英语省略句的用法

省略句的基本情况总结

省略句的基本情况分为以下三个方面：

1.为避免重复而进行的省略。

当一个句子中有两个或更多相同的词、短语出现时，其中的第一个须保留，其余的往往省略，以达到避免重复、使句子简练的目的。高考中尤其要注意的情况是：当时间状语从句、地点状语从句、方式状语从句、让步状语从句、条件状语从句等状语从句中的主语与主句的主语一致并含有be时，往往将该状语从句中的主语和be一同省略。例如：He hurt himself while (he was) playing basketball.他在打篮球时受了伤。// He works very hard though (he is) still rather weak.他虽然身体还很虚弱，但他非常努力地工作。

2.语法上的省略。

有些成分的省略是出于语法上的原因——使表述更为简明，例如：He got up at six (o’clock).他六点钟起床。// He is twelve (years old).他十二岁。// I walked (for) ten miles.我走了十英里路。

3.习惯用法上的省略。

有些省略句的情况是出于习惯用法，尤其是在口语中。例如，在问句中be常常省略，有时连主语一起省略：Very easy?很简单吗？// Feeling unwell? 感觉不舒服吗？

又如以what, how或why开头的某些问句：What (happened) next?下面要发生什么？// Why not?为什么不？// Why so?为什么这样？

［考题1］He has made a lot of films, but ____ good ones.

A. any

B. some

C. few

D. many

［答案］C

［解析］下划线处之前的but决定了只能选择具有否定含义的选项C。题干中的“few good ones”为省略句形式，单独看起来不好理解，应联系上文理解为“He has made few good films.”

1. ____ and I’ll get the work finished.

A. Have one more hour

B. One more hour

C. Given one more hour

D. If I have one more hour

［答案］ B

［解析］表示时间的名词one more hour在这里相当于祈使句“Give me one more hour.”，与and后面的述句并列，表示时间的名词经常可以以单独出现的省略形式表示一个祈使句的含义。

［考题3］After he became conscious, he remembered ____ and ____ on the head with a rod.

A. to attack; hit

B. to be attacked; to be hit

C. attacking; be hit

D. having been attacked; hit

［答案］D

［解析］表示他清醒之后回忆起过去发生的情况，应选用动名词的形式而不是不定式的形式，先排除选项A和B；由于主语是被袭击，应表示出被动语态，进一步排除C而选出D。D选项中的hit前省略了与其并列的宾语当中相同的“having been”。

［考题4］The police found that the house ____ and a lot of things ____.

A. has broken into; has been stolen

B. had broken into; had been stolen

C. has been broken into; stolen

D. had been broken into; stolen

［答案］D

［解析］主句谓语动词found后有两个并列的宾语从句，两个宾语从句中的主语the house 和a lot of things都是物，两个宾语从句中的谓语动词都应采用过去完成时的被动语态形式来表示在警方发现之前已经完成的被动动作，四个选项中前半部分采用了过去完成时的被动语态形式的只有选项D，因此应选D。本题第二个下划线处采用了stolen的形式，这属于为避免重复而省略的形式，省略了与前一宾语从句相同的成分had been。

2. One of the sides of the board should be painted yellow, and ____.

A. the other is white

B. another white

C. the other white

D. another is white

［答案］ C

［解析］特指木板的另一侧应使用定冠词the，因此首先要排除表示泛指意义的选项B和D；又因为A选项不能表示出与前面分句一致的被动动作，因此选C。本题下划线处采用了the other white的形式，这属于为避免重复而使用的省略句，其完整形式为“the other side of the board should be painted white”。

3. The research is so designed that once ____ nothing can be done to change it.

A. begins

B. having begun

C. beginning

D. begun

［答案］ D

［解析］once后省略了it(指前面刚被提及的the research) is，下划线表示一个“(研究)被开始，被启动”的被动动作，应该采用过去分词的形式，因此本题选D。注意：本题题干中省略的it(the research) is是顺承上文而自然进行的省略，被省略后仍可以很清楚地把握它的意思，而且使得整个句子更为简练。

4. He speaks English well indeed, but of course not ____ a native speaker.

A. as fluent as

B. more fluent than

C. so fluently as

D. much fluently than

［答案］ C

［解析］but在本题中作并列连词连接两个分句，后一分句属于省略句，为了避免重复而省略了主句中的主语he和比较状语从句中的谓语speaks English，由此可以看出题干中是在对he 和a native speaker说英语的熟练程度进行比较。说英语的熟练程度应选用副词fluently，所以首先排除选项A、B；much fluently than中than前面没有出现fluently的比较级的形式，应进一步排除选项D而选出C。

［考题8］No matter how frequently ____, the works of Beethoven still attract people all over the world.

A. performed

B. performing

C. to be performed

D. being performed

［答案］A

［解析］题干中让步状语从句的原型为no matter how frequently they are performed(无论这些作品是如何经常地被表演)，其中的they are可以省略。

［考题9］The flowers his friend gave him will die unless ____ every day.

A. watered

B. watering

C. water

D. to water

［答案］A

［解析］条件状语从句的主语是被省略掉的与主句主语相同的the flowers，由于下划线要表示“(花)被浇水”的被动动作，因此只能选表示被动动作的选项A，watered之前可以加上被省略的they are。

5. — Are there any English story books for us students in the library?

— There are only a few, ______.

A. if any

B. if there

C. if some

D. if has

6. — Would you like to go with us?

— Yes, ______.

A. I’d

B. I’d like

C. I’d like to

D. I’d like to do

3. — Would you like to have a try once again?

— ____.

A. Yes, I like

B. No, I don’t like it

C. Yes, I want very much

D. Yes, I’d like to

4. — What do you think made Mary so upset?

— ____ her bicycle.

A. As she lost

B. Lost

C. Losing

D. Because of losing

5. — When did they get down to the job?

— ____.

A. Until they left

B. Till they arrived

C. Since they finished it

D. Not until they turned to me

6. — Are you angry?

— Yes. He should at least answer when ____.

A. speaking

B. spoken to

C. spoken

D. speaking to

本章补充强化训练题参考答案

1. A

2. C

3. D

4. C

5. A

6. B

英语中的省略句

省略句是高考考查的语法重点，又是学习的难点。在英语中，为了使句子简洁明快，突出重点，常用"省略句"，只要不影响句意的表达，能省略的成分尽可能省略。省略现象随处可见,大致可分为以下几种情况。

一、简单句成分的省略

1. 省略主语。如:

Haven't seen you for ages!好久不见了!

2.省略谓语。如：

(Is there) Anything you want? 你要什么东西吗?

(Does) Anybody need help? 有人要帮忙吗?

3. 省略宾语。如：

I don't know (where he is ). 我不知道。

4.省略主语和谓语（或谓语的一部分），只剩下表语、宾语、状语或其它成分。如：

(I'm) Afraid I can't come. 恐怕我不能来了。

(Have you) Got any ink? 你有墨水吗?

－It’s a long time since I saw my sister.

－_________her this weekend?

A. Why not visit

B. Why not to visit

C. Why not visiting

D. Why don’t visit

解析：答案为A。本题考察省略结构，这里why not visit =Why didn’t you visit ，这种既注重基础又兼顾生活交际的试题，其实多数学生感觉很容易能得出正确的A答案。

二、复合句的省略

1. 在含有状语从句的复合句中

由when，while，as, once，whenever引导的时间状语从句；或由if，unless引导的条件状语从句；由though，although，even if ，even though引导的让步状语从句；由as though，as if，as引导的方式状语从句；由because引导的原因状语从句；由wherever引导的地点状语从句，若

从句的主句是it或与主句的主语相同，且在谓语中含有be时，常省略从句的主语和be。例如：When (she was) asked , she didn’t answer a word. 当她被问到的时候，她一句话也说不上来。

Water can be changed into vapor if (it is ) heated. 水如果被加热就能变成水蒸气。

When (you are) working, you must pay attention. 当你上班的时候, 你必须全神贯注。

We may try again when (it is) necessary . 当它有必要的时候，我们可以再试一次。

7.

We all know that, __________, the situation will get worse.

A. not if dealt carefully with

B. if not carefully dealt with

C. if dealt not carefully with

D. not if carefully dealt with

解析：答案为B。本题考查状语从句的省略问题，即根据本句完整句子应该补充为：

if （it is） not carefully dealt with，当然，现在的语言中，已经把这种省略形式固定化了即：if not.

2. 在限定性定语从句中

作宾语的关系代词that，which, whom可以省略；在以the same... as和such... as引导的定语从句中，可以省略与主句相同的部分；the way后面的定语从句中，可以省略that，in which。例

如：

All you ever want to do is going shopping. 你所想的就是购物。

Is this the reason he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work? 这就是他在会议上为他上班粗心解释的理由吗

What surprised me was not what he said but the way he said it. 使我惊奇的不是他所说的，而是他说话的方式。

—Do you have anything to say for yourselves?

—Yes，there's one point_____ we must insist on.

A．why B．where C．how D．/

答案为D。有一点（point）我们必须要坚持的。先行词point 在定语从句中作宾语。关系代词that 省略，故答案为D。

3. 宾语从句的省略。如：

Tom has gone home, but I don't know why (he has gone home). 汤姆已经回家了，但是我不知道为什么（他回家）。

I heard (that ) he had gone abroad. 我听说他出国了。

Having checked the doors were closed , and _________ all the lights were off, the boy opened the door to his bedroom.

A. why

B. that

C. when

D. where

解析：答案为B 。 that引导并列的宾语从句，Having前省去that,并列的两个以that引导的宾语从句即使省略第一个that,第二个that 一般不能省。

三、并列句的省略

在并列句中,如果后面的分句,与前面的分句有相同的部分,这一部分则常被省略掉,以免重复。如:

He teaches English and his brother maths. 他教英语, 他的哥哥教数学。

We have been waiting for her to come back to see us, but (we have been waiting) in vain . 我们一直在等她回来看望我们,但我们白等了。

He has made a lot of films, but ____ good ones.

A.any

B. some

C. few

D. many

解析：答案为C。他制作了很多电影，但是好的很少。But 引导的并列句子进行了省略

but few good ones = but he made few good ones .

四、肯定结构

So+助动词/情态动词+主语句型。这一结构用来表示相同概念，即前面所说的情况也同样适用于另一人或物，意思是“同样”、“也那样”，常理解为倒装结构。如：

The boy died and a week later. So did his sister. 这个男孩死了，一周以后，他的姐姐也死了。

I’m an English teacher, so is my wife. 我是个英语老师，我的妻子也是。

－My room gets very cold at night.

－ ___________.

A. So is mine

B. So mine is

C. So does mine

D. So mine does

解析：答案为C。在两个答句中,当两者(人或物)情况或意思完全相同,第二个分句用so引出时,出现省略现象，还可引起倒装结构,表示"也……"。本句子的意思：“我的房子晚上很冷”。“我的也是”。 So does mine 相当于My room gets very cold at night, too.

注意：有时可用so代替名词性从句,以避免重复前面所说的容,可以用于这类结构的动词有think, believe, suppose, expect, imagine, guess, hope等.肯定回答结构为"主语+动词+so",否定回答结构为"主语+助动词否定形式+动词+so"或"主语+动词+not"。但动词为hope, guess时,否定回

答只能说hope (guess) not,不能说don't hope (guess) so。

－It is sunny today. 今天灿烂。

－So it is. (=It's really sunny today.) 是的。

－Will you be able to finish your respect today?

－ .

A. I like it

B. I hope so

C. I’ll do so

D. I’d love it

解析：答案为B。考查情景对话。句意为“希望如此”。

五、在否定结构中

由nor，neither等引导的连续否定的句子也是一种省略句，这种句子在意思上与前面的句子是相同的，而且主谓用倒装。例如：

－I would never come to this restaurant again. The food is terrible! 我再也不去那家餐馆了。饭菜太难吃了！

－Neither would I .我也不去了。

If Joe' s wife won' t go to the party, _______.

A. he will either

B. neither will he

C. he neither will

D. either he will

解析：答案为B。如果Joe的妻子不去舞会的话，Joe也不会去。neither引导的连续否定的句子也是一种省略句而且主谓用倒装，这里nither he will 相当于he will not go to party , neither 。

六、不定式的省略

1. 在see, watch, hear, feel, observe, notice, look at, listen to等感观动词及使役动词

let ,make ,have 后的"宾语+动词不定式作宾语补足语"的结构中，不定式符号to须省略，但这类结构变成被动语态时，其后的不定式要还原加上to。如：

I haven't told you that my family made a lot of money in the nineteenth century by making children work 16 hours a day in their factories.

The children were made to work more than 16 hours a day.

－Excuse me sir, where is Room 301?

－Just a minute. I’ll have Bob ____ you to your room.

A. show

B. shows

C. to show

D. showing

解析：答案为A。have sb.do sth. 结构中，不定式结构to do 省略to .故本句的结构应是：

I’ll have Bob show you to your room.

2. 系动词（be）+形容词，即be afraid / ready / glad / happy / willing等后面接不定式时有时为了避免重复，常省略与上文表达相同意思的不定式符号to之后的容，只保留不定式符号，例如：

－Could you go shopping with me?

－I'm glad to (go shopping with you).

－I'll be away on a business trip. Would you mind looking after my cat?

－Not at all. ______ .

A. I've no time

B. I'd rather not

C. I'd like it

D. I'll be happy to

解析：正确答案是D. to后省略了look after your cat。

3. mean, try, want, would like, would love, afford等后面接不定式时：

－Did you get a ticket?

－No, I meant to (get one), but there weren't any left.

－Why haven’t you bought any butter ?

－I _______ to but I forgot about it.

A. liked

B. wished

C. meant

D. expected

解析：这道题的难度较大，因为like , wish, expect 和mean 都可以后接动词不定式作宾语。但是从提供的情景分析，是打算买而没有买，应填meant。mean to do sth.的意思是“打算做某事”；mean doing sth.的意思是“意味着”。这句话的意思是“我本打算去买，但我忘了。”，故答案为C。

4. tell, warn, order, advise, ask等动词后接不定式作宾语补足语时：

The students want to enter the lab, but the monitor advises them not to (enter the lab).

The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him ______ .

A. not to

B. not to do

C. not do it

D. do not to

解析：正确答案是A. to后省略了ride his bicycle in the street.

【跟踪精炼】

I. 单项填空：

1. －Which would you like, chicken or fish?

－________

A. I don't think so.

B. What if?

C. Both.

D. Neither can I.

2. You may take them all home ________ .

A. if possible

B. if can

C. unless so

D. even if you can

3. －Hello, may I speak to Bill, please?

－________ .

A. Bill speaking

B. That's Bill

C. Speaking to Bill

D. I'm speaking

4. －I think you look very nice in the red dress.

－________ .

A. Oh, no, not nice at all

B. Glad you think so

C. Don't like red

D. You are kind, indeed

5. －I'm so tired, working all morning on the farm.

－Why not take a rest, then?

－________ .

A. Because I can't afford it

B. Maybe I should

C. I don't know

D. Sorry, I can't tell you

6. If you go to the West Lake in Hangzhou, you'll find it more attractive than commonly ___ _____ .

A. supposing

B. to suppose

C. supposed

D. is supposed

7. Doctors have said that as many as 50% of patients don't take medicine ________ .

A. like directed

B. to be directed

C. as directed

D. so that directed

8. The man stopped from time to time ________ whether he was being followed.

A. as if found

B. as to find

C. as if to find

D. when found

9. To tell the truth, I won't go to the party ________ .

A. so as to invite

B. even if invited

C. if inviting

D. if invite

10. Water, ________ enough, can change into vapor quickly

A. when heated

B. heating

C. though to be heated

D. when is heated

II.把省略的部分补充完整：

1. Someone has used my bike, but I don’t know who ________.

2. ______ sorry I’ve kept you waiting so long.

3.Where is the book ____I bought this morning?

4. I shall never forget the day ____ we first spent.

5. It’s important that we ______ speak to the old politely.

6. The way ____ you answered the question was excellent.

7. The reason ___ he came so early is his own affair.

8. What a hot day_______!

9. Though ____ tired, they went on working.

10. This car doesn’t run as fast as that one ______.

Keys :

I.

1. C。由题意知C项可以恢复为：I'd like them both / both of them。

2. A。状语从句的省略，由题意知其完整形式为：if it is possible.

3. A。这是一个用语的省略形式，其对应的完整句是：This is Bill speaking.

4. B。由语境知，答句对应的完整句为：I am glad that you think I look very nice.

5. B。结合语境可知，该对话答句应为：Maybe I should take a rest now.

6. C。该题也是一个状语从句的省略式，其完整形式为：than it is commonly supposed.

7. C。根据题意可知，这是一个状语从句的省略形式，其对应完整句应为：as they are directed.

8. C。该题对应的完整形式是：as if he wanted to find...

9. B。该题是状语从句的省略形式，其完整句是：even if I am invited.

10. A。这是一个含被动语态的状语从句的省略形式，其完整形式是when it is heated enough。

II. 1. used it 2.I’m sorry 3. that / which 4. which / that 5. should 6. in which / that 7. w hy 8. it is ! 9. they were tired 10. runs

简单句中的省略用法

A. 在对话、交际中

◎在回答他人的问题时，根据问题的类型和性质，只作简短的回答。如：

(1)—Do you like playing volleyball? 你喜欢打排球吗？

—Yes, I do. 是的，我喜欢。

(2)—Who is talking with our teacher? 谁在跟我们的老师谈话？

—Our headmaster. 我们的校长。

(3)—What is your favourite subject? 你最喜欢哪一学科？

—English. 英语。

◎谈论事物时，接着人家的话，发表自己的观点、看法，常省略相同的部分。此时，被省略的成分可根据上文容补出。如：

(1)—Maths is very difficult. 数学很难。

—But very important and useful. 但是很重要、很有用。

(2)—Ann is very clever. 安妮很聪明。

—And very diligent. 并且也很勤奋。

◎表达心里感受时，主语、系动词常被省略。如：

(1)—How do you find English？你认为英语怎么样？

—Very interesting. 很有趣。

(2)—Nice to see you again. 又见到你真高兴。

(3)—What do you think about this film? 你认为这场电影怎样？

—Very disappointing. 非常令人失望。

B. 在某些句型中

◎祈使句中的主语常被省略

(1)Go and open the window. 去把窗户打开。

(2)Follow me, please. 请跟我来。

(3)Be bold but don’t b e shy. 胆大一点，不要害羞。

(4)Don’t worry about them. 不要为他们操心。

◎感叹句

在发出感慨时，为了表达出强烈的感情，常省略主语、系动词或谓语动词等。如：

(1)What a good girl! 多好的女孩啊！

(2)How beautiful! 多美啊！

复合句中的省略用法

一、在对话、交谈中

1.回答问题时，往往可省略从句或主句中的某些成分、甚至整个从句或主句。如：

(1)—Where were you when the fire broke out last night? 昨天晚上发生火灾时，你在哪？

—(I was ) In Li Lei’s. 在蕾家。

(2)—What will you do when you finish your homework? 你做完作业后干什么？

—I’ll go to play football with some friends. 我去跟朋友踢足球。

(3)—What are you going to be when you grow up? 你长大后打算干什么？

—I’m going to be a businessman. 我打算去做生意。

2.提出建议、劝告、警告或许诺等时，也可省略句子中的某些成分。如：

(1)Work harder, and you’ll succeed. 工作再努力些，你就会成功。

(2)Take care when you walk on the ice. 在冰上行走时要小心。

(3)Hurry up, or you’ll be late. 快一点，不然就会迟到了。

二、某些句型中

1.表示时间、条件、让步、方式等状语从句中，如果从句的主语跟主句的主语一致或从句的主语是it，而谓语动词是系动词b e时，就可将从句的主语及系动词be 省略。如：

(1)Solid can be turned into liquid and liquid into gas if heated enough. =solid can be turned int o liquid and liquid can be turned into gas if it is heated enough. 如果加到足够的热，固体会变成液体，而液体又会变成气体。

(2)Have a little more if delicious. =You have a little more if it is delicious 如果好吃就多吃一点。

(3)Make changes where necessary. =You make changes where it is necessary. 在必要的地方作些修改。

(4)I won’t attend his party, though invited a few days ago. = I won’t attend his party, though I was invited a few days ago. 尽管几天前请了我，但我还是不会参加他的聚会。

2.表示时间、条件、让步、方式等状语从句中，如果从句的主语跟主句的主语一致，就可将从句的主语省略，同时，将从句中的谓语动词变为分词形式。如：

(1)He was very excited when told that he had passed the exam. =He was very excited when he was told that he had passed the exam. 当告诉他考试通过了时，他非常兴奋。

(2)If running a little faster, he will take the first place. =If he runs a little faster, he will take the first place. 如果再跑快一点，他就会获得第一名。

(3)They began to talk warmly as if being good friends. =They began to talk warmly as if they w ere good friends. 他们就好像是好朋友一样开始热烈地谈论起来。

3.条件从句中的主语是第二人称时，可将if及从句的主语省略成为祈使句，从而用and/or 等将两句连接起来，成为并列句。如：

(1)Give me ten more minutes, and I’ll finish it. = If you give me ten more minutes, I’ll finish it.多给我十分钟，我就会把它完成了。

(2)D rive slowly, or you’ll get a fine. = If you don’t drive slowly, you’ll get a fine. 开慢一点，否则你就会被罚。

有时，这个句型可进一步省略，成为：more + 名词，and + 句子。如：

A little more effort, and you get it finished. = If you make a little more effort, you’ll get it fini shed. 再努力一点，你就会把它完成了。

4.比较状语从句中，常将从句中与主句中的相同成分省略。如：

(1)The weather in the south is much better than in the north. = The weather in the south is m uch better than the weather in the north is good. 南方的天气比北方的天气好多了。

(2)The Beijing you see today is much more beautiful than it was twenty years ago. = The Beijin

g you see today is much more beautiful than it was beautiful twenty years ago. 你今天所看到的比二十年前的漂亮多了。

注意：当比较的主句和从句都为及物动词带宾语时，从句省略后，留下的代词用主格或宾格时，意思不同。如：

He likes the dog better than she. 他比她更喜欢那条狗。

He likes the dog better than her. 他喜欢那条狗甚于喜欢她。

因此，从句的主语若为名词，省略谓语部分后须加助动词do 的适当形式，否则就会产生歧义。如：

He likes his dog better than his wife does. 他比他的妻子更喜欢那条狗。

He likes his dog better than his wife. 他喜欢那条狗甚于喜欢他的妻子。

5.名词性从句中的一部分省略。如：

(1)He was late this morning, but I don’t know why. 他今天早晨吃到了，但我不知道他迟到的原因。

(2)He got here this morning, but do you know how? 他今天早晨就到这儿了，但我不知道他是怎么来的。

6.主句中的一部分省略。如：

(1)Glad to hear that you succeeded in finding the answer. 听说你成功地找到了答案，我很高兴。

(2)What if he did come today? 要是他今天不来，那怎么办呢？