吉林大学2007级本科《离散数学II》期末考试试题答案(A卷)

吉林大学2007级本科《离散数学II》期末考试试题答案(A卷)
吉林大学2007级本科《离散数学II》期末考试试题答案(A卷)

一、

1错;2对;3对;4错;5对;6错;7错;8错;9错;10错。

二、

1.(1 2),

2.H的左陪集是H,{{(12),(132)},{(13),(123)},

3.(1)不是; (2)是

4.(1)a2=b,(2)b的周期是3,(3)是交换群;

5.(1)不是,3和6是零因子;(2)R或{0}

6.C是分配格;

7.GF(4) ;

8.{10

,8,6,4,2,0}和{9,6,3,0};

9.6;

10.σ的核是{0,4,8,12,16},σ-1(σ(H))=G。

三、

1、取p=2,则由Eisenstein定则知道f(x)不可约

2、若f(x)在R0上可约,则f(x)在R2上可约。因此,只需证明f(x)在R2上不可约,则可知在R0上不可约。而在R2上,f(x)=x5+x2+1。

f(0)=1,f(1)=1,故无一次因子。

注意R2上二次质式只有x2+x+1,而x5+x2+1=(x2+x+1)(x3-x2)=1,故无二次因子。所以x5+3x2-1在R2上不可约,从而在R0上必不可约

四、

证明:若H1和H2有一个包含另一个,则结论成立。假设H1,H2互不包含,则存在x,y,使得x∈H1,且x?H2,y∈H2,且y?H1。则断言x〃y?H1,且x〃y?H2,否则,若x〃y∈H1,则x∈H1及由H1是G的子群知,x-1∈H1,故,x-1〃(x〃y)∈H1,即y∈H1,与y?H1矛盾。同理可证x〃y?H2。因此,x〃y?H1∪H2。而x〃y∈G,所以,H1∪H2≠G,矛盾,即假设不成立。故必有H1和H2有一个包含另一个,结论成立。

五、

解:由于8=23,所以,p=2,m=3,

(1)首先求Φp m-1(х),即Φ

7

(х)。

由x7-1=Φ

1

,x-1=Φ

1

,得

Φ

7(х)=1

1

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

+

+

+

+

+

+

=

-

-

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

(2)求Φ

7(х)在R

2

[х]中的3次质因式ψ(х)。

由于0,1都不是Φ

7(х)的根,故Φ

7

(х)无一次因式。

由例7.2.11知,R

2上二次质式只有x2+x+1,用它去除Φ

7

(х)余数为1,因为:

Φ

7

(х)=x4(x2+x+1)+x(x2+x+1)+1。

可见,Φ7(х)无二次质因式,只可能分解为两个三次质因式的乘积。

用待定系数法可设:Φ7(х)=(x 3+ax 2+bx+1)(x 3+cx 2+dx+1),进而求出 Φ7(х)=(x 3+x 2+1)(x 3+x+1),

(也可由例7.2.11,由R 2上三次质式只有:x 3+x+1,x 3+x 2+1,而(x 3+x 2+1)2≠Φ7(х),(x 3+x+1)2≠Φ7(х),(x 3+x 2+1)(x 3+x+1)=Φ7(х)。)

无论取ψ(х)=x 3+x 2+1还是取ψ(х)=x 3+x+1,则R 3[x]/(ψ(х))=

]

[)(]

[22x R x x R ψ都是元数是8的有限域,且是同构的。所以,我们不妨取ψ(х)=x 3+x+1,

R 3[x]/(ψ(х))=

]

[)(]

[22x R x x R ψ

=},,|{22102210R a a a x a x a a ∈++ =}1,,1,,1,,1,0{2222+++++x x x x x x x x ,

其中0={0,x 3+x+1,x (x 3+x+1),x 2(x 3+x 2+1),…},其余元素类推。

(3) 若取ξ=x ,则ψ(ξ)=01133

=++=++x x x x ,即ξ是ψ(х)在

]

[)(]

[22x R x x R ψ中的一个根。因此,

GF(8)={a 0 +a 1ξ+a 2ξ2|a 0,a 1,a 2∈R 2}

={0,1,ξ,ξ+1,ξ2,ξ2+1,ξ2+ξ,ξ2+ξ+1},。

该域的加法和乘法运算如下

六、

证明:

(1)①首先证明(R,⊕)是交换群。

由 + 在R上运算封闭知,对于任意的a,b∈R,a+b+1∈R,而a⊕b=a+b+1,故a⊕b∈R。因此,⊕在R上运算也封闭。

由 + 在R上满足交换律知,⊕在R上也满足交换律。

对于任意的a,b,c∈R,由 + 在R上满足交换律和结合律得:

(a⊕b)⊕c=(a⊕b)+c+1

=(a+b+1)+c+1

=a+(b+1+c)+1 由+满足结合律

=a+(b+c+1)+1 由+满足交换律

=a+(b⊕c)+1

=a⊕(b⊕c),

可见,⊕在R上也满足结合律。

因为对R中任意元素a,有

a⊕-1=a+(-1)+1

=a+((-1)+1)

=a+0

=a,

-1⊕a=a⊕-1=a,

所以(R,⊕)的单位元为-1。

因为对R中任意元素a,有

a⊕(-a-1-1)= a+(-a-1-1)+1

=(a+(-a))-1+(-1+1)

=0+(-1)+0

=-1,

(-a-1-1)⊕a= a⊕(-a-1-1)=-1

所以,(R,⊕)中任意元素a的逆元为-a-1-1。

综上,(R,⊕)是交换群。

②证明(R,⊙)是含壹半群。

由+和〃在R上运算封闭知,对于任意的a,b∈R,a〃b+a+b∈R,而a⊙b=a〃b+a+b,故a⊙b∈R。因此,⊙在R上运算也封闭。

对于任意的a,b,c∈R,有

(a⊙b)⊙c =(a⊙b)〃c+(a⊙b)+c

=(a〃b+a+b)〃c+(a〃b+a+b)+c

=a〃(b〃c+b+c)+a+(b〃c+b+c)

= a〃(b⊙c)+a+(b⊙c)

=a⊙(b⊙c),

可见,⊙满足结合律。

因为对R中任意元素a,有

a⊙0= a〃0+a+0

=0+a+0

=a,

0⊙a=a⊙0=a,

所以,(R,⊙)的单位元为0。

③证明⊙对⊕有左右分配律。

对于任意的a,b,c∈R,有

a⊙(b⊕c)= a〃(b⊕c)+a+(b⊕c)

= a〃(b+c+1)+a+(b+c+1)

= a〃b+(a〃c)+a+a+b+c+1

= (a〃b+ a+b)+(a〃c+a+c)+1,

(a⊙b)⊕(a⊙c)= (a⊙b)+(a⊙c)+1

= ( a〃b+ a+b) + ( a〃c+ a+c) +1

因此,a⊙(b⊕c)= (a⊙b)⊕(a⊙c)。

(b⊕c)⊙a=(b⊕c)〃a+(b⊕c)+a

=(b+c+1)〃a+(b+c+1)+a

= b〃a+(c〃a)+a+b+c+1+a

=(b〃a+b+a)+(c〃a+c+a)+1,

(b⊙a)⊕(c⊙a)= (b⊙a)+ (c⊙a)+1

= (b〃a+b+a)+ (c〃a+c+a)+1,

因此,(b⊕c)⊙a=(b⊙a)⊕(c⊙a)。

综上①、②、③知,(R,⊕,⊙)是含壹环。

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