一些大学生先前在夜总会的酒吧买醉，处于保安人员严密的监控之下(酒吧老板们为了保住自己卖酒的牌照也不会允许过激的事情发生)。现在，大学生们躲到他们互助会会所和公寓中酗酒,对自己饮酒的数量或行为都不再控制。政府在打击非法毒品方面采取的措施同样适得其反。近年来,联邦政府已经有效地抑制了街头毒品买卖。警方捣毁了很多毒品种植地，没收了违禁品，导致毒品的价格暴涨，那些便宜的替代品因此也有了竞争力。糟糕的是，那些便宜的替换品带来的危害甚至比他们所替代的毒品更大。 二、汉译英： A.原文： 痛苦纠聚心中，眉心发烫发热，胸口郁闷难展，胃里一股气冲喉而上。院长说这孩子发育迟缓时，她更是心头无绪。她在孩子所待的房里来回踱步，这房里还有其他小孩。整个房间只有一扇窗，窗外树影婆娑。就让孩子留下来吧，这里有善心的神父和修女，这里将来会扩充为有医疗作用的看护中心，这是留住孩子最好的地方。这孩子是她的秘密，她将秘密留在这树林掩映的建筑里。 B. 译文： Tortured by the pains gathering in her heart, she felt something was burning between her eyebrows. Her chest was brimmed with depression which was likely to run out of her throat at any moment. She could not think clearly any longer when the headmaster told her that the child suffered from developmental retardation. She strode up and down in the room where her child stayed with other pals. There was only one window in the room, out of which some shady trees were whispering. “Just leave it here”, she told herself, “This is the best choice by far, for there are kind priests and nuns in this place which may also be renovated into a Medicare center”. The child was her secret which would be kept in the buildings behind the woods. C. 原文出处：台湾作家蔡素芬《烛光盛宴》 原文赏析：
专八汉译英十篇
1暮色中，河湾里落满云霞，与天际的颜色混合一起，分不清哪是流云哪是水湾。 也就在这一幅绚烂的图画旁边，在河湾之畔，一群羊正在低头觅食。它们几乎没 有一个顾得上抬起头来，看一眼这美丽的黄昏。也许它们要抓紧时间，在即将回家的 最后一刻再次咀嚼。这是黄河滩上的一幕。牧羊人不见了，他不知在何处歇息。只有 这些美生灵自由自在地享受着这个黄昏。这儿水草肥美，让它们长得肥滚滚的。如果 走近了, 你会发现它们洁白的牙齿，以及那丰富而单纯的表情。 2都市寸土千金，地价炒得越来越高，今后将更高。拥有一个小小花园的希望， 对寻常之辈不啻是一种奢望，一种梦想。 我想，其实谁都有一个小小花园，这便是我们的内心世界。人的智力需要开发， 人的内心世界也是需要开发的。人和动物的区别，除了众所周知的诸多方面，恐怕还 在于人有内心世界。心不过是人的一个重要脏器，而内心世界是一种景观，它是由外 部世界不断地作用于内心渐渐形成的。每个人都无比关注自己及至亲至爱之人心脏的 渐损，以至于稍有微疾便惶惶不可终日。但并非每个人都关注自己及至亲至爱之人的 内心世界的阴晴。 3手机刷新了人与人的关系。会议室门口通常贴着一条通告：请与会者关闭手机。可是会议室里的手机铃声仍然响成一片。我们都是普通人，并没有多少重要的事情。 尽管如此，我们也不会轻易关掉手机。打开手机象征我们与这个世界的联系。手机反 映出我们的"社交饥渴症"。最为常见的是，一个人走着走着突然停下来，眼睛盯着手 机屏幕发短信。他不在乎停在马路中央还是厕所旁边。 4朋友关系的存续是以相互尊重为前提的，容不得半点强求、干涉和控制。朋友 之间，情趣相投、脾气对味则合、则交；反之，则离、则绝。朋友之间再熟悉、再亲密，也不能随便过头、不恭不敬。不然，默契和平衡将被打破，友好关系将不复存在。每个人都希望拥有自己的私密空间，朋友之间过于随便，就容易侵入这片禁区，从 而引起冲突，造成隔阂。待友不敬，或者只是一件小事，却可能已埋下了破坏性的 种子。维持朋友亲密关系的最好办法是往来有节，互不干涉。 5大自然对人的恩赐，无论贫富，一律平等。所以人们对于大自然，全都一致并 深深地依赖着。尤其在乡间，上千年来人们一直以不变的方式生活着。种植庄稼和葡萄，酿酒和饮酒，喂牛和挤奶，锄草和载花；在周末去教堂祈祷和做礼拜，在节日到 广场拉琴、跳舞和唱歌；往日的田园依旧是今日的温馨家园。这样，每个地方都有自 己的传说，风俗也就衍传了下来。 6得病以前，我受父母宠爱，在家中横行霸道，一旦隔离，拘禁在花园山坡上一 幢小房子里，我顿觉打入冷宫，十分郁郁不得志起来。一个春天的傍晚，园中百花怒放，父母在园中设宴，一时宾客云集，笑语四溢。我在山坡的小屋里，悄悄掀起窗帘，
历年考试真题汉译英
英译汉（历年考试真题） ….three times as much here………三倍多 A dog is always well-known as a clever and friendly animal. 狗一直一来被大家公认为是聪明、友好的动物 A dolphin is always well-known as a clever and friendly animal. 海豚以聪明和友好的动物闻名。 A friend of mine from high school is working in England now.我的一个高中同学现在正在英格兰工作。 A good memory is a great help in learning a language. 好记性对于学习一门语言是非常有帮助的 A lot of natural resources in the mountain area are to be exploited and used. 那个山区有许多自然资源有待于开发利用。 After I get home, I'll call you. 到家以后，我会给你打电话。 Air is all around us. 空气无处不在。 Air pollution is more serious than water pollution. 空气污染比水污染更严重。 All that glitters is not gold. 闪光的东西，未必都是金子。 All things are difficult before they are easy. 凡事总是由难而易。 Americans usually eat three meals a day. 美国人通常一天吃三顿饭。 Apples here like water and sunshine. 这里的苹果喜欢水和阳光. Are you fond of music? 你喜欢音乐吗？ As a result, our personal income rose an average of 14 per cent last year alone. 结果, 仅去年一年我们人均收入平均增长13%。 As is known o all. China is a developing country. 众所周知,中国是一个发展中国家. Before leaving the classroom, please turn off the lights. 离开教室前，请关灯。 Beijing Olympic Games can make Chinese people work harder. 北京奥运会能让中国人工作更努力。Bill hit his car into a wall last night. 昨晚比尔开车时,车撞到了墙上. Bob and Peter found out that they were twin brothers. 鲍勃和皮特发现他们是双胞胎兄弟。 Both Ann and Mary are suitable for the job. 安和玛丽都很适合这份工作。 Business success depends on hard work. 事业上的成功依靠努力。 But I’ve got room for only two of you in the house. 但我在房子里只留了你们两个人的空间。 By 1901, states had laws against selling cigarettes to young people. 1900年以前，各州法令规定禁止向年轻人售卖香烟。 Call me tomorrow if you have time. 你明天如果有空给我电话。 Can you finish your work in time? 你能及时完成工作吗？ Could you give me a cup of coffee, please? 请你给我一杯咖啡好吗？ Could you show me the way to the train station? 你可以告诉我去火车站的路吗？ Could you tell me how to get to the bank/your university? 你能告诉我去银行/你的大学怎么走吗？Could you tell me how to get to the bank? 你可以告诉我如何去银行吗？ Could you tell me how to go to your university? 请你告诉我如何去你的大学，可以吗？ Could you tell me where the post office is？你能告诉我邮局在哪吗？ David will get a birthday gift from his sister. 戴维将从他的姐姐那里得到一份生日礼物。 Did you get that E-mail from me? 你收到我发的那封电子邮件了吗? Do you feel better now? 你现在感觉好些了吗？ Do you go swimming every day? 你每天都去游泳吗？ Do you have anything to say? 你有什么要说的吗？ Do you know where the post office is? 你知道邮局在哪儿吗？ Do you like traveling? 你喜欢旅游吗？ Do you mind my smoking here? 你介意我在这儿抽烟吗？ Do you think students should do a part-time job? 你认为学生应该去做兼职吗？
十年专八翻译真题附答案
2013汉译英 生活像一杯红酒，热爱生活的人会从中品出无穷的美妙。Life is like a cup of wine；people who love it discover inexhaustible wonders from it. 将它握在手中观察，它的暗红有血的感觉，那正是生命的痕迹。Hold in the hand and gaze at it，the dark red color is reminiscent of the blood，which is the impress of life.抿一口留在口中回味，它的甘甜有一丝苦涩，如人生一般复杂迷离。Take a sip of it and appreciate the taste，the bittersweet flavor is exactly the same with life，which is complicated and blurred. 喝一口下肚，余香润人心肺，让人终受益。Once the sip is swallowed，the lingering fragrance pleases the heart and refreshes the mind，leaving a person lifelong benefit. 红酒越陈越美味，生活越丰富越美好。There was a remarkable resemblance between life and wine：the taste becomes more delicious as the wine mellows，just as life gets better as it becomes more abundant. 当人生走向晚年，就如一瓶待开封的好酒，其色彩是沉静的，味道中充满慷慨于智慧。 When life comes to twilight years，it looks calm and tastes full of wisdom and generosity，just like a bottle of wine to be savored. 英译汉 联合国代表大会，中心政治论坛，由193个成员国组成，几乎包括世界上所有国家，其中三分之二的国家为发展中国家，占世界总人口的四分之三。通过决议非常困难，尤其是所有惯例决出的协议必须达成一致才能通过。结果就是，重要的协议总是被狭隘的特殊利益所挟持，并且大部分协议都只是用来使自己的利益最大化。但真正的问题是世界上主要国.是否愿意看到民主最大限度地开展。联合国安理会，负责和平和安全，处理最重要的政治问题。安理会只有15个成员国，所以能经常性地应付危机。它曾一度由于冷战对立而停摆，但已经重新获得了联合国宪章给予的权利。 2012汉译英 痛苦纠聚心中，眉心发烫发热，胸口郁闷难展，胃里一股气冲喉而上。院长说这孩子发育迟缓时，她更是心头无绪。她在孩子所待的房里来回踱步，这房里还有其他小孩。整个房间只有一扇窗，窗外树影婆娑。就让孩子留下来吧，这里有善心的神父和修女，这里将来会扩充为有医疗作用的看护中心，这是留住孩子最好的地方。这孩子是她的秘密，她将秘密留在这树林掩映的建筑里。 Tortured by the pains gathering in her heart, she felt something was burning between her eyebrows. Her chest was brimmed with depression which was likely to run out of her throat at any moment. She could not think clearly any longer when the headmaster told her that the child suffered from developmental retardation. She strode up and down in the room where her child stayed with other pals. There was only one window in the room, out of which some shady trees were whispering. ―Just leave it here‖, she told herself, ―This is the best choice by far, for there are kind priests and nuns in this place which may also be renovated into a Medicare center‖. The chi ld was her secret which would be kept in the buildings behind the woods. 英译汉But such policies seem instead to have created the conditions for even more campus violence. Some college students who previously drank in bars and lounges under the watchful supervision of bouncers(夜总会，就把等保安人员)（not to mention owners eager to keep their liquor licenses）now retreat to the sanctuary of their fraternity houses and apartments, where they no longer control their behavior their drinking. The boomerang effect has also played a role in attempts to reduce the availability of illicit drugs. During recent years, the federal government has been quite successful in reducing the supply of street drugs. As fields are burned and contraband(违禁品) confiscated, the price of street drugs has skyrocketed to a point where cheap alternatives have begun to compete in the marketplace. Unfortunately, the cheap alternatives are even more harmful than the illicit drugs they replace. 然而上述政策反而引发了更多的校园暴力。一些大学生先前在夜总会的酒吧买醉，处于保安人员严密的监控之下(酒吧老板们为了保住自己卖酒的牌照也不会允许过激的事情发生)。现在，大学生们躲到他们互助会会所和公寓中酗酒,对自己饮酒的 数量或行为都不再控制。政府在打击非法毒品方面采取的措施同样适得其反。近年来,联邦政府已经有效地抑制了街头毒品买卖。警方捣毁了很多毒品种植地，没收了违禁品，导致毒品的价格暴涨，那些便宜的替代品因此也有了竞争力。糟糕的是，那些便宜的替换品带来的危害甚至比他们所替代的毒品更大。 2011：汉译英原文现代社会无论价值观的持有还是生活方式的选择都充满了矛盾。而最让现代人感到尴尬的是，面对重重矛